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1 결핵성흉막삼출액에서흉수 Adenosine Deaminase 치와림프구 / 호중구비의진단적유용성 경상대학교의과대학내과학교실신민기, 함현석, 이동원, 조유지, 정이영, 김호철, 이종덕, 황영실 The Diagnostic Usefulness of Pleural Fluid Adenosine deaminase with Lymphocyte/Neutrophil Ratio in Tuberculous Pleural Effusion Min Khi Shin, M.D., Hyun Seok Ham, M.D., Dong Won Lee, M.D., Yoo Ji Cho, M.D., Yi Yeong Jeong, M.D., Ho Cheol Kim, M.D., Jong Deok Lee, M.D., Young Sil Hwang, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea Background : The measurement of adenosine deaminase(ada) level in pleural fluid is useful in the diagnosis of tuberculous(tb) pleural effusion. However, ADA is also elevated in other diseases such as malignancy, bacterial infections, empyema, and collagen vascular disease, ADA alone has limited value. The object of this study is to determine diagnostic usefulness of the combined use of ADA value with lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio(l/n ratio) rather than the use of ADA alone. Method : We evaluated 198 patients(age=55.9±12.9, M/F=2.7:1) with pleural effusion who had admitted in Gyeong sang National University Hospital from Jan to Dec retrospectively. Patients were divided into four diagnostic groups: TB pleural effusion(n=91), parapneumonic effusion(n=65), malignant effusion(n=21), and transudative effusion(n=13). The ADA level, differential cell count, biochemistry, cytology, and microbiology of each diagnostic groups were evaluated. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value(npv), positive predictive value(ppv) and efficiency were calculated at each ADA values and combined ADA value with various L/N ratios. Results : The ADA level in TB pleural effusion was significantly higher than that of parapneumonic effusion, malignant pleural effusion, and transudative effusion(p<0.05). Sensitivity, specificity, ppv, npv and efficiency at ADA 50 IU/L in the diagnosis of TB pleural effusion were 89.0%, 82.2%, 81.0%, 89.8% and 85.5% respectively. When ADA 50 IU/L was combined with lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio 0.75, sensitivity, specificity, ppv, npv, and efficiency were 83.5%, 96.3%, 95.0%, 87.9% and 90.5% respectively. Specificity, ppv and efficiency were increased with combination of ADA value and L/N ratio. Conclusion : Combination of ADA value and L/N ratio in pleural effusion is more useful than ADA value alone in the diagnosis of TB pleural effusion. (Tuberc Respir Dis 2004; 57: ) Key words : ADA, tuberculosis, pleural effusion, lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio. 서론 Adenosine deaminase(ada) 는아데노신 (adenosine) 과디옥시아데노신 (deoxyadenosine) 을이노신 (ino sine) 과디옥시이노신 (deoxyinosine) 으로탈아미노화 (deamination) 하는것을촉매하는효소로 T 림프구의 Address for correspondence : Young Sil Hwang, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University. 