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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 18, No. 3 pp , ISSN / eissn 사용자위치기반홈오토메이션서비스기술개발에관한연구 이중기 1*, 이영석 2 1 한국폴리텍대학메카트로닉스과, 2 한국폴리텍대학전자정보통신과 A Study on the Technology Development of User-based Home Automation Service Jung-Gi Lee 1*, Yeong-Seok Lee 2 1 Mechatronics, Korea Polytechnic University 2 Division of Electronics &Telecommunications, Korea Polytechnic University 요약 IoT 기술이발전함에따라사용자의이동성및정체성을확인하기위한위치기반서비스 (Location Based Service) 에대한수요가증가되고있다. 초기의 LBS 시스템은 GPS(Global Positioning System) 위성에서보내오는신호의위상을측정하거나반송파신호의코드를추적하여위성까지의거리를측정함으로써위치정보를확인하는기술이주로사용되었다. 그러나 GPS위성을사용하는방식은실내에서는위성신호의수신이어렵기때문에그효용성이떨어진다. 따라서실내환경에서활용할수있는위치인식기술을위해 UWB, RFID, Zigbee 등과같은무선통신시스템에관한연구가활발히진행되고있다. 이에본논문에서는저전력기반의위치인식을위한 IEEE a 의표준을활용하여 CSS 를위한 2.45GHz 대역과 UWB 를위한 3.1~10.6GHz 대역및 MHz 대역의주파수대역을포함을하는 LBS 시스템을설계하였다. 그결과로서 2.45GHz ISM RF 트랜시버와 Ranging 기능을하드웨어로구현하여 0dBm 의출력파워를갖음을확인하였다. Abstract As Internet of Things (IoT) technology advances, there is a growing demand for location-based services (LBSs) to identify users' mobility and identity. The initial LBS system was mainly used to measure position information by measuring the phase of a signal transmitted from a global positioning system (GPS) satellite or by measuring distance to a satellite by tracking the code of a carrier signal. However, the use of GPS satellites is ineffective, because it is difficult to receive satellite signals indoors. Therefore, research on wireless communications systems like ultra-wide band (UWB), radio frequency identification (RFID), and ZigBee are being actively pursued for location recognition technology that can be utilized in an indoor environment. In this paper, we propose an LBS system that includes the 2.45GHz band for chirp spread spectrum (CSS), and the GHz band and the MHz bands for UWB using the IEEE a standard for low power-based location recognition. As a result, we confirmed that the 2.45GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band RF transceiver and the ranging function can be realized in the hardware and has 0dBm output power. Keywords : CSS, IEEE a, IoT, LBS, UWB, 1. 서론최근반도체의소형화및무선통신기술의발전으로사용자에게장소와환경에구애받지않고원하는정보와서비스를제공할수있는유비쿼터스컴퓨팅 (Ubiquitous Computing) 에관한연구가활발히진행되고있다. 그중사용자의편의성및안정성향상을위한무선위치인식기술은내비게이션, 홈오토메이션, 주차관리, 물류관리, 전시관안내및미아방지등여러분야에서적용되고있다 [1] * Corresponding Author : Jung-Gi Lee (Mechatronics, Korea Polytechnic Univ.) Tel: leejk53@kopo.ac.kr Received February 22, 2017 Accepted March 10, 2017 Revised March 9, 2017 Published March 31,

