DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers Vol.22 No pp. 162~167 ISSN Technical Papers 항공기박판구조의가공가능폭과두께에관한실험연구 신용보 *, 김수진 + (Manuscript received: Jul, 10, 2012 / Revised: Oct, 17, 2012 / Accepted: Oct, 17, 2012) An Experiment of Machineable Width and Thickness of Airframe Thin Plate Structure Yong-Bo Shin*, Su-Jin Kim + Abstract The most important factor in an aircraft manufacturing is stability and weight reduction. Most of aircraft components are designed with thin plate type to satisfy weight reduction needs. The thin plate is difficult to be machined because it is apt to be vibrated by dynamic force generated in milling process. The most critical factor in machining of aluminum thin plate is width and thickness between stiffeners. So we tested many cases to find out the machinable minimum thickness at different width between stiffeners. And with the data obtained from many tests, this papers suggested the standard width thickness relation that is machinable without vacuum fixture. Machinist will be able to reduce the cost of aircraft thin plate parts by reducing the number of vacuum fixture used by the help of this standard. Key Words : Machinable thickness( 가공두께 ), Thin plate( 박판 ), Aircraft( 항공기 ), Machinalble width( 가공폭 ) 1. 서론항공기기술적요구성능과소요비용에밀접한변수중하나는중량이다. 경량화를위해항공기의골조는 H 형태로설계되며, 일반적으로하중을지지하는역할을하고조립의편리성을위해복합적으로설계되는추세이다. H 형태의주요기계가공품으로는 Fig. 1(a) 와같이격벽 (Bulkhead), 골조 (Frame), 지지대 (Support), 리브 (Rib), 가로날개뼈대 (Spar) 가있다. H 형태는테두리 (Flange) 와지지대 (Stiffener), 바닥 (Web) 으로설계된다. 그런데 H형박판의바닥을가공할때엔드밀의회전력과절삭속도에의해주기적인외력을받게되고이때지지대사이의 폭이넓고두께가얇으면강제진동 (Forced vibration) 이발생하여가공에어려움이있다. 지금까지얇은벽면가공조건에대한연구는정적인부분과동적인부분에서진동이생기지않게하는실험 (1~6) 들이있었다. 이연구들은얇은벽가공시생길수있는진동을해석하여이를최소화시켜가공할수있는두께와회전수에대하여연구하였다. 이연구들중얇은바닥을가공할때진동이발생하는회전수에관한연구 (6) 에서는라운드엔드밀 (fillet endmill) 로바닥가공할때가공깊이가깊고회전수가높은조건에서는진동이발생하지않는다는결론을얻었다. 외팔보형상의가공경로에따른가공표면형상관계를연구한논문 (7) 에서는외팔보형상의유연한시편의경우, 시편자체 * 한국항공우주산업 + 교신저자, 경상대학교기계공학부주소 : 경남진주시진주대로 501 Corresponding Author sujinkim@gnu.ac.kr 162

2 한국생산제조시스템학회지 Vol.22 No 가블록소재와달리절삭중발생하는진동이심하므로, 안정적인절삭을위해서는가공물의고유진동수를파악해가공할필요성을제시하였다. 실험결과가공시편의지지부에서는떨림이거의없이블록과같은가공형상보였으나끝단부에서는진공으로인해넓은볼모양의무늬가나타났다. 진동의발생을방지하기위해항공기제조업체에서는 Fig. 1(b) 와같은진공고정구 (Vacuum fixture) 를사용하고있다. 고정구를사용하게되면안정적인가공이가능하지만항공기구조의특성상기체구조물에는동일제품이거의없기때문에각부품마다진공고정구를제작해야한다. 또한보관할때부피가커서많은장소를차지하고, 제작비용도매우비싼단점이있다. 산업현장에서는박판가공시기술자의경험으로진동이발생될가능성이있는부품은진공고정구를선택하여사용하고있다. 즉정형화된표준없이개인의주관적기준으로고가의진공고정구를사용하고있는실정이다. 