92 Chilam Dong, Jinju, , Korea Phone : Fax : yshwang@nongae.gsnu.ac.kr Received : Mar Accepted : Jul 증식과분화에관여하여인체의면역반응, 특히 T 세포에의한세포성면역을반영하는지표이다 1,2. 결핵성흉막삼출액은폐외결핵의일종으로면역학적으로결핵균에의해흉막강내에국소적으로활성화된 CD4 +T림프구와대식세포가관여하는세포매개성면역에의해발생한다 3. 따라서 ADA 치는결핵환자의혈청, 기관지폐포세척액, 객담에서증가되어있다고보고되고또한결핵에의한흉수에서도증가하여흉수에서 ADA 치의측정은결핵성흉막삼출액의진단에유용한지표로서사용되어왔다 4,5. 그러나 ADA는악성흉수, 부폐렴성흉막삼출액, 전신홍반성낭창, 류마티스관절염등의교원성질환등세포성면역이증가되어있는다른질환에서도증가하는경우가많아진 132

2 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol. 57. No. 2, Aug, 2004 단적유용성에제한점이있다 6,7. 이런점때문에결핵성흉막삼출액의진단에서 ADA의기준값을얼마로해야할지에대해논란이있어왔고여러보고에서각각의기준치마다민감도, 특이도가다양하여적절한기준치가정해지지는않았다. Banales 등 4 은 218명의흉수환자를대상으로 ADA 70 IU/L 이상을기준으로했을때민감도 99%, 특이도 89% 로보고했고, 정등 5 은 40 IU/L이상을기준으로했을때민감도는 96.%, 특이도는 100% 로보고하였다. 흉수는폐질환이나전신적질환에의해이차적으로염증세포들이흉막강내로유입되어발생하므로원인이되는각질환에따라흉수에우세한염증세포의종류가다르다. 즉, 부폐렴성흉막삼출액의경우호중구가우세하고결핵성, 악성흉막삼출액의경우림프구가우세하다고알려져있다 8,9. 따라서결핵성흉막삼출액을 ADA 치가증가하는다른질환들과감별하기위해 ADA 치와함께흉수염증세포의비율을함께적용한다면결핵성흉막삼출액의감별진단에유용할것으로생각된다. 본연구는 ADA와함께흉수의림프구 / 호중구의비를진단기준으로같이적용했을때결핵성흉막삼출액에대한진단적유용성증가여부에대해알아보고자하였다. 연구대상및연구방법 1. 대상환자 1999년 1월부터 2001년 12월까지경상대학교병원내과에흉수로내원하여원인질환이밝혀진 198명의환자들을대상으로후향적조사를시행하였다. 흉수의 ADA 수치와염증세포비율, 생화학적성상, 세포진검사, 미생물학적검사결과를분석하여환자를결핵성흉막삼출액, 부폐렴성흉막삼출액, 악성흉막삼출액, 흉막여출액의 4군으로나누었다. 결핵성흉막삼출액은진단된방법에따라객담이나흉수의결핵균도말혹은배양검사상양성인경우, 경피적흉막생검을시행하여조직학적으로건락성괴사를동반한육아종성병변을보인경우, 항결핵제투여에대한반응이나방사선학적소견등임상경과로진 단된경우로세분하여각그룹별로 ADA 수치를비교하였다. 부폐렴성흉막삼출액은흉수나객담염색상균이관찰되거나배양검사에서균이동정되는경우, 방사선소견에서폐렴의소견이있으면서흉수가동반되고항생제에대한반응이있는경우와농흉을포함하였다. 악성흉막삼출액은경피적흉막생검이나흉수세포진검사상암이증명된경우와이두가지검사상음성이더라도다른장기의암이확진되었고암이외에흉수의다른원인이없는경우를포함하였다. 2. 연구방법모든환자의흉수 ADA 활성도와흉수의생화학적성상, 염증세포비율, 세포진검사, 미생물학적검사결과를조사하였고염증세포비율에서림프구 / 호중구비를구했다. ADA 차단값을 40 IU/L, 50 IU/L, 60 IU/L, 70 IU/L 이상으로했을때각각의값에서결핵성흉막삼출액의진단에대한민감도, 특이도, 양성예측률, 음성예측률, 효능도를구하였다. 또한 ADA 차단값과함께여러가지림프구 / 호중구비 (0.75, 1, 1.5, 2) 를같이적용했을경우에민감도, 특이도, 양성예측률, 음성예측률, 효능도를구하였다. 각군의 ADA 값은중앙값 (median value, P 50 ), 25 백분위 (25th percentile, P 25 ), 및 75 백분위 (75th percentile, P 75 ) 로표시하였고 Kruskal-Wallis의비모수검정법으로통계처리하였고 p <0.05 를통계적으로유의한것으로간주하였다. 통계프로그램은 window 용 SPSS version 10.0을사용하였다. 결과 1. 대상환자의특징총 198명의환자가연구에포함되었고결핵성흉막삼출액이 91명 ( 나이 : 50.1±21.9, 남 / 여 =60/31), 부폐렴성흉막삼출액이 65명 ( 나이 : 60.1±14.1, 남 / 여 =52/13), 악성흉막삼출액이 29명 ( 나이 : 63.7±14.2, 남 / 여 =18/ 11), 흉막여출액이 13명 ( 나이 : 59.3±12.9, 남 / 여 =12/1) 133

3 MK Shin, et al.: ADA and L/N ratio in tuberculous pleural effusion Figure 1. Distribution of *ADA activity for the TB dia gnostic subgroups. (A) positive in sputum AFB or culture, (B) pathologic confirmed by pleural biopsy, (C) clinical and radiologic diagnosis of TB. * p>0.05 by Kruskal-Wallis test Table 1. ADA value of each diagnostic groups TB pleural effusion Parapneumonic effusion Malignant effusion Transudative effusion ADA(IU/L) * P 50, P 25, P 75 p-value 89, 66, , 19, 50 21, 5, 31 9, 5, *P 50 : median value, P 25 : 25th percentile, P 75: 75th percentile Significant ADA difference between tuberculous pleural effusion and parapneumonic, malignant, transudative effusion. 