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1 J. of the Korean Sensors Society Vol. 19, No pp g w ve p ½ Á½ Á½ Á *Á½kx*Á k * Fabrication and characterization of fine pitch IR image sensor using a-si Kyoung Min Kim, Byeong Il Kim, Hee Yeoun Kim, Won Soo Jang*, Tae Hyun Kim*, and Tai Young Kang* Abstract The microbolometer array sensor with fine pitch pixel array has been implemented to the released amorphous silicon layer supported by two contact pads. For the design of focal plane mirror with geometrical flatness, the simple beam test structures were fabricated and characterized. As the beam length decreased, the effect of beam width on the bending was minimized, Mirror deformation of focal plane in a real pixel showed downward curvature by residual stress of a-si and Ti layer. The mirror tilting was caused by the mis-align effect of contact pad and confirmed by FEA simulation results. The properties of bolometer have been measured as such that the NETD 145 mk, the TCR 2 %/K, and thermal time constant 1.99 ms. Key Words : microbolometer, amorphous silicon, IR sensor, MEMS 1. ƒ f w j Ÿ w y Ÿ» w xphoton detector w y» y w xthermal detector j ƒ. x ƒ š ƒ ù þƒ eƒ v w, š q w d w [1]. K. Hashimoto BST FET w w Monolithic j l w ù, 1 5 š, D. Tezcan 80 um ve w ù, NETD 0.5 Hz frame rate 200 mk [2,3]. ƒÿ š CMOS/MEMS monolithic œ above-ic w v, j» ù wq k qmems&bio Team. NNFC * e OCAS Corresponding author : hyeounkim@nnfc.re.kr Received : January 11, 2010, Revised : February 22, 2010 Accepted : March 15, 2010 RC delay y w œ w. w, um ve w y ƒ w œ w w NETD p. lx x w y w y MEMSmicro electro mechanical system» w j l y z ROIC w g w [4]. w ƒ j» w y j» g wš, y j» w ƒ w w. l d k š w w TCRtemperature coefficient of resistance jš š» g œ yy w. x y l VOx Ti š g. ù VOx y p w» w»ƒ š œ yy. Ti œ yy TCRp ù» 130
2 g w ve p 65 ƒ» w ƒw w. d z. g x TCR w œ ƒ w» œ yy š p [5,6].» w d sk ƒ wš, w sk w» w ep d w sƒƒ v w w» w y j» 35 µm 2 µm wš, l p w y w ¼ s bending p sƒw. g w j l w,, TCR, NETDnoise equivalent temperature differencep w s ƒw. 2. x 2.1. g j l l œ Fig. 1. Fig. 2. SEM images of fabricated device. w d d q w œ. Fig. 1a SiNx Si»q r lsputter w 200 nm Al jš, ƒw mirror w w. w b SOPspin on polymer d swš, PECVD w 200 nm Si k d z yw» w Ti 20 nm rl w w ƒw ql x w. Fig. 1C ƒ œ mw Ti/Al w f x w š, d ƒ œ w ep ql x j v microwave plasma w SOP d w y pixel w. g l SEMscanning electron microscope Fig k y j» 35 µm 35 µm, j» 2 µm. 3. š 3.1. x sƒ l p sƒ l p sƒ w Table 1 ¼ w. k double supported beam tensile stress ƒw W max maximum displacement ¼ w w w [7]. Fig. 1. Fabrication process of a-si microbolometer. w max ql L 4N cosh k 0 L 2 1 = k 0 sinh k 0 L J. Kor. Sensors Soc., Vol. 19, No. 2, 2010
