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1 대한수혈학회지 : 제 25 권제 3 호, 2014 The Korean Journal of Blood Transfusion Vol. 25, No. 3, , December 2014 ISSN Original Article 혈액은행자동화검사장비 QWALYS-3 를이용한교차시험결과평가 고영은ㆍ윤정ㆍ권선희ㆍ김윤호ㆍ최재열ㆍ김주연ㆍ조치현ㆍ임채승ㆍ윤수영 고려대학교구로병원진단검사의학과 Evaluation of the Automated Blood Bank Instrument QWALYS-3 for Cross-Matching Tests Young Eun Koh, Jeong Yoon, Sun-hee Kwon, Yoon-ho Kim, Jae-yeol Choi, Joo-yeon Kim, Chi-hyun Cho, Chae Seung Lim, Soo-young Yoon Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea Background: The cross-matching test is regarded as an essential pre-transfusion test. It serves an important role in confirming the ABO/Rh compatibility of transfusion and screening for possible unexpected antibodies. We evaluated cross-matching tests in QWALYS-3 (DIAGAST, Loos Cedex, France), comparing the automated process to manual tube methods. Methods: A total of 545 crossmatching tests from 169 patients, collected from RBC concentrate transfusion orders, were performed using both QWALYS-3 and manual tube methods. All patients were follow-up tested later on with antibody identification tests to confirm the presence of unexpected antibodies in plasma. Results: None of the samples were ABO/Rh incompatible. The presence of unexpected antibodies was later confirmed in 277 tests in 56 patients. Out of those 277 tests, the concordance rate between two methods was 83.8% (232/277). In 268 tests which were later confirmed with no unexpected antibodies, manual tube methods did not show any positive results while five tests were false-positive (5/268, 1.9%) only in QWALYS-3. The overall concordance rate between two methods was 90.82%, and the kappa coefficient was (P<0.05) (n=545). Conclusion: The QWALYS-3 system has its merits in accuracy, precision, and lack of possible human errors, however, the automated procedure showed some disadvantages, including relatively low cost-and-time-effectiveness, less effective cold antibody detection, and difficulties in handling small quantity samples. Thus, the QWALYS-3 system has meaningful, but only a limited value in the automation of routine cross-matching tests. (Korean J Blood Transfus 2014;25: ) Key words: Blood bank, Cross-matching, Automation, QWALYS-3 Received on August 1, Revised on August 23, Accepted on August 23, 2014 Correspondence to: Chae Seung Lim Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: , malarim@korea.ac.kr This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright C 2014 The Korean Society of Blood Transfusion

2 고영은외 : 혈액은행자동화검사장비 QWALYS-3 를이용한교차시험결과평가 서론 교차시험검사는수혈자혈액과헌혈혈액을체외상태에서반응시키는수혈전검사로서 ABO 혈액형부적합과비예기항체에의한급성용혈수혈부작용을방지하기위하여시행된다. 교차시험은실온식염수법이외항글로불린단계를포함한검사를시행하도록혈액은행검사지침서에서요구하고있다. 1,2) 최근혈액은행검사또한검사실자동화기기의도입추세에따라검사자의검사오류를줄이고검사실의작업능률을높이기위해혈액형검사와항체선별검사에도자동화검사가시행되고있는데, 3-8) Ortho BioVue Innova system (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Raritan, NJ, USA), QWALYS-3 (DIAGAST, Loos Cedex, France) 등이그대표적인예이다. QWALYS-3는적혈구자성화기술 (Erythrocyte Magnetized Technology) 을응용한혈액형검사기기로, 혈액형검사와항체선별검사를비롯해교차시험이가능하다. 그러나혈액은행자동화기기를도입한대부분의병원에서혈액형검사와항체선별검사이외에교차시험을자동화기기로사용한예는드문것으로보고되어있다. 교차시험의경우 RBC표면의 Glycophorin A에결합하는 anti-gpa Ab에 iron bead를부착하여적혈구의표면에흡착시키는자성화 (Magnetization) 를실행한이후, 해당혈구를플레이트의아래자석이깔리운마이크로플레이트위에서수혈자의혈청과반응시키고, 이후자성화흔들기 (Magnetized shaking) 과정을거쳐결과를판독하게된다. 6,7) 본연구는혈액은행자동화기기인 QWALYS-3 를이용하여교차시험검사를시행하고, 그결과를시험관법으로시행하는기존의수기검사결과와비교하여 QWALYS-3의혈액은행교차시험자동화기기로서의유용성을평가하였다. 대상및방법 2013년 3월 1일부터 5월 31일까지고려대학교구로병원진단검사의학과혈액은행에교차시험이의뢰된 168명의총 545건의검체를대상으로하였다. 적혈구항체동정은수기시험관법과 Ortho BioVue Innova system으로시행되었다. 수기시험관법항체동정검사는 1차로실온식염수법, 그리고 2차로한랭항체의증강을위해실온에서 15 30분의항온단계이후에다시응집을관찰하였고, 37 o C에서 15 30분의항온알부민법, 이후항글로불린법의순서로진행하였다. 각단계별원심분리는 3400 rpm에서 15초씩을실행하여판독하였다. 알부민법과항글로불린법의시행은시약제조사의지시를따랐다. 항체선별검사에는 QWALYS-3 system을사용하였다. 환자검체당 1에서 5단위의농축적혈구혈액에대해서실온및항글로불린단계를포함한교차시험을 QWALYS-3과, 동시에수기시험관법으로실시하여그결과를비교하였다. 검체는이후항체동정검사결과를추적관찰하여혈액형동종항체의존재여부를확인한뒤양성확진검체군과음성확진검체군으로분류하였으며, 양성확진검체군은존재하는혈액형동종항체의종류에따라결과를분류하였다. 교차시험에사용한수기시험관법은실온식염수법, 37 o C 알부민법, 항글로불린법의순서로시행하였다. 각단계별원심분리는 3400 rpm에서 15초씩을실행하여판독하였다. QWALYS-3는제조사의기기매뉴얼을따라마이크로플레이트에검체를분주하는것으로교차시험검사를시행하였다. QWALYS-3용마이크로플레이트의우물 (Well) 바닥에는항글로불린 IgM 과 IgG가부착되어있고, 항글로불린층위로고

