ª Œª Œ 31ƒ 6A Á œ pp. 399 ~ 408 ª Ÿ y w k w» Development of a Damage Monitoring Technique for Jacket-type Offshore Structures using Fiber Bragg
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1 ª Œª Œ 31ƒ 6A Á œ pp. 399 ~ 408 ª Ÿ y w k w» Development of a Damage Monitoring Technique for Jacket-type Offshore Structures using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors x Á» Á wá Park, Hyun-JunÁKoo, Ki-YoungÁYi, Jin-HakÁYun, Chung-Bang Abstract Development of smart sensors for structural health monitoring and damage detection has been advanced remarkably in recent years. Nowadays fiber optic sensors, especially fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, have attracted many researchers' interests for their attractive features, such as multiplexing capability, durability, lightweight, electromagnetic interference immunity. In this paper, a damage detection approach of jacket-type offshore structures by principal component analysis (PCA) technique using FBG sensors are presented. An experimental study for a tidal current power plant structure as one of the jacket-type offshore structures was conducted to investigate the feasibility of the proposed method for damage monitoring. It has been found that the PCA technique can efficiently eliminate environmental effects from measured data by FBG sensors, resulting more damage-sensitive features under various environmental variations. Keywords : fiber Bragg grating sensors, offshore structures, structural health monitoring, principal component analysis, damage detection, environmental effects p y w l k» w ƒ y w š. Ÿ wù FBG(fiber Bragg grating) š, ü,» w w ƒ d ƒ w ƒ š š. w FBG y w k w w k w ww, p d l y wš w p» w» w ww. w w x y w w y ü x ww š, l w y w yw w k w y w. w : FBG Ÿ, w, l,», k, y w 1. w w w» w ƒw w v s w w t l w e ƒ ƒwš. ù w w» w ƒ w w» ƒ š x ƒ, w ƒ š. w w (GBS, gravity-based system), k (jacket), w, ¾ œ z, š w k w» w. w k w» w j w» k k l w k» w w. p w k w w» y œw z ( hj.park@kaist.ac.kr) z Á w œw ( kykoo@kiu.ac.kr) z Á Áw w Á ( yijh@kordi.re.kr) z Áw w» y œw ( ycb@kaist.ac.kr) 31ƒ 6A œ 399
2 q, w w š w w l l v w w. ù x ¾ k w w w w l l (½ x 2006), w l l ew w k w w w w y e š w w w k w»» ü y l l z k š w sƒw. w eá w y z l sƒ l w ƒ š Ÿ (fiber Bragg grating sensor, FBG sensor) y w š wš x w wš w. w FBG l w w y ü d x y w (principal component analysis, PCA) wwš d sw y w w ql w w z w š w. š x 1/20 x w w š w y y wš w w w y w. FBG w ƒ š l l» w» sww w w k w» w. 2. Ÿ (FBG ) Ÿ ƒ p y l w y d w Ÿ ƒ ƒ w w Ÿ w d w d y» y w š w (Lee 2003).»