3 66 ½ Á½ Á½ Á Á½kxÁ k Table 1. Test structure size µm ¼ µm Fig. 4. Test structure for evaluation of bending property. Fig. 3. Variation of bending by length and width of beams using double supported beam theory. Fig. 5. Variation of bending by length and width of fabricated beams. k 0 = 12N EWH 3 2 Fig. 3 w ¼ W max w p w. ¼ ƒ š, s w w l p sƒ œ Fig. 4 d w TEGtest elements group w w. l p Table 1 w bending p sƒw. p f sww l ù ¼» w. g l z y ù d»» w» w Non-contact Confocal Optical Profilernanofocus AG w sƒw. Fig. 5 l p p w. Fig. 5 Fig. 4 w w. ¼ ƒ š, s w w w š. š s f w ù, z ƒw. j l ep ¼ ƒ, ƒ w y w. j l y j»ƒ 35 µm 35 µm w v x sƒ ep w y sk w» w l p sƒ y ƒ w Fig. 6. Fig. 6a y d { ùkü, d ƒ w 240 nm š b d w 120 nm. k j l d, w pqtilting. wz 19«2y,
4 비정질 실리콘을 이용한 미세 피치 적외선 이미지 센서 제조 및 특성 67 스트레스stress가 틸팅에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위 하여 Laser Curvature 방법을 사용하였다. 그 결과 실 리콘 웨이퍼 위에 a-si 박막을 증착했을 때의 스트레스 측정값은 17 MPa이고, 실리콘 웨이퍼 위에 Ti 박막을 증착했을 때의 스트레스 측정값은 160 MPa로 측정되 었다. Fig. 7은 측정 되어진 단위막 스트레스의 값을 바탕 으로 시뮬레이션 한 결과이며, 단위막의 스트레스로 인 해서 흡수층의 벤딩이 아래쪽으로 발생했음을 알 수 있다. 또한 C-C' 부분의 양 끝단 두 점은 같은 Z축 선 상에 위치하고 있음을 보여주고, 이는 단위막의 스트레 스가 흡수층의 틸팅 현상에는 영향을 미치지 않고 있 음을 확인 할 수 있다 Fig. 6. Mirror flatness through a the horizontal profile and b vertical profile. 석한 테스트 구조물의 요소 평가 결과로 부터 마이크 로 볼로미터의 캔틸레버 벤딩에 대한 영향이 작은 결 과에 비추어, 흡수층의 틸팅 현상은 앵커 제작 공정 중에서 생긴 미스 얼라인mis-align의 영향으로 판단 된다 단위막 스트레스 영향 해석 흡수층에서 증착되어진 단위막인 a-si과 Ti 박막의 Fig. 7. 미스 얼라인 영향 해석 앵커 제작 공정에서 생긴 미스 얼라인의 영향으로 나타난 흡수층의 틸팅 현상을 분석하기 위해서 시뮬레 이션을 수행 하였다. Fig. 7은 미스 얼라인이 일어나지 않은 흡수층과 X, Y축으로 1 µm씩 미스 얼라인이 발 생한 흡수층을 시뮬레이션 한 결과이다. 시뮬레이션 결과 Fig. 8a에서는 앵커의 미스 얼라 인이 일어나지 않은 흡수층에서 A-A' 부분의 z축 변위 량을 보여주고 있다. A-A' 부분의 양 끝단의 점은 같은 z축 선상에 위치하고 있으며, 이는 미스 얼라인이 일어 나지 않은 흡수층에서는 틸팅 현상이 발생되지 않았음 을 알 수 있다. Fig. 8b는 앵커의 제작 공정 중에 X, Y 축으로 1 µm씩 미스 얼라인이 발생한 흡수층의 시 뮬레이션 결과로써 B-B' 부분의 양 끝단의 두 점이 서 로 다른 Z축 선상에 있음을 알 수 있으며, 두 점의 단 차는 µm으로 확인되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 앵 커 제작 공정 중 발생되는 미스 얼라인이 흡수층의 틸 팅 현상을 유발하는 원인이 되고 있음을 확인할 수 있 었다. Simulation result of unit film stress 133 J. Kor. Sensors Soc., Vol. 19, No. 2, 2010
