ƒ z mw s³mw, Á w., ƒ z sƒ t w wš z wz w w w p z w, z z, w w sƒwš, k z» sƒ w w z w w. ½(1997) xw w» GIS w x wš x k w x l w z w x ƒ w m ƒ GIS w ƒ
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1 ª Œª Œ 26ƒ 3D Á œ pp. 385~391 ª GIS œ» y w w» A Site Selection of Public Facility Based on An Accessibility Theory & GIS Spatial Analysis Technologies ½y ½ š Kim, Hwang Bae Kim, Sigon Abstract It is very important to make a decision for locating public facility site in a objectively way people in general agree with. This is because public facility affects not only daily life of people in there but also a regional development. This paper sets up a site selection model which utilize an accessibility theory and GIS spatial analysis techniques. This model has been applied to all the twelve alternatives of Chungnam Provincial Office (CPO) sites which are well known to the public. On the criterion of average access time from all the other areas in Chungnam Province, CH alternative is found to be the best one followed by CH/AS, AS alternatives. On the basis of total people?travel time CH/AS alternative turns out to be the best one followed by CH, AS alternatives. In conclusion top three best locations for CPO are CH and AS area where transportation facility are in good condition and population density is highest in Chungnam Province. This fact implies that a transportation accessibility and population density are the primary key in determining the location of public facility. Keywords : site selection, spatial analysis, accessibility, total people travel time, GIS œœ y y w e ƒ v» œ w sƒ» w w. GIS œ» mw œœ z sƒ x w x m š û z sƒ w., û z w 12 z k l s ³ ƒ yw z m CH z, CH/ASz, ASz y w sƒ., û mw w z CH/ASz, CH, AS z., z s³ yw ùkù w Ámw ƒ z w z sƒ., z 1,2,3 CH, AS w z m ƒ ùkû. w :, œ,, Ámw, GIS ƒ wì ü ã š. w ƒ h w yy w w. p w» w ƒ x ƒ w w w w w. GIS w œ» œ w œ ù w ww š t w v z Áû w œw ( hbkim@nsu.ac.kr) z Á w w ( sigonkim@snut.ac.kr) w w. ƒ e» GIS œ» w û z z ƒ û w yw z ƒ w sƒ t mw z sƒw š. ü, z sƒ t GIS œ w m w., ArcView GIS w œ x w., z wš ƒ z e v w GIS DB w., GIS œ sƒ» w 26ƒ 3D œ 385
2 ƒ z mw s³mw, Á w., ƒ z sƒ t w wš z wz w w w p z w, z z, w w sƒwš, k z» sƒ w w z w w. ½(1997) xw w» GIS w x wš x k w x l w z w x ƒ w m ƒ GIS w ƒ w ³ l w wš w. Daneshvar(2005)» w w ArcGIS Desktop v8.2 y w» w, p e d š w wš w. w w ƒ w š rk w» wš» y w. sƒ sƒ w sƒw v wš p w m rk w» w, y w» š w y k ƒ w» sƒ. y(2003), w (1993) w y ƒ w w z sƒ w. 2. GISœ» š 2.1 p m m, z, m z, mœ w, m,., z w ù w š ù»z œ ƒ q w».» w œ xs (spatial equity) œ z (spatial efficiency) w.» œ xs (y ) w r mw yw t y w..min Q(z)=Max Wi Ui Zi 2 (1) 386», Wi, Ui (y ), Zi z ùkü. œ z œœ mw w yw t ƒ xk yw mw Ákm x mw km x mw km w ƒ z k w x xk yw..min Q(z)= Wi Ui Zi 2 (2)» Wi, Ui (y ), Zi z ùkü mw x x œ» q w w mw Á x w ƒ z k w x xk y w. Min Q(z)= Wi D(ui, z) (3)», Wi, D(ui, z) m ùkü. m z mw mw d. mw s d x x(gravity model), p v y x(entropy maximization) š x» mw s, mw ù mw t w. x t. Tij = Ai Bj Oi Dj f(cij) (4)», Tij I j mw, Oi i l mw, Dj j l mw, f(cij) I j mw ùkù. k ù mw w t w txw wš. ( y ) w txw. Sij = Ai Ci Fj f(cij) (5)», Sij i j y, Ci i, Fj j y ù ³, f(cij)ƒ i j w m t x. ª Œª Œ