3 Korean J Blood Transfus Vol. 25, No. 3, , Dec 밀도의완충액인 Nanolys가깔려있어분주한검체는 Nanolys 층위에머무르게된다. 검체는먼저 Nanolys 층의위에서반응을거친뒤, 자석이깔린위치로옮겨져시행되는자성화흔들기과정에들어간다. 자성화흔들기과정동안헌혈자 RBC에부착된철비드가플레이트바닥의자석에끌리는힘을통해고밀도의완충액 Nanolys를통과하여하강하게되고, 이과정에서우물벽면에붙어있는항글로불린에접촉하게된다. 상층에서항원-항체반응을통해비예기항체가 RBC 표면에흡착되었을경우에는, RBC에흡착된항체의 Fc 부분이우물벽면의항글로불린에붙들려결합하게되고결국 RBC 층이우물바닥에넓게퍼지는모양새로나타나게되어이를항글로불린단계양성으로판독한다. 상층에서항원-항체반응이없었을경우에는 RBC 표면에부착된항체가없어서자력을따라하강한 RBC는우물가운데로모인형태를보여이를음성으로판독한다. Nanolys에의해층분리된플레이트의특성상이과정에서별도의적혈구세척을요하지않아, 항체의반응강도에미치는영향은미미하다. 2,7) QWALYS-3의교차시험각단계와반응결과는디지털화상으로기록되며 QWALYS-3의자체적인판독프로그램에의해 0에서 99까지의수치를음성에서 +4에이르기까지 5단계로분리 한판정기준에따라결과가표시된다. 검사자는기록된디지털화상과반응플레이트를보고육안으로판독할수있다. 교차시험의반응강도판정에서시험관수기법은 0, weak, 1, 2, 3, 4의 6단계로반응강도를구분하였고 QWALYS-3는자체판독프로그램이표기하는결과에따라 0 99까지의수치와그에따라구간분리된 0, 1, 2, 3, 4의 5단계로구분하였다. 수기시험관법과자동화법모두결과에서 0 이외, weak positive를포함한결과는모두를양성검체로분류하여판독하였다. 결과 168명의검체에서시행된 545 교차시험검사중 ABO 부적합으로나타난경우는없었으며, 항체선별검사에서항체가검출된환자는 56명에서, 총 277건의교차시험검사가있었고, 음성확진검체는 112명에서총 268건의교차시험을시행하였다. 1. 교차시험검사법간의항체검출율비교항체선별검사상항체가검출된적혈구항체양성확진검체 56명의 277 교차시험검사예에서수기시험관법교차시험은 98예의양성반응을보 Table 1. Comparison of cross-matching test between the manual tube method and QWALYS-3 Ab positive (n=277) Ab negative (n=268) Positive (%) Negative (%) Positive (%) Negative (%) Manual Saline 58/277 (20.9%) 219/277 (79.1%) LISS 27/277 (9.7%) 250/277 (90.3%) Alb 66/277 (23.8%) 211/277 (76.2%) AHG 68/277 (24.5%) 209/277 (95.5%) Total 98/277 (35.4%) 179/277 (64.6%) QWALYS-3 99/277 (35.7%) 178/277 (64.3%) 5/268 (1.9%) 263/268 (98.1%)

4 고영은외 : 혈액은행자동화검사장비 QWALYS-3 를이용한교차시험결과평가 Table 2. Agreement of cross-matching test between the manual tube method and QWALYS-3 Ab positive group (n=277) Positive Manual Negative QWALYS-3 Positive Negative Ab negative group (n=268) Positive Manual Negative QWALYS-3 Positive 0 5 Negative Total (n=545) Positive Manual Negative QWALYS-3 Positive Negative The correlation rate of two tests in the antibody-positive group: 232/277=83.75% (Kappa coefficient=0.646, 95% confidence interval). The correlation rate of two tests in the antibody-negative group: 263/268=98.13%. The correlation rate of two tests in the total tests done: 495/ 545=90.82% (Kappa coefficient=0.696; 95% confidence interval). 였고, QWALYS-3 은 99 예의양성반응을보였다. 이중 22 예는수기법에서만양성을, 23 예는 QWALYS-3에서만양성반응을보여두검사법간의양성일치사례는 76예로나타났다. 양검사법의양성확진검체내에서의항체실제검출율은시험관법이 35.4%, QWALYS-3이 35.7% 였다. 양성확진검체군내에서두검사법의검사일치율은 83.8% (232/277) 이었다 (Table 1, 2). 