2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 3 호, 2017 이처럼 LBS는현재위성신호와삼변측량법을이용하는 GPS(Global Positioning System) 는실시간으로이동하는물체의위치를파악할수있으므로위치추적서비스를요구하는분야I 에서많이활용되고있다. 하지만위성신호수신이어려운실내에서는그활용도가떨어진다. 그에따라실내환경에적합한위치인식을위하여 UWB, Zigbee, RFID, Criket 등과같은무선통신시스템에관한연구가활발히진행중이다 [2-4]. IEEE a의 Chirp 신호와 SDS-TWR 방식에오류방지알고리즘을적용하여기존의실내위치인식기술로사용되고있는 Zigbee-RSSI 의위치오차를줄였다. 하지만장애물이존재하지않는가로 6m 세로 3m의환경에서만실험이진행되어여러환경적장애로인한오차보정에는신뢰할수없다는단점을가진다.[5-8] 실내에서사용자의위치를측위하기위해서는저전력에기반을두고 IEEE a의두기반기술인 CSS 주파수대역과 UWB 주파수대역모두에서같이동작하는시스템의개발이필요하다. 이에본논문에서는저전력기반의위치기반서비스를위해 IEEE a 기반위치인지서비스기술을개발하였다. IEEE a는 CSS(Chirp Spread Spectrum) 와 IR-UWB(Impulse Radio-Ultra Wide Band) 를포함한표준으로 CSS를위한 2.45GHz대역의주파수대역과 UWB를위한 3.1~10.6GHz대역및 MHz대역의주파수대역을포함하고있다. 2.1 신호의특성 2.45 GHz 대역을사용하는 CSS PHY 로기존의 IEEE 와달리 Chirp Pulse를이용한 DBO-CSK (Differential Bi-Orthogonal Chirp Shift Keying) 변조방식을사용한다. Chirp 신호의특성은시간이지남에따라주파수가변하는신호로수식으로나타내면다음과같다. (1) 식 (1) 은 Chirp 신호중 Rectangular Linear Chirp 신호로써각각의구성은다음과같다. : Linear Chirp Signal의 Duration : Linear Chirp의 Sweeping이시작하는시작주파수 : Sweeping하는 Bandwidth : Unit Step 함수식 (1) 에나타난바와같이시간이지남에따라 Schirp (Chirp signal) 은일정한기울기로주파수가변한다. 그리고시간에따라위상이점점더빠르게변화하는것을볼수있다그림 2는 chirp 신호에따른펄스와주파수의변화를보이고있다. 2. 본론 IEEE a 중 CSS는 250kb/s에서최대 2Mb/s 의속도를제공하며 IR-UWB에서는 842kb/s를제공한다. 그림 1은 IEEE a의주파수대역을보이고있다. Fig. 2. Pulse and Frequency variation of Chirp Signal Fig a Base Band CSS의변조방식으로는 DBO(Differential Bi-Orthogonal Shift Keying) 방식을사용하는데이는특정 Linear Chirp 에 Phase Modulation을적용하여 Data를전송한다. Phase Modulation 방식은 Binary Phase와 Quadrature Phase모드로동작할수있다. 328

3 사용자위치기반홈오토메이션서비스기술개발에관한연구 2.2 Binary phase shift keying 방식 기존의 Chirp 신호에 π만큼의위상차이를두어신호를구분하는방식으로공식화하면다음과같으며 2개의신호를발생한다. (2) Piconet) 구성을위해 Chirp의기울기와시작주파수를다르게하였을경우하드웨어의복잡도가증가하기때문이다. Differential Detection을사용하는데성능을보완하기위해서 3/4 Bi-Orthogonal coding 방식을사용한다. (3) 2.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 방식 1/4 만큼의위상차이를두어신호를분리하는방법으로신호를기존의 Chirp 신호에 π/2,π,3π/2 신호를천이시켜변조한다. (4) (5) (6) (7) Encoding 방식으로 Differential Bi-Orthogonal 방식을사용하는데 8-ary와 64-ary방식이있다. 8-ary방식은 3 개의비트를입력받아 4 개의 Bi-Orthogonal Code 로 Encoding 된다. Table 1. 8-ary bi-orthogonal mapping (r=3/4, 1 Mb/s) Fig. 3. Coherent Detection and 3/4 Bi-Orthogonal coding Comparison 점선으로표시된것이 3/4 coding을 Differential Detection으로수신할때의 Bit Error Rate를나타낸것이고실선으로표시된것이 Coherent Detection이다. 