3 공간분석기법의 기본개념 고찰 공간분석기법이란 공간상에 나타나는 도시시설의 지 리적 여건과 속성을 GIS 데이터 베이스로 구축하고 GIS 소 프트웨어나 프로그램밍을 통해 도시공간상의 시설(혹은 지 점)을 단위 셀로 분할하여 공간상의 거리나 시간을 이용하여 근린분석, 중첩분석, 최적경로분석 등 도출함으로써 의사결 정지원을 쉽게할 수 있는 일련의 분석방법을 말한다. 본 연 구에서 적용되는 공간분석기법은 ArcView GIS의 그리드 분 석모듈을 적용하여 공간상의 특정 점으로부터 이동 저항치 인 누적통행시간(costdistance)을 산정 하여 특정 도시시설 입지후보지 대안이 주어졌을 때 접근성을 평가하는 일련의 분석기법을 공간분석방법이라 개념화하였다. 2.2 GIS 그림 누적통행비용 그리드의 작성 분석모형 정립 공간거리 시간 의 연산방법 정립 GIS을 이용한 공간분석방법을 적용하기 위해서는 분석공 간을 일정크기의 공간 Grid로 분할하고 공간상의 거리를 산 정하는 공간거리 연상방법을 정확히 알아야 한다. 공간연산 방법은 공간 Grid에 공간이동에 대한 저항치를 적재하지 않 고 단위공간의 이동거리만을 연산하는 유크리디언 그리드 연 산방법과 공간 그리드에 공간이동의 저항치인 시간이나 비 용을 가중치로 단위그리드에 적재하여 공간이동을 계산하는 가중시간 연산 방법이 있다. 일반적으로 그리드를 이용한 공간거리연산은 유크리디언 거리 연산법에 의해 계산되며 이때 인접 그리드간 거리는 인접 셀 들의 대각선 거리로 산정한다. 이때 출력그리드는 소스 그리드로부터 모든 셀 까지의 최단 직선거리, 방위, 배 분 정보를 가진다. 공간분석 시 실제 적용하는 ArcView GIS 의 Ucldian Distance를 계산하는 Avenue Script는 다음과 같으며 ArcView GIS의 유크리디언 거리(Ucldian Distance) 연산법을 예시하여 나타내면 다음 그림 2와 같이 나타낼 수 있다. SourceGrid.EucDistance(Direction FN, AlocationFN, MaxDistance) 한편 공간이동에 대한 저항치를 고려한 가중공간거리(시간) 연산은 ArcView GIS에서는 CostDistance Map이라는 공간 연산 방법을 제시하고 있다.CostDistance는 어떤 주어진 근 원지(후보지위치등) 그리드와 비용(시간)표면그리드를 이용하 여 시점으로부터 최단경로를 따라 누적통행비용(시간) 그리 드를 만들어 주는 누적 통행비용(시간)그리드 맵 이다. CostDistance Map에서 동일한 저항치는 동일한 값을 갖는 3.1 ( ) 그림 가중평균 비용거리 연산 D (Ucldian Distance) 연산방법 방법 셀로 재구성되어 특정지점(source grid)에서 등시간 도달거 리인 等時圖는 ArcView GIS의 공간분석기법을 적용하면 분석이 가능하다. 等時圖는 도로네트워크 내 통행시간과 GIS공간분석기법을 이용하여 작성되기 때문에 특정 입지점 에서 통행속도가 높은 지역은 접근성이 높게 나타나고 통행 속도가 낮은 지역은 접근성이 떨어지는 형태로 나타난다. 等 時圖인 CostDistance는 다음과 같은 과정으로 공간연산이 이루어진다. - 인접 그리드 간 가중시간 계산: 단위 시간이 계산된 각 각의 그리드를 이용하여 후보지 그리드(source grid) 에서 인접 그리드까지 이동시간(저항치)를 산정한 후 두 그리드간 의 거리는 산술평균시간으로 계산한다(그림 2참조) - 누적통행시간도의 작성 :앞에서 산정한 기준 그리드에서 인접 그리드들까지 이동시간을 반복적으로 계산하여 기준 그 리드(각 후보지)에서 인접그리드간의 최소시간(비용)이 소요 되게 단위 비용그리드를 재 배치하여 누적 등시간시간도를 작성한다. 접근성평가 모형정립 접근성평가모형은 이용자와 도시시설 간의 총 통행거리의 합을 최소화하는 지점을 찾는데 이용되는 공간적 효율성 지 표를 적용하였다. 본 모형은 웨버의 최소비용 입지모형을 GIS공간분석에 적용할 수 있도록 변형한 모형으로 웨버의 모형과 달리 최소비용입지점을 찾는데 통행거리 대신 도로 3.2 그림 유크리디언 거리 第 卷第 號 年 月 (Cost-distance) 387
4 mw w. x., x mw x xw x y w. Min Q(z)= Wi D(ui,z) (6)», Wi, D(ui, z) m, mw x mw x x w Min Q(z)= Pi T(ui,z) (7)», Pi ( ), T(ui,z) m mw, mw x mw (T(ui,z)) mw (CostDistance) w. mw ArcView GIS œ w ƒ z w, x mw ArcView GIS Grid œ z mw ùkù x Min Q(z)= ( ) (CostDistance)i (8)», CostDistance iz mw 4. z sƒ 4.1» sƒ z xy 4.1.1» e,, sww» p, w, sww Ÿ 2 d ù, w ü w r, r w ww., z, ³x, w, m, h w w w x 50 ( ) 58% w w 29 w, w» w w» w ü wš ù, ù 9 û, w 6 ƒ ü ƒ ƒ ƒ wš, û x x ƒà.» ü ƒ w w ( ƒ x)» w w x( x), xk ƒ w x w w x xkƒ. wš w z w w» t 1. w w ü»zwš w» w 1. w z w mw» / œ, w r œ ³x ³x, w w e 2. w m wù w š j» h, z, y d t 2. x x p Á ƒ x» ƒ ü Á 5» ü,,,, - ƒ x»», w» w,, ³x w (» )» x x x Á x Á 5» -»»., z m, xk y Á x Á» z - ³x,,», ƒ, w û 388 ª Œª Œ