5 68 ½ Á½ Á½ Á Á½kxÁ k Fig. 8. Simulation result a normal align mirror and b mis-alignx/y=1 µm/1 µm shift mirror. IR test bench w d w. d 3,4 mw yw. l 3, 4. V S R = ---- [ VW ] P 3 Fig. 9. I-V curve of the element pixel v», Ÿw p sƒ » p sƒ l» p sƒw Keithley 4200 SCS v l w I-V p sƒw. Fig. 9 y I-V d w v. - 5V 5V¾ sweepw d w x ohmic w p y w w 800 kω Ÿw p sƒ Ÿw p sƒ Santababara RTB 3000 R= [V/W] V S = [V] P= IR [W] D R * V A d BW = V n D * = [cmhz 1/2 /W] V N = [V] R V = [V/W] A d = l [cm 2 ] BW = 3dB s[hz] 4 Fig Hz 5e+4 V/W 3dB s 80 Hz. 3dB s 5 w wz 19«2y,
6 g w ve p 69 Fig. 10. Responsivity and noise of fabricated device. Fig. 12. DC property of fabricated device by variation of temperature Fig. 11. Detectivity of fabricated device ms. τ 1 = π f cutoff t= [s] fcutoff = 3 db s[hz] 5 Fig. 11 3,4 w w q w 80 Hz š 3e+8 cmhz 1/2 /W. w NETD d w Fig. 11 w w. T NETD = SNR T = Vnoise Vsignal 6 w 60 o C 10 o C¾ y w mv yƒ y Vp-p 61 uv d. NETD 6 mw 145 mk w š. 4. ve ƒ j l z š, w w» w xk l p wš sƒ w. ¼ ƒ š, e p ƒ w f y w. y j» 35 µm 2 µm w ƒ j l w š, d sk w pq w f Mis-align w j y w. j l w TCR 2 %/K, 1.99 ms, w NETD 145 mk d. e» œ w,. š x [1] Y. Zhao, M. Mao, R. Horowitz, A. Majumdar, J. 135 J. Kor. Sensors Soc., Vol. 19, No. 2, 2010
7 김경민 김병일 김희연 장원수 김태현 강태영 70 Varesi, P. Norton, and J. Kitching, Optomechanical uncooled infrared imaging system design, microfabrication and performance, Journal of MEMS, vol. 11, no. 2, [2] Kazuhiko Hashimoto, Huaping Xu, Tomonori Mukaigawa, Ryuichi Kubo, Hong Zhu, Minoru Noda, and Masanori Okuyama, Si monolithic microbolometers of ferroelectric BST thin film combined with readout FET for uncooled infrared image sensor, Sensors and Actuators, vol. 88, pp , [3] Sabuncuoglu Tezcan, D., Eminoglu, S., and Sevket Akar, O., A low cost uncooled infrared microbo- lometer focal plane array using the CMOS n-well layer, Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, 14th IEEE Int MEMS Conference, pp , [4] R.A.Wood, Uncooled thermal imaging with monolithic silicon focal planes, Proc. SPIE 2020, p. 322, [5] E. L. Dereniak and G. D. Boreman, Infrared Detectors and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, New York, [6] Yue Kuo, Thin film Transistors, Kluwer Academic Publishers. [7] Stephen D. Senturia, Microsystem Design, Academic press, 김경민 김병일 년 부산대학교 기계공학과 공학사 년 부산대학교 정밀기계공학과 년 현재 나노종합팹센타 넴스바이오 팀 전임연구원 2004 년 충북대학교 반도체공학과 공학사 년 충북대학교 반도체공학과 년 년 쌍신전자통신 연구원 년 년 한국과학기술원 위촉연 구원 년 현재 나노종합팹센터 넴스바이오 팀 선임연구원 장원수 년 한양대학교 금속공학과 공학사 년 한국과학기술원 재료공학과 년 한국과학기술원 신소재공학과 공학박사 년 년 국방과학연구소 선임연 구원 년 년 삼성전기 수석연구원 년 현재 나노종합팹센터 넴스바이오 팀 선임연구원 년 동의대학교 전자공학과 공학사 년 동의대학교 전자공학과 년 현재 주 오카스 전임연구원 김태현 강태영 년 한국외대 전자물리학과 공학사 년 현재 주 오카스 주임연구원 2008 년 경원대학교 전기전자공학과 년 경원대학교 전기전자공학과 박사과정 년 현재 주 오카스 연구소장 센서학회지 제 권 제 호 19 2, 김희연
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