ƒ mw ƒ sw e w q w š»,, ƒ. w Ÿ w»», q ƒ y, ü, š š y, s x y œ d ƒ w. w Ÿ x mw dw x (interferometic sensor) (Inaudi et al., 1998, «1999), Ÿ ƒ q dw sx (distributed fiber optic sensor)(thevenaz et al., 1999, 2006). Ÿ (fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor)ƒ ƒ š FBG w ƒ Ÿ Ÿ ¼ ¼ z ù ƒ q p w d(multiplexing) ƒ w š (Hill et al., 1978, Meltz et al., 1989). Ÿ q d w ù w. Ÿs rp Ÿ k w w (1) (Bragg condition) w q g Ÿ ù q m w. λ B = 2n e A n e Ÿ z š Λ Ÿ g (grating distance) q z w. š z x w Ÿ ù x ƒw w q (Udd 1995). y q w d w Ÿ ƒw ù x w ý Ÿ ƒ (1) 1. FBG w d(multiplexing) 400 ª Œª Œ
3 ». w FBG q y w» w e FBG (dummy) w y d wš w (2) w x q (Chan et al., 2006). 1 ε λ B = p c λ B w Ÿ q w x w w wù Ÿ w d(multiplexing) ƒ w ( 1). Ÿ w ƒ Ÿ ƒ, ƒ q w rp l p ƒ w. 3. Ÿ y w š dw y l sƒwš w w d y y w yƒ j ƒ. š q w š q y y w š q y ƒ j ùkú (Moorty et al., 1992). w š q p w y w x w y dw x d w k sƒw d x yƒ k w y ƒw w y y y y w»ƒ» ƒ. d l z y w» š w y w s j ùkú k w sƒw.» y w l d y w y wš l w š wš w. wš v w w» w PCA»» w (Krzanowski 2000, Jolliffe 2002, Ding et al., 2004, Miranda et al., 2008). p œ w mw t (principal vectors) w p t n w w m š (Moore 1981, Fukunaga 1990, Lawrence 2005, «xw 2005). l l w l w p ww»ƒ z (2) y w» { w» w» w z w œw, w, w, yw,» w, w š. d [ X] = x ij ( i = 12,,, N, j = 12,,, M) w M M œ w [C] w. N 1 [ C] = --- x N ( i x ) T ( x i x ) i = 1» x i ƒ d i d š x i = 1 N¾ [X] ƒ s³ M, N d z, T ew (transpose matrix). ew œ w [C] p w (singular value decomposition; SVD)w p w [A] š e ƒw [Λ] ww [ C] = [ A] [ Λ] [ A] T ƒ š l {} z j p w [ A] ƒ. y w e x ww j FBG l z w x v w y wš w» w w. y w š w PCA FBG l d x ql ù kü» w p w q l w w w x y w w w. w N w PCA mw š l w. z š l y w l d z w y 1, 2 w w. FBG d w w PCA w. k x d ε k ƒ d txw. ε k = ε 1 ε 2 ε M ε k w PCA w w N d ƒ s³ ε 0 k w š š l z j = z 1 z 2 z M x w w. ε 0 M = c k j z j j = 1 ƒ š l (orthogonal)w» w ƒ c j w., T z j z j = 1 w ³y. k z c j = ε 0 j T d l w š l (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 31ƒ 6A œ 401
4 활용하여 주성분을 제거함으로서 불필요한 외부 환경 요인 성분을 제거해 줄 수 있으며 이 후 실험 결과에서도 확인할 수 있듯이 구조물에 가해지는 온도 및 하중의 영향이 주로 첫 번째, 두 번째 주성분에 나타나기 때문에 최종적으로 이 두 주성분을 제거하여 식 (8)과 같이 구한 결과는 상대적으 로 손상에 대한 정보가 더 크게 포함되도록 할 수 있다. ε k = ε0 k ε0 k z T1 z 1 ε0 k z T2 z 2 (8) 여기서 ε k 는 k 번째 계측된 자료에서 첫 번째, 두 번째 주성분을 제거한 자료를 의미한다. 데이터가 계측될 때마다 위의 신호처리를 반복함으로서 최종적으로 본 연구에서는 주 된 외부 환경인 온도와 하중의 영향을 제거한 ε k 의 실시 간 변화 양상을 모니터링하고 일정한 한계값(threshold)을 초 과할 경우 이상신호로 고려하여 이러한 이상신호가 가장 크 게 발생한 센서를 중심으로 구조물의 손상을 정밀 검사할 수 있도록 하였다. 4. 실내 실험에 의한 검증 실험 개요 본 연구에서 제안된 광섬유 격자 센서를 활용한 해양 재 킷 구조물의 손상 검색 알고리즘의 적용성을 평가하기 위하 여 실제 울돌목 시험조류발전소 구조물의 1/20 규모의 축소 모형을 이용하여 실내 실험을 수행하였다(박현준 등, 2009). 조류발전소 구조물에 가해지는 가장 주된 외부 하중이 하루 4.1. 그림 3. 시간에 따른 하중 및 온도의 변화 에 두 번씩 발생하는 조석에 의한 횡하중이기 때문에 이를 모사하고자 최대 3 kn의 정적 횡하중을 주기적으로 재하하 였고 외부 환경 변화를 모사하기 위하여 18.9 C~31.8 C 사 o o 그림 2. 실험 구조물 및 횡하중 재하 그림 4. FBG 센서의 설치 위치 ( : 온도 보상용 dummy 센서) 402 大韓土木學會論文集