본논문에서는진공고정구사용여부를결정할수있는정량적표준을만들어진공고정구의사용을줄여자재가공시간과인력낭비등의단점을제거하기위해서, 항공기박판구조물의지지대사이폭에따른가공가능두께를측정하고표준화하는실험적연구를실시하고자한다. 2. 이론적배경 2.1 절삭력절삭공구에작용하는힘에대한이론으로엔드밀로가공할때박판에가해지는집중하중을알수있다. Ernst와 Merchant (8) 가처음으로전단각해 (Shear-angle solution) 라는이론을제시하였다. 간단하게는절삭력은비절삭에너지 (Specific cutting energy) 와절삭단면적의곱으로근사값으로계산하며, 엔드밀의절삭력의축방향분력은비절삭에너지 k, 절입깊이 (Axial depth of cut) d a, 날당이송 (Feed per tooth) f t 의곱으로식 (1) 과같이표현될수있다. Al7075의비절삭에너지는인장강도로부터 k=500mpa로가정하고, 절삭력의축방향분력은 20% 로가정하였다. (1) 2.2 박판의처짐박판가공결함의첫번째원인은절삭력의축방향분력에의한처짐이므로, 박판의처짐에영향을미치는주요변수를알아볼필요가있다. Fig. 2(a) 는실험에서사용된모델과볼트를체결한모습이고 Fig. 2(b) 는모델을중앙에서절단한단면으 (a) Thin plate model and endmill (a) The structure of T-50 advanced trainer aircraft (b) Thin aircrafte part and vacuum fixture Fig. 1 Thin aircraft structure (b) Cutting force & deflation of the plate Fig. 2 Deformation of thin plate 163

3 신용보 김수진 로해석을위해폭이증가하는단순지지지보 (9) 로간략화하면절삭력의축방향분력 F z 가가공시작지점에작용할때처짐 δ는식 (2) 과같다. 3.2 실험조건항공기프레임박판가공의결함은주로가공중처짐과진동에의해서발생하고있다. 식 (3) 에서처짐이특정수준이하이기위한박판의폭과가공가능두께가비례관계에있고, 식 (4) (2) 식 (2) 를두께 t에관해정리하면식 (3) 과같다. 이식에서가공깊이를 d a =1.0mm로고정할때절삭력에의한처짐이 δ =0.1mm 수준이하로되어가공이가능해지는박판의두께 t는박판의폭반경 R영향을가장많이받음을알수있다. 식 (3) 과 Table 2 조건으로예측된폭에따른절삭가능두께를 Fig. 6에점선으로표시하였다. (3) (a) A high speed machining center 2.3 박판의진동 박판고유진동수와공구회전수관계가발생시키는, 체터 (Chatter) 가가공결함의두번째원인이므로, 박판의고유진동수에많은영향을미치는주요변수를알아볼필요가있다. 박판은평면위에존재하는 2차원형태의탄성물질이며, 두께는굽힘강도를가지고있으며횡진동 (Transverse vibration) 은수직방향구부려짐에의해주로발생된다. 고유진동과형태의해석 (10) 에서원형박판의고유진동에관해해석식을제시하고있다. 진동형태와고유진동수는극좌표로표현된횡진동으로식 (4) 과같은방정식을갖는다. 여기서고유진동수 는치수와무관한 의방정식이고, 는박판의단위면적당중량이다. (4) 식 (4) 에서원형박판의고유진동수는폭반경의제곱에반비례하고두께의 1.5승에비례하므로, 체터기인결함에큰영향을미치는폭반경과두께를실험변수로채택하였다. 3. 실험장치및방법 3.1 실험장치실험에사용된장비, 홀더, 공구, 소재정보는 Table 1에나타내었다. 가공장비는수직머시닝센터 (DMC160U) 이고, 홀더 (Holder) 는 25,000rpm의고속회전에적합한열박음홀더 (Shrink fit holder) 를사용하였고, 공구는초경엔드밀 (K20) 을사용하였으며, 소재는 Al7075-T6를사용하였다. (b) K20(Hardmetal) endmill Fig. 3 Test equipments Table 1 Test Equipments Equipments Specification Machining center DMC160U 5axis Max weight: 3,000kg Stroke: X1,600 Y1,250 Z1,000mm Shrink fit holder Runout: 10μm K20 Endmill Helix angle 45 Workpiece Al7075-T6 Table 2 Cutting condition Test A Test B Test C Test D Plate width(mm) Plate thickness(mm) 1.0, , , , , , , ,... Tool diameter(mm) Spindle(rpm) 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 Feedrate(mm/min) 7,500 9,000 10,000 11,