항체선별검사상음성확진검체군 112명에서시행된 268 건의교차시험예에서시험관수기법에서는모두음성으로나타났으나 QWALYS-3에서만 5예의위양성이확인되어, 98.13% (263/268) 의검사간일치율을나타냈다. 음성과양성확진검체군을모두포함한전체검사의일치율은 90.8% (495/545) 이었으나, 전체검체군에서두검사간의 Kappa coefficient는 95% 신뢰구간에서 0.696으로높지않은값을나타났다 (Table 2). 2. 비예기항체의종류에따른검사법간의교차시험양성율차이 Anti-E 와 Anti-M 에서양검사법간의교차시험 Table 3. Agreement of cross-matching tests between the manual tube method and QWALYS-3 by RBC alloantibodies Ab total (n) Manual QWALYS-3 Saline IS Alb AHG Total Total Agreement Anti-c (100%) 5 (100%) 100% (5/5) Anti-D (100%) 2 (100%) 100% (2/2) Anti-E (41%) 39 (49%) 80% (32/40) Anti-E & c (70%) 8 (80%) 87.5% (7/8) Anti-Le a (25%) 12 (20%) 50% (9/18) Anti-Le b (10%) 5 (10%) 11.1% (1/9) Anti-M (74%) 20 (57%) 64.3% (18/28) Anti-P (17%) 6 (20%) 22.2% (2/9) Anti-Fyb (0%) 2 (40%) 0% (0/2) Total (35.3%) 99 (35.7%) McNemar test in Anti-M: P=0.180 (P>0.05). McNemar test in Anti-E: P=0.109 (P>0.05)

5 Korean J Blood Transfus Vol. 25, No. 3, , Dec 양성율의차이가나타났다. QWALYS-3은 Anti-E 항체를가진검체에서수기법의 41% 에비해 49% 로높은검출율을보였으며, 수기법은 Anti-M 항체를가진검체에서 74% 로 QWALYS-3의 57% 에비하여높은검출율을나타냈다. 그러나예의두항체에대한 McNemar 검정결과는 Anti-E에서 P=0.180 (P>0.05), Anti-M에서 P=0.109 (P> 0.05) 로유의한상관관계는없는것으로나타났다 (Table 3). 고찰교차시험검사상수기시험관법과 QWALYS-3 는 83.75% 의양성검사일치율을보이고, 음성검사일치율은 98.13% 로나타났다. 전체의일치율은 90.82% 였으며, 95% 신뢰구간에서두검사간의 Kappa 값은 0.696으로 QWALYS-3이수기시험관법에의한검사를대체하기에는낮은값을보였다. 단, 이는후술할 QWALYS-3과수기시험관법의서로다른검사원리로인하여한랭항체와온난항체의검출능력이차이를보이기에나타나는현상으로생각할수있다. QWALYS-3 항체선별검사에서음성으로나타난검체중 5예의교차시험양성이나타나위양성의가능성에대해서는분명한인지와주의가필요할것으로보이나, 항체선별검사에서음성으로나타난검체의수기시험관검사와의일치율은 98.13% 를나타내어전체적인검사결과를고려할때문제의소지는낮을것으로생각된다. 위음성으로비예기항체에대한항원을가지는적혈구가수혈될위험에비해, 낮은수준의위양성확률은해당적혈구제제를선택에서제외하는단점이존재하지만, 교차시험자동화로인해얻을수있는검사객관성의이득을고려하면큰문제가되지않을것이다. 항체별검출율로살펴보면, Anti-E의경우 QWALYS-3이 49% 이며수기시험관법은 41%, Anti- M의경우수기시험관법에서 74%, QWALYS-3 는 57% 로수기시험관법에서상대적으로높은검출율을보인다. 항체의검사일치율에있어서는, 높은일치율의경우로 Anti-E가 40건중 32예일치하여 80% 를나타냈다. 낮은일치율의경우 Anti-M이 28건중 18건일치하여 64.3%, Anti-Le a 가 18건중 9건일치하여 50% 를나타냈다. 이외검사건수가 10건이하로지나치게적어일치율에의미를두기어려운항목은검토에서제외하였다 (Table 2). 해당결과는단순히교차시험에사용된헌혈자 RBC에문제의항원이존재하지않아양성이나타나지않았을경우등을포함하고있으므로양성결과만으로검사법별항체검출민감도의차이를논할수있는것은아니다. 다만 Anti-M과 Anti-Fy b 와같은일부항체의결과는수기시험관법과자동화법간에검출율의차이가있을가능성을시사하고있으며, 이는상기문단에서언급한수기시험관법과 QWALYS-3 자동화법의시행방법내의세부절차의차이에의한바일수있다. 수기시험관법내에서사용된적혈구부유액의종류와시험단계에따른검출결과를살펴보면상온 Saline 법의 Anti-M 검출이 26예, 간접항글로불린법의 Anti-E 검출이 32건이었다. 적혈구항체동정시험에서보이는한랭, 온난항체별특성과같이수기시험관법교차시험에서도마찬가지로존재항체의종류에따라각시험단계에반응의차이가있다. 수기시험관법은각단계별로원심분리후판독을진행하는특성상 (Anti-M과같이 ) IgM이다수인한랭항체를식염수법이나실온항온단계에서확인할수있으나, 단계사이에시행되는적혈구세척과정이항글로불린단계에서의 (Anti-E와같은 ) IgG 온난항체의검출율을낮추는영향을미칠가능성이존재한다. 2) 이에반