5 이의 다양한 온도 조건을 하중 재하 시 같이 적용하였다. 본 연구에서 대상으로 한 해양구조물과 같이 수중에 잠겨 있는 구조물의 경우 수온이 대기 중 온도보다 중요하기 때문 에 국내 연근해에서의 연중 해양 온도의 범위가 4 C~20 C인 점을 고려하여 온도 변화의 폭 등의 조건을 설계하였다. 그림 3에 구조물에 가해진 구조물에 가해진 하중 및 온도 변화를 보여주었다. FBG 센서는 그림 4와 같이 총 9 지점에 대해 설치 후 계측하였고 온도에 의한 중심파장의 변화를 상쇄하기 위하 여 대상 실험체에 가해지는 온도의 변화가 전 구조물에 걸 쳐 일정하다는 가정 하에 온도 보상용 센서(Sensor )를 임의의 위치에 추가하여 총 10개의 FBG 센서를 설치하였다. 보다 자세한 센서 설치 시 방향을 아래 그림 4에서 확인할 수 있는데, 실험에서 횡하중이 가해질 경우 Sensor 4, 8, 9 는 주로 인장력을 받는 (A) 위치에 설치되었고 Sensor 1, 2, 3, 5, 6은 주로 압축력을 받는 (B) 위치에 설치되었다. 위의 부호 규약에 따라 Sensor 7의 경우 Y방향으로 설치되 었다. 실험에 사용된 FBG 센서 및 관련 정보는 종합하여 표 1에 나타내었다. 약 한 달에 걸쳐 다양한 하중 및 온도 조건에서 매 5분 마다 FBG 센서로부터 자료를 취득하였으며 손상 감시 성능 을 평가하기 위하여 해당 기간 중 총 4가지의 손상 시나리 오에 따라 여러 부재에 단계적인 커팅을 통한 손상을 가하 였다(그림 5 참조). 본 연구에서는 부재에 커팅을 통해 단면 감소를 통한 구조물의 강성 감소를 모사하고자 하였고 단계 적으로 여러 위치의 단면 감소를 통해 지속적으로 진행되는 구조물의 강성 감소 효과를 모사하고자 하였다. 이에 대한 자세한 손상 시나리오는 표 2와 같다. 그림 5의 계측 자료 o o 표 1. 모형 조류 발전 구조물에 설치된 FBG 센서 FBG 변형률계 중심 파장 방향 Sensor nm 횡하중에 대해 압축 방향 Sensor nm 횡하중에 대해 압축 방향 Sensor nm 횡하중에 대해 압축 방향 Sensor nm 횡하중에 대해 인장 방향 Sensor nm 횡하중에 대해 압축 방향 Sensor nm 횡하중에 대해 압축 방향 Sensor nm 횡하중 직각 방향 Sensor nm 횡하중에 대해 인장 방향 Sensor nm 횡하중에 대해 인장 방향 1537 nm Sensor 온도 보상용 표 2. 손상 시나리오 손상 경우 손상 시나리오 사재 20% 단면 감소 손상 경우 1 (FBG 센서 Sensor 1 근처 위치) 사재 20% 단면 감소 손상 경우 2 (FBG 센서 Sensor 8 근처 위치) 사재 40% 단면 감소 손상 경우 3 (FBG 센서 Sensor 8 근처 위치) 가로 부재 20% 단면 감소 손상 경우 4 (FBG 센서 Sensor 6, 7 근처 위치) 에서 확인할 수 있는 바와 같이 온도 및 하중에 의한 변화 가 크기 때문에 단순한 계측 자료로는 구조물에 발생한 손 상에 의한 자료의 변화가 드러나지 않는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 계측 자료로부터 외부의 환경 그림 5. FBG 센서로 계측된 자료 및 손상 시나리오 第31卷 第6A號 2011年 11月 403
6 w y w ƒ e k w w. š w x w y PCA k d ww. l d š š l w 6 ùkü. y w š l (z 1 ) ƒ ƒ š ƒ w p ƒ w w wš ùkþ x» y ( 3(b)) w y w. š l(z 1 ) š l(z 2 ) p. ƒ yƒ ëš Sensor 7 0 ƒ¾ ƒ š y w. 4 e e w ƒ zw w y yƒ ew š Sensor 7 zw ƒ w e w w l 0 ƒ¾ ƒw. š l(z 2 )ƒ š w w ùküš. w Sensor 3 Sensor 1, 2 w p p(positive moment)ƒ». w j» w w 6 ƒ yw 7. d ƒ PCA y. ù ƒw w w (orthogonal) ƒ š y w e» ƒƒ w w w v ƒ. ƒ w ƒ w 6. d 1, 2 ( l d, 1, 2 ) 404 ª Œª Œ