4 한국생산제조시스템학회지 Vol.22 No 에서원형박판의고유진동수는폭의제곱에반비례하고두께의 1.5제곱에비례한다. 이렇게가공중박판의처짐과진동은주로폭과두께의영향을받으므로 Table 2에서박판의폭과가공두께를실험변수로설정하였다. 실험에서박판의폭은항공기프레임에많이사용되는 91, 122, 152, 190mm로정하고, 최종두께는최소 0.6mm에서최대 2.0mm까지변화시켰다. 황삭에서최종두께와정삭여유를남기고, 최종정삭에서남은 1.0mm를가공했다. 그리고실험의목적이현장의가공조건에서진공치구를사용하지않아도되는두께를알기위함임으로, 박판의폭에따른공구와이송속도는한국항공우주산업에서사용하고있는표준을적용하였다. 주축회전수는 25,000rpm, 공구진입각도는 1 를사용하여감속없이실험하였다. 3.3 실험방법 Fig. 2(a) 는폭과박판두께의관계를실험하기위해설계된가공물형상으로지지대의바깥쪽은볼트로고정하여소재가가공장비에서움직이지않도록고정시키고안쪽포켓 (Pocket) 을가공한다. NC프로그램은 CATIA V5를이용하여출력하였으며 Fig. 4(a) 와같이박판안쪽에서부터바깥쪽으로돌며가공해나가는방식과하향가공방식을사용하였다. 이방법은가공소재의중앙에서부터두께가작아지므로공구합력에의한처짐을최소로할수있다. (a) Outward circular tool path 절삭공구의길이오차는두께에영향을주므로가공마다새공구를사용하였고레이저공구세팅장치 (Blum laser) 를이용하여 ±0.05mm 이내로공구의직경과길이를자동으로세팅하였다. 공구수명개선효과를주고가공시발생되는열을줄여주는절삭유 (Coolant) 는분사방식을사용하였다. 가공후박판의두께측정은 Fig. 4(b) 의초음파두께측정기 (Ultrasonic thickness gauge) 를이용하여측정하였다. 초음파두께측정기는시험체내부에초음파를전파시켜되돌아오는시간을측정함으로써정밀한두께측정을수행할수있는장치로측정기의정확도는 ±0.002mm이다. 정삭가공 (Finish path) 후두께의공차최대범위는 ±0.05mm를적용하여이범위를벗어나지않는것을정상부품으로판단한다. 실험마다두께를측정해정상적으로가공되었는지또는처짐이발생하였는지측정하였다. 4. 실험결과및토의 4.1 박판가공에서발생한결함실험후지지대사이의폭이크거나박판의두께가작을때발생한결함들을 Fig. 5에정리하였다. Fig. 5(a) 는직경 12mm 평엔드밀로폭 91mm 최종두께 0.6mm 의박판가공을하였을때, 체터로인해소음과진동이발생하여결국박판이찢어지는결함이나타난경우이다. Fig. 5(b) 는직경 16mm 평엔드밀로폭 122mm 최종두께 1.0mm의박판을가공할때, 처짐이발생하여박판의두께가두꺼워진경우이다. Fig. 5(c), (d) 는각각 20mm, 25mm의평엔드밀로폭 152mm, 190mm의최종두께 1.2mm, 1.4mm의박판을가공할때, 처짐에의해손으로만져질정도로박판이물결치는표면품위결함이발생된경우이다. Fig. 5(a) 의가공결함은식 (4) 의고유진동과주축회전수의관계로인해발생하는체터에의한것이고, Fig. 5(b), (c) (d) 의가공결함은식 (2) 의절삭력의축방향분력에의한처짐으로발생한것으로사료된다. 이상박판의결함들을요약하면다음과같다. 첫번째, 엔드밀로가공할때진동에의한소음이발생하고박판이찢어지는현상이발생하였다. 두번째, 공구합력에의해소재의처짐이발생하여박판의두께가도면의치수이상으로두꺼워져공차범위를벗어나는현상이발생하였다. 세번째의결함은표면조도가불량해지는현상이발생하였다. 4.2 지지대사이의폭과박판두께관계 (b) Ultrasonic thickness gauge Fig. 4 Test methods 본연구에서는지지대사이의폭에따라서박판의가공가능두께가어떻게변화되는지를실험하여 Fig. 6에가공가능한경우푸른색 로표시하고결함이발생한경우는붉은색 로표시하였다. 실험결과그래프에서지지대사이의폭을작게하면 165

5 신용보 김수진 (a) Width 91mm, Thickness 0.6mm Fig. 6 Stiffener width and machinable thickness Table 3 The standard of stiffener width and machinable thickness (b) Width 122mm, Thickness 1.0mm (c) Width 152mm, Thickness 1.2mm Stiffener width(mm) Machineable thickness (mm) Experiment Predicted by Eq.(3) 의처짐으로유도된식 (3) 으로예측해, 지지대사이의폭이증가함에따라박판의가공가능두께도증가함을보였고, Fig. 6에점선으로표시하였다. 실험결과에서도 Fig. 6과같이지지대사이의폭이증가하면가공가능한박판의두께가점차커지는것을알수있었다. Table 3은지지대사이의거리에대한최소박판의두께를표준화한것이다. 91mm의폭은 0.8mm 까지가공이가능하고 122mm 의폭은 1.2mm 까지, 152mm 의폭은 1.4mm, 190mm 의폭은 1.6mm 까지진공고정구없이가공이가능하였다. 5. 