5 t 3. z xy z (km 2, s) 1 CH/AS 26.4(800) 2 CH 19.7(593) 3 AS 32.0(968) 4 KJ 44.6(1,348) 5 BR 12.8(387) 6 SS 17.6(532) 7 NS 33.6(1,016) 8 BL 28.6(866) 9 SCH 19.6(592) 10 CHA 24.6(746) 11 HS 21.5(652) 12 DJ 19.2(580) t 5. z s³ sƒ z s³ ( ) CH/AS 61 2 CH 56 1 AS 63 3 KJ 67 5 BR 70 6 SS 75 8 NS 72 7 BL 77 9 SCH CHA HS DJ 65 4 yw w rk w. z w» û w» wì m, mw, y, yy «y«sw z q. x» ü ƒ x w»» y w y w,» ü w» w w., x x ƒ š» ù ùz g ³x w d w sƒ z xy z xy Á z 9, Á œ 3 ww z sƒ 4.2.1» z w y z sƒ w» w GIS œ w z w sƒw. sƒ w z mw w» w GIS œ» w sƒ. 1 sƒ GIS DB. ƒ e û,, w ƒ z e w GIS DB yw. t 4. GIS DB ü ü w,, Polygon j mw Line j mw Line z z e Point GIS œ w GISDB w w,,, z GIS ArcView GIS Spatial Analist S/W w GIS Data Grid yw.,1 w Grid yw, wù mww m wš Grid yw. z (12 ) e e wš ƒƒ Grid yw. 2 z mw w. m w z wš, z mw w z mw w. 3 z ƒ mw w. w w z ƒ e z mw w ƒ mw w. 4 z ƒ w. z ƒ mw w 60 ù z Grid e w z sƒ z mw sƒ z p j mw GIS mw w z mw š 4 z k ¾ ƒ ƒ xk. wr ƒ z mw w k ƒ z s³ w m ƒ yw z ¾ ƒ š CH/AS, AS, DJ, KJ z yw sƒ z Ámw sƒ z w w w mw w ƒ yw z CH/AS mwz sƒ CH z, AS z sƒ z 26ƒ 3D œ 389
6 5. 결론 및 추후 과제 표 후보지별 접근성지수 인 통행시간 행정서비스접근시간 후보지명 순위 (인 통행시간) 6. CH/AS CH AS KJ BR SS NS BL SCH CHA HS DJ ( ) 호하고 배후지역의 인구(행정수요)가 많은 후보지 순으로 양 호한 것으로 평가되고 있다 접근성이론과 GIS 공간 분석 기법의 접목을 통해 평가모 형을 정립한 후 현재 검토되고 있는 충남도청 후보지들의 적정성을 평가 한 결과 다음과 같은 사실을 알 수 있었다. 첫째, 충남 도청후보지로 신청한 12개의 후보지 중 타 지역 에서부터 평균 접근시간이 가장 양호한 후보지는 철도망과 도로교통망이 잘 구축된 천안 후보지, CH/AS후보지, 아산후 보지 순으로 양호한 것으로 평가 되었다. 둘째, 충남도 전 도민들의 총 통행시간을 최소로 하는 후보지는 CH/AS후보 지, CH, AS 후보지 순으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 후보지간의 평균접근 시간은 접근성이 양호한 지역 순으로 높게 나타나 는데 비해 총 인 통행시간은 인구밀도가 높은 후보지 와 이 와 인접한 후보지 순으로 높게 평가되었다. 넷째, 최적후보 지 1, 2, 3순위 모두 CH, AS지역에 속해 있어 후보지 입 지결정에 있어 교통의 접근성과 인구 인구밀집도가 주요결 정 요인이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 자료수집과 분석과정에 한계가 있어 다음과 같 은 내용에 대한 추후연구가 필요하다. 우선, 공항이용 수요 그림 후보지별 누적통행시간 동일 시간대에 도달가능한 시간거리분포 4. ( ) 390 大韓土木學會論文集
7 ƒ w ü ƒ ù š w wš w s³ w» wz y mƒ v w, p j mw m z w w w. w z û¼. š x ½ (2005) Ÿ x» sƒ», š, w y Ÿ. ½ t(1997) w GIS y ( ƒ 11), š, m. w (1993) w, š, û. y(2003) w sƒ», š, m. ESRIG(1994) ArcView Spatial analyst, ESRIU ESRIG(2003) Introduction to ArcGIS 8.3, ESRIU Roozbeh, D., Leta, F., Mostafa, W., and Bahram, D. (2005) Customizing arcmap interface to generate a user-friendly landfill site selection, GIS tool, The Journal fo Solid Waste Technology and Management, Vol. 31, No. 1. ( : / : / : ) 26ƒ 3D œ 391
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