시간이지날수록 BER특성이좋아짐을알수있다. Ranging은위치기반을위해가장먼저도착한신호를구분하기위해서일종의동기를맞추는방식으로신호를찾는방법은다음과같다. 아래그림은수신된신호의 single Chirp에서빨간색으로표시된직선은 Chirp signal을 conjugate한 time reference이고검정색은전송된 Chirp signal인데이렇게어긋난 2개의 Chirp signal이곱해졌을때사각형의주파수성분을갖게된다. Multipath시에도마찬가지인데이렇게시간차에비례하여신호가생성된다. 때문에수신기에서이를역으로하여가장먼저도착한 component를찾아낼수있으며이시간을이용하여위치를추적할수있다. 데이터전송모드는 Coherent Detection 보다성능이떨어지는 Differential Detection 모드를사용하는데이는 Coherent Detection으로 SOP(Simultaneously Operating 2.4 DBO-CSK의 SOP W-PAN에서사용되는시스템에서는동시에여러그룹통신을위하여 SOP (Simultaneously Operating Piconet) 을규정하게되어있는데 up/down chirp를이용한정책과 Different Time-Gap을이용하여 piconet을구분한다. up/down chirp 방식은시간영역에서주파수변화를 4가지로구분하여각각의 Piconet을구분하는방식이다. 329

4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 3 호, 2017 up/down chirp을이용한방식은주파수의변화를다르게하여같은대역에서신호를구분하여 Piconet을구분할수있다. Fig. 6. Differential Bi Orthogonal Quaternary Chirp Shift Keying Modulator and Spreading Fig. 4. SOP using Up and Down Chirp Pulses Time-Gap을이용하는방식은주파수의간격을다르게하여 Piconet을구분하는방식인데이는 Difference encoding 방식을사용하기때문에가능한방식이다. 두심볼에들어가는 time-gap을동일하게하고 piconet 별로심볼간격을다르게하여신호를구분한다. Fig. 5. SOP using Time-gap and up/down chirp 3. LBS 시스템제작 2장에서살펴본내용들을토대로설계한 CSS 변조기의구성은다음과같다. 그림 9에보이는각블록의동작은다음과같다. De-multiplexer (DEMUX) 는 2진데이터값을받아서 I Path와 Q Path로맵핑하는데 3비트단위와 6비트단위로구분하여맵핑한다. 이는 Bi-orthogonal 심볼로맵핑하기위한작업이다. 3비트맵핑의경우다음과같다. I-path : Q-path : Serial to parallel mapping (S/P) 는신호를변환하기위에직렬신호를병렬로바꾸어신호를 I Path와 Q Path 로분리하고 3비트단위로묶어서 symbol 맵핑장치로보내준다. 보내주는신호의형태는다음과같다. I-path: {1 0 0} Q-path: {1 1 0} Data symbol to bi-orthogonal code word mapping 블록은 3비트혹은 6비트로구분된신호에대하여 Bi-orthogonal symbol형태로맵핑하는장치이다. 3비트로맵핑된신호는 1Mbps의속도를가지며 4개의신호로맵핑되며 6비트로맵핑된신호는 32개의신호로 Bi-orthogonal symbol로맵핑된다. 3bit의경우맵핑되는형태는다음과같다. I-path: Q-path: Parallel-to-serial converter (P/S) and QPSK symbol mapping 블록은 QPSK 변조를위해병렬로된신호를다시직렬신호로바꾸어주고직렬로된신호를 QPSK 변조한다. 그림 7은개발된위치인지용보드의블록도를보이고있다. 개발된시스템의동작은다음과같다. 트랜시버는 TX, RX, 기본적디지털동작을수행하여, ISM 밴드패스필터와안테나를통하여필터링하여외부잡음신호를처리한다. 위치인지용보드와 PC와연결을위하여 RS-232을이용한통신을하며, PC에서는 Hypertermial 소프트웨어를사용한다. 330

5 사용자위치기반홈오토메이션서비스기술개발에관한연구 Fig. 7. Block diagram of developed board JTAG 인터페이스를통하여위치인지용소프트웨어펌웨어를퓨징또는디버깅을한다. ISP 인터페이스는위치인지용보드에프로그램을퓨징하는데인터페이스역할을한다. AVR ISP 툴을사용하여, WINAVR 프로그램을사용하여 AVR용소스코드를실행파일을생성한다. 그림 8은위치측위를위한실행된서버프로그램을보이고있다. Fig. 8. Executed server program for location positioning 4. 