7 얼마만큼의 상관관계가 있는지를 보다 정량적으로 분석하기 위하여 자료와 외부 환경 간에 상관 계수(correlation coefficient)를 다음의 식 (9)를 이용하여 계산하였다. C xyρxy = σx σy (9) 여기서 x, y는 각각 계측 자료 및 주성분 자료와 온도 또는 외부 하중 등의 환경 관련 계측자료이며 ρ, C, σ, σ 등 은 각각 상관 계수(correlation coefficient), 공분산(covariance), 데이터 x 및 y의 표준편차(standard deviation)를 나타낸다. xy xy x y 그림 7(a)는 온도와 계측자료 및 각 주성분으로 분리된 자 료의 센서 채널 별 상관계수를 보여주고 있다. 앞서 예상한 바와 같이 첫 번째 주성분은 온도와의 상관계수가 약 0.98 으로 온도와 매우 큰 상관관계를 가지고 있으며, 계측 자료 자체도 온도와의 상관계수가 0.9~0.98로 비교적 높은 상관관 계를 가지고 있으나 첫 번째 주성분보다는 상관관계가 약함 을 알 수 있었다. 그림 7(b)에서는 외부하중이력과 계측 자 료 및 각 주성분으로 분리된 자료의 센서 채널 별 상관계수 를 보여주고 있는데, 전술한 바와 같이 하중의 경우, 두 번 그림 8. 계측 자료 및 각 PCA 성분과 외부 환경과의 상관관계 그림 9. 계측자료 및 1차, 2차 주성분을 제외한 자료 (위로부터 원 계측자료, 1차 주성분을 제외한 자료, 1차와 2차 주성분을 제외한 자료임) 第31卷 第6A號 2011年 11月 405
8 째 주성분과의 상관관계가 약 0.5로 가장 컸으며, 원 계측 자료의 경우 하중과의 상관계수가 0.05~0.35 정도로 센서에 따라 다르지만 두 번째 주성분보다는 상관관계가 약한 것으 로 나타났다. 이와 같은 분석을 통하여, 자료의 첫 번째 주 성분이 온도와, 두 번째 주성분이 외부 하중과 높은 상관성 을 가지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편 각 계측자료 및 주성분을 온도 및 하중 자료와 비교 하였다. 그림 8(a)는 Sensor 1에서의 온도와 원 계측자료 및 첫 번째 주성분의 분포를 보여주고 있으며, 그림 8(b)에 서는 Sensor 1에서의 외부하중이력과 원 계측 자료 및 두 번째 주성분의 분포를 보여주고 있다. 그림 7을 통하여 분 석한 바와 같이 첫 번째 주성분이 온도와, 두 번째 주성분 그림 10. 최종 손상 실험 결과 406 大韓土木學會論文集
9 t 3. ƒ w k e d l Not detected Not detected Not detected (at Sensor 7) 25% 1 l Not detected Not detected 1, 2 l (at Sensor 1) (at Sensor 8) * 3 Sensor 1,6 (false alarming) (at Sensor 1,6,8) (at Sensor 8) (at Sensors 6,7) (at Sensors 6,7) 50%* 100% w ƒ š. wr 2, w ƒ ù, w w w Sensor 1 ew». 9 6, w ù š. y w y w w š ƒ yƒ l w. ƒ¾ œ ew (Sensor 1, Sensor 8) z y y w. ù e e û w ys j yw ƒ ƒ v w PCA» y w w y ü yƒ ùkù d w y y» ü y s. y ys y w. y w x ¾ s³ m t r σ w m±3σ wš y w» w. w y( ) dw š q 3 d w s³ m t r σ wš, w m±3σ wš û w w w. d w w w l ƒ 1 ùkù q w š w w 1 ü k q w, w s³ t r w w w. w q z d l w w. mw y y w (false alarming) w š, z e ƒ w w w y w. ƒ 10 š. Sensor 1 20% Sensor 8 20%, 40%, Sensor 6, 7 20% œ w y w. w e û w w š, ƒ w ù ƒ. š 3 w w k w w w w ƒ w š, š w yw w. t 3 d 1, 1,2 w ww w š. t y w w w q w w w yw e¾ k w y w d lù 1 w l y w k w ù eƒ (false alarming). w ü x l w š z w w y w. d w y w yƒ w y j» w» ù mw y w w z ƒ w ü x mw w. 5. d y w w wì ù w y y w wì ùkù w y y w w j d y mw ƒ ƒ. FBG y w w k w», w. FBG l d x y w (Principal Component Analysis) m w y d y l wš 31ƒ 6A œ 407
10 w ql w w w š w š sƒ w» w w k wù 1/20 x x w ü x mw w. x PCA mw w ƒƒ w w y w š w w y z w w. mw y y w y yƒ w y y ƒ l d y ùkú w z w». w y yƒ» š w w y w ƒ z w. FBG w ƒ š» w» FBG y w š sww w k z w». mw R&D y» (PM55500) w w. š x «, x w, {, ½,, y x, w³(1999) Ÿ f w RC x d q, w wz, w wz, 3 «3y, pp «xw, (2005) Functional Principal Component Analysis w, wm wz, wm wz, 25«3By, pp ½ x,,»(2006) w w» d y, w w w œwz, w w w œwz, 18«1y, pp x,, (2009) Ÿ FBG y w, w œwz w z, w œwz., w, ½, ½ (2006) Ÿ f w s x l, wm wz 2006»w z, wm wz, pp Chan, T.H.T., Yu, L., Tam, H.Y., Li, Y.Q., Liu, S.Y., Chung, W.H., and Cheng, L.K. (2006) Fiber bragg grating sensors for structural health monitoring