6 고영은외 : 혈액은행자동화검사장비 QWALYS-3 를이용한교차시험결과평가 해 QWALYS-3은한랭항체검출을위한별도의단계를거치지않고, 자성화흔들기이후우물바닥의 IgM, IgG 항글로불린에의적혈구결합확인은수기시험관법의 37도항온이후항글로불린단계에만해당하므로상대적으로 IgG 온난항체에해당하는 Anti-E에서높은검출율을보이고 Anti-M에서낮은검출율을보이는현상을생각할수있다. 이결과는통상의항체선별검사와 QWALYS-3의비예기항체검출시험을비교한연구에서도비슷한결과를보인다. 6) 결론적으로교차시험시행에있어 QWALYS-3 은혈액은행자동화검사기기로서수기시험관법을대체하기에는낮은검사간일치율 (Kappa coefficient=0.696) 을보이나, 온난항체검출에유리함을보이며비예기항체항체선별검사에자동화기기로서적절한성능을갖추고있으므로, 6) 교차시험에있어서는기존의검사에보완적인수준에서활용이가능할것으로생각된다. 또한자동화기기로서의실용성에의문점을제기할수있는요소로서, 숙련된임상병리사의경우 QWALYS-3 으로자동화된교차시험을시행하는것과수기시험관법을사용하는것에는큰업무량차이가없었다. 이는혈액원등대형의료원의혈액은행에서동시에많은검체를검사하는데적합하게개발되어일반중소규모의료기관내의혈액은행용으로는실효가떨어지는자동화기기의특성과도연관이있는문제이다. 3,5) 숙련된임상병리사가검사를진행할경우수기시험관교차시험은항온에소요되는 15 30분을포함하여총 50 60분가량의시간이걸린다. QWALYS-3를사용한교차시험은준비시작부터결과판독까지 40 50여분의시간이필요하다. 그러나 QWALYS-3은플레이트단위로검사를판독하므로, 수혈지시를받았을때그때그때시행해야하는교차시험의경우다수의검사를동 시에진행하는것이어렵다. 일반적인혈액형검사나항체선별검사는처방되는횟수도매우많으며시급히처리해야하는사안이아니므로특정한시간단위를두어지시를마감, 접수한다수의검사를한플레이트에서동시에진행할수있지만수혈전검사로서의교차시험은처방의횟수도상대적으로적고, 지시이후수혈진행전까지빠른완료를요하므로그렇게할수없다. 또한, 자동화기기특성상마이크로플레이트는소모품이므로적은수의검체를플레이트에올려검사하게되는것은비용면에서도득이되지않는다. 본연구에서확인된바로지나치게많은플레이트를동시에검사시행할경우프로그램판독오류혹은기기의작동정지가발생하는사례가보고되기도하였다. 반면수기시험관법은하나의교차시험을진행하는도중추가적인교차시험의뢰에도검사자간업무분담혹은개인검사자의숙련도에따라임의로복수의시험을동시진행할수있기에, 혈액은행근무자의교차시험업무부담을줄이고검사의뢰의처리속도를높이는측면에서의 QWALYS-3의활용도에는큰효과를기대할수없을것으로생각된다. 그러나수기시험관법에서결과의판독이애매한경우, 혹은충분히숙련되지못한인원이별도의조언이나도움이없이교차시험을시행해야하는때 QWALYS-3은자동화기기라는특성상검사자실수에서발생할수있는검사오류의가능성이낮고, 일관된판독결과를제공할수있는장점을가진다. 혈액은행업무에서발생하는오류중상당수가검사자실수임을고려할때, 자동화에더해업무의처리단계자체를감소시키는바는중요하다. 9,10) 또한, 판독결과를화상으로장기간보존할수있으며그값을정량적으로나타내준다는점에서검사자숙련도에따른판독결과변동을최소화할수있다. QWALYS-3은상

7 Korean J Blood Transfus Vol. 25, No. 3, , Dec 기의장점을가져교차시험에보조적인역할로활용될수있을것이나, 본연구의결과로미루어본격적인교차시험자동화기기로서의기능에는의문점이남으며이에대해서는추가평가가요망된다. 요약배경 : 교차시험은수혈전검사로서필수적으로시행되고있는검사이며, 수혈의 ABO/Rh 적합성을확인하고비예기항체를선별하는것에중요한역할을한다. 이연구는 QWALYS-3 (DIAGAST, Loos Cedex, France) 의교차시험검사자동화기기로서의유용성을기존의수기시험관검사법과비교하여평가하였다. 방법 : 적혈구제제수혈이의뢰된환자 169인의 545개검체를대상으로하여 QWALYS-3와수기시험관법을시행하여그결과를비교하였다. 