결론본논문에서는저전력기반의위치인식을위하여제안된 IEEE a는 CSS(Chirp Spread Spectrum) 와 IR-UWB(Impulse Radio-Ultra Wide Band) 를포함한표준으로 CSS를위한 2.45GHz대역의주파수대역과 UWB를위한 3.1~10.6GHz대역및 MHz대역의주파수대역을포함하고있다. CSS의주파수대역에 서는 250kb/s 에서최대 2Mb/s 의속도를제공하며 IR-UWB 에서는 842kb/s 를제공한다 GHz 대역을사용하는 CSS PHY 로기존의 IEEE 와달리 Chirp Pulse 를이용한 DBO-CSK(Differential Bi-Orthogonal Chirp Shift Keying) 변조방식을사용한다.CSS의변조방식으로 DBO(Differential Bi-Orthogonal Shift Keying) 방식을사용하는데이는특정 Linear Chirp에 Phase Modulation을적용하여 Data를전송한다. Phase Modulation 방식은 Binary Phase와 Quadrature Phase모드로동작할수있다. 따라서본논문의결과와같이위치인식을위한 2.45GHz ISM RF 트랜시버와 Ranging 기능을하드웨어로구현하여 0 dbm nominal 출력파워를갖도록설계하여사용한다면저렴한가격으로위치기반의인식이가능하리라사료된다. References [1] H. J. Cho, K, I, Hwang, D, S, Rho, D, H, Seo, Real Time Indoor Positioning System using IEEE a and Sensors, Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering, vol. 6, no. 36, pp , Sep DOI: [2] B.K. Kim, W.V. Park, Y.W. Ko,."Indoor positioning system using inertial sensor and cricket", The journal of Korean Institute of Information Technology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp , [3] S. K. Park and Y. S. Suh, "Pedestrian navigation system using inertial sensors and vision", Trans. KIEE, vol. 59, no. 11, [4] B. Alzvi, and K. Pahlavan, Modeling of the TOA-based Distance Measurement Error using UWB Indoor Radio Measurement, IEEE Communication Letters, vol. 10, no. 4, pp , DOI: [5] I. Suvenc, Z. Sahinoglu, and P. V. Orlik, TOA Estimation for IR-UWB Systems with Different Transceiver Types, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Technique, vol. 54, no. 4, pp , DOI: [6] P. Bahl and V. Padmanabhan, RADAR: An In-Building RF-Based User Location and Tracking System, IEEE INFOCOM, vol. 2, Israel, pp , Mar DOI: [7] F. Lassabe, P. Canalda, P. Chatonnay and F. Spies, A Friss based Calibrated Model for WiFi Terminals Positioning, Proc. of WoWMoM, pp , 05, Jun [8] J. Hightower and G. Borriello, Location Systems for Ubiquitous Computing, Computer, vol. 34, no. 8, pp , DOI: 331

6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 3 호, 2017 이중기 (Jung-Gi Lee) [ 정회원 ] 2002 년 2 월 : 원광대학교전기전자공학부 ( 전자공학사 ) 2005 년 2 월 : 원광대학교대학원전자공학과 ( 전자및통신시스템석사 ) 2007 년 1 월 ~ 2009 년 3 월 : ( 주 ) 유타렉스기술연구소책임연구원 2009 년 4 월 ~ 2015 년 1 월 : ( 주 ) 스마트온커뮤니케니션선임연구원 2015 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 한국폴리텍대학아산캠퍼스메카트로닉스과교수 < 관심분야 > 전자및통신시스템, RFID/USN, IoT 및융합기술 이영석 (Yeong-Seok Lee) [ 정회원 ] 1992년 2월 : 원광대학교전자공학과 ( 학사 ) 1993년 2월 : 원광대학교대학원전자공학과 ( 석사 ) 2004년 2월 : 원광대학교대학원전자공학과 ( 박사 ) 1997년 3월 ~ 현재 : 한국폴리텍대학성남캠퍼스전자정보통신과교수 < 관심분야 > 정보통신, RFID/USN, IoT 및융합기술 332

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