결론 본연구를통해항공기박판구조물의가공시가공성에가장큰영향을주는것은지지대사이의폭과두께임을이론과실험을통해증명하였다. (d) Width 190mm, Thickness 1.4mm Fig. 5 The defect of machined thin plate 박판의두께는작아지며, 지지대사이의폭을크게하면박판의두께는커져소재의폭과박판의두께는비례함을알수있다. 이론적으로지지대사이의폭과박판의가공가능두께를보 (1) 이론연구에서절삭력에의한처짐이일정수준이하이기위한박판의폭과두께가비례관계에있고고유진동수도주로폭과두께의영향을받음을보였다. (2) 실험에서가공가능두께보다얇은박판의가공시진동에의한찢어짐, 처짐에의한두께오차, 표면의물결무늬결함이발생함을확인했다. (3) 실험에서박판의폭이커질수록가공가능최소두께도증가함을확인했고, Fig. 6에진공고정구없이가공가능한조건과불가능한조건을표시하였다. 166

6 한국생산제조시스템학회지 Vol.22 No 실험결과를바탕으로진공고정구없이항공기박판구조물을가공할수있는표준을 Table 3에제시하였으며이를이용해항공기부품가공업체에서진공고정구사용을줄여제작비용과보관비용을절감할수있을것으로사료된다. References (1) Kim, M. K., 2001, Diagnosis of Chatter Vibration using Frequency Domain in a Milling Process, Transactions of the Korean society of machine tool engineers, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 12~18. (2) Svetan, R., Evan, G., Stan, N., Kevin, P., and Gregory, T., 2003, Force and Deflection Modelling in Milling of Low-rigidity Complex Parts, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 143~144, pp. 143~144. (3) Davies, M. A., 2000, Impact Dynamics in Milling of Thin-walled Structures, Nonlinear Dynamics, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 375~392. (4) Wan, M., Zhang, W. H., Tan, G., and Qin, G. H., 2008, Systematic Simulation Procedure of Peripheral Milling Process of Thin-walled Workpiece, Journal of Materials Processing technology, Vol. 197, No. 1-3, pp. 122~131. (5) Vincent, T., Lionel, A., Gilles, D., and Gilles, C. L., 2006, Integration of Dynamic Behaviour Variations in the Stability Lobes Method : 3D Lobes Construction and Application to Thin-walled Structure Milling, Int J Adv Manuf Technol, Vol. 27, No. 7-8, pp. 638~644. (6) Campa, F. J., Lopez, L. N., Lamikiz, A., and Sanchez, J. A., 2007, Selection of Cutting Conditions for a Stable Milling of Flexible Parts with Bull-nose End Mills, Jornal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 191, No. 1-3, pp. 279~282. (7) Lee, Y. H., 2003, Evaluation of machinability according to cutter orientation in cantilever shape, A Thesis for a Master, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea, pp. 37~41. (8) Knight, W. A., and Ko, T. J., 1998, Fundamentals of machining and machine tools, Dongmoungsa, pp. 77~97. (9) Ger, and Timoshenko, 1990, Mechanics of Materials, PWS Publishing Company, pp (10) Blevins, R. D., 1995, Formulas for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., pp. 233~

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