of tsing ma bridge : background and experimental observation, Engineering Structures, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp Ding, C. and He, X. (2004) K-menas clustering via principal component analysis, Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning, Canada. Fukunaga, K. (1990) Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition, Elsevier. Hill, K.O., Fujii, Y., Johnson, D.C., and Kawasaki, B.S. (1978) Photosensitivity in optical fiber waveguides: application to reflection fiber fabrication, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 32, No. 10, pp Inaudi, D., Vurpillot, S., Casanova, N., and Kronenberg P. (1998) Structural monitoring by curvature analysis using interferometric fiber optic sensors, Smart Materials and Structures, 7, pp Jolliffe, I.T. (2002) Principal Component Analysis, Springer, NY. Krzanowski, W.J. (2000) Principals of Multivariate Analysis-A User's Perspective, Revised Edition, Oxford University, Press, Oxford. Lawrence, N. (2005) Probabilistic non-linear principal compenent analysis with gaussian process latent variable models, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 6, pp Lee, B. (2003) Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors, Optical Fiber Technology, 9, pp Meltz, G., Morey, W.W., and Glenn, W.H. (1989) Formation of Bragg gratings in optical fibers by a transverse holographic method, Optics Letters, Vol. 14, No. 15, pp Miranda, A.A., Borgne, Y.A., and Bontempi., G. (2008) New routes from minimal approximation error to principal components, Neural Processing Letters, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp Moore, B.C. (1981) Principal component analysis in linear systems: controllability, observability, and model reduction, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp Moorty, S. and Roeder, C.W. (1992) Temperature-dependent bridge movement, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 118, pp Thevenaz, L., Facchini, M., Fellay, A., Robert, P., Inaudi, D., and Dardel, B. (1999) Monitoring of large structures using distributed brillouin fiber sensing, proceedings of the 13th international conference on optical fiber sensors, Kyoungju, Korea, pp Udd, E. (1995) Fiber optic smart structures, John Wiley and Sons, NY. Yi, J.H., Park, W.S., Park, J.S., and Lee, K.S. (2009) Structural health monitoring system for Uldolmok tidal current power Pilot Plant and Its Applications, ASME International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, Hawaii, USA, pp ( : / : / : ) 408 ª Œª Œ
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