모든환자는이후추적검사로항체선별검사를시행하여혈장내비예기항체의존재를확인하였다. 결과 : ABO/Rh 부적합검체는확인되지않았다. 추적검사로시행한비예기항체동정검사상환자 56인의 277개검체가양성으로나타났다. 해당 277개양성확진검체군내에서두검사법의일치율은 83.8% (232/277) 이었다. 비예기항체음성으로확진된 268개검체군에서는수기시험관법은모두교차시험음성이었고, QWALYS-3 에서만 5예의위양성이검출되었다 (5/268, 1.9%). 두검사법간의전체검사일치율은 90.82%, Kappa coefficient는 (P<0.05) 이었다 (n=545). 결론 : QWALYS-3는높은정확도, 정밀도에더해검사자오류의가능성을배제하는장점을가졌으나, 자동화된검사법의비교적낮은비용-시간대비효율, 한랭항체의낮은검출능력, 소량검 체검사의어려움과같은단점또한드러냈다. 교차시험검사의자동화기기로서 QWALYS-3은제한된가치만을지니는것으로판단된다. References 1. Beck ML, Tilzer LL. Red cell compatibility testing: a perspective for the future. Transfus Med Rev 1996;10: Han KS, Park MH, Kim SI. Transfusion medicine. 3rd ed. Seoul: Korea Medical Book Publisher, 2006: Dada A, Beck D, Schmitz G. Automation and data processing in blood banking using the ortho autovue innova system. Transfus Med Hemother 2007;34: Kim SH, Nam DH, Yang JH, Yoon SY, Kim YK, Lee KN, et al. Evaluation of the automatic blood bank instrument autovue innova for antibody screening. Korean J Blood Transfus 2008;19: Wittmann G, Frank J, Schramm W, Spannagl M. Automation and Data Processing with the Immucor Galileo R System in a University Blood Bank. Transfus Med Hemother 2007;34: Choi GR, Min BG, Kim HN, Choi CH, Kim YH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of the Automated Instrument QWALYS-3 for Unexpected Antibody Screening. Korean J Blood Transfus 2011;22: Schoenfeld H, Bulling K, von Heymann C, Neuner B, Kalus U, Kiesewetter H, et al. Evaluation of immunohematologic routine methods using the new erythrocyte-magnetized technology on the QWALYS 2 system. Transfusion 2009;49: Weisbach V, Ziener A, Zimmermann R, Glaser A, Zingsem J, Eckstein R. Comparison of the

8 고영은외 : 혈액은행자동화검사장비 QWALYS-3 를이용한교차시험결과평가 performance of four microtube column agglutination systems in the detection of red cell alloantibodies. Transfusion 1999;39: Linden JV, Wagner K, Voytovich AE, Sheehan J. Transfusion errors in New York State: an analysis of 10 years' experience. Transfusion 2000;40: South SF, Casina TS, Li L. Exponential error reduction in pretransfusion testing with automation. Transfusion 2012;52:81S

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