이었다. 2. 결핵성흉막삼출액의진단방법에따른 ADA 치 결핵성흉막삼출액중에서객담이나흉수의결핵균도말혹은배양검사상양성으로진단된군 (A) 은 17명, Figure 2. Distribution of *ADA activity for each dia gnostic groups *p<0.05 by Kruskal-Wallis test 흉막조직검사에의해진단된군 (B) 은 24명, 항결핵제투여에대한반응이나방사선과적소견등임상경과로진단된군 (C) 은 50명이었고 ADA 치의중앙값, P 25, P 75 은 A군이 89, 66, 113 IU/L, B군이 92, 72, 123 IU/L, C군이 84, 69, 114 IU/L로각진단방법에따른 ADA치에는유의한차이가없었다 (p=0.754) (Figure 1). 3. 각진단군에따른 ADA 치 각진단군별 ADA치의중앙값, P 25, P 75 을구하였고결핵군과다른군들과의 ADA치를각각비교하였는데결핵군이 89, 66, 113 IU/L, 부폐렴성흉수는 29, 19, 50 IU/L, 악성흉수는 21, 15, 31 IU/L, 흉막여출액에서 9, 5, 16 IU/L로측정되었고결핵성흉막삼출액에서다른군들에비해 ADA치가유의하게높았다 (p<0.05) (Table 1, Figure 2). 134

4 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol. 57. No. 2, Aug, 2004 Table 2. Diagnostic usefulness at various ADA cutoff values ADA level (IU/L) Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) * ppv: positive predictive value, npv: negative predictive value * ppv (%) npv (%) efficiency (%) Table 3. Diagnostic usefulness of combined use of ADA level with L/N ratio ADA level (IU/L) *L/N ratio Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) ppv (%) npv (%) Efficiency (%) *L/N ratio : lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio 여러 ADA 차단값에서의진단률결핵성흉막삼출액의진단에적절한 ADA치를정하기위해차단값 40 IU/L, 50 IU/L, 60 IU/L, 70 IU/L 에서각각의민감도, 특이도, 양성예측률, 음성예측률, 효능도를구해본결과 50 IU/L 이상에서각각 89.0%, 82.2%, 81%, 89.8%, 85.5% 였다 (Table 2). 5. ADA치와림프구 / 호중구비의진단률 ADA 50 IU/L 이상인경우와함께림프구 / 호중구비가 0.75 이상을진단기준으로같이적용할경우민감도, 특이도, 양성예측률, 음성예측률, 효능도가각각 83.5%, 96.3%, 95.0%, 87.3%, 90.5% 로 ADA 50 IU/L 이상만을기준으로했을경우에비해특이도는 14.1%, 양성예측률은 14%, 효능도는 5% 증가하였고, 민감도는 5.5%, 음성예측률은 2.5% 감소하였다 (Table 3). 91명의결핵성흉막삼출액환자에서 ADA치가 50 IU/L이하또는림프구 / 호중구비율이 0.75 이하인경우가 16명이었고이중 10명은 ADA치가 50 IU/L 이하, 6명은림프구 / 호중구비가 0.75 이하인경우였다. 65명의부폐렴성흉막삼출액에서 ADA치가 50 IU/L이상인경우는 16명 (23%) 이었고이중 7명이농흉이었으며이 16명중 ADA치가 50 IU/L 이상이면서림프구 / 호중구비가 0.75 이상인환자는 2명이었다. 악성흉수환자 29명중 4명 (14%) 이 ADA 50 IU/L 이상이었고이 중 2명은비소세포성폐암, 2명은악성림프종이었다. 2명의악성림프종환자들은모두 ADA 50 IU/L 이상이면서림프구 / 호중구비가 0.75이상이었다. 고찰흉수의감별진단에서결핵성흉막삼출액의경우경피적흉막생검상 50-80% 에서만진단이가능하고 10 흉수의결핵균도말및배양검사상에서도 20-30% 정도에서만결핵양성으로나오며 11 악성흉막삼출액은흉막액세포진검사로 38-72%, 경피적흉막생검으로 40-70% 정도만확진이가능하다. 따라서전체흉수환자의 10-20% 에서는여러가지검사를하더라도그원인을정확히알기어려운경우가있다 12,13. 특히결핵의유병율이높은우리나라에서는결핵성흉막삼출액과다른원인의흉막삼출액사이의감별진단이임상적으로문제가되는경우가많다. 따라서결핵성흉막삼출액의감별진단을위한유용한흉수의지표를찾고자하는연구들이많이진행되었고 ADA가결핵성흉막삼출액의진단에매우유용한진단적도구로이용되고있다. ADA는체내의세포성면역을반영하는지표로서 1978년 Piras 등 14 이결핵성흉막삼출액에서비결핵성흉막삼출액에비해 ADA치가현저하게높다는보고를한이래결핵성흉막삼출액의감별진단에 ADA의진단적유용성에대한보고가계속되어왔다. 본연구 135

5 MK Shin, et al.: ADA and L/N ratio in tuberculous pleural effusion 에서도 ADA 50 IU/L이상을차단값으로한경우민감도 89.0%, 특이도 82.2% 로결핵성흉막삼출액의진단에높은진단적유용성을보였다. 결핵성흉막삼출액은면역학적으로흉막강내에국소적으로활성화된 CD4+ T림프구와대식세포가관여하는세포매개면역에의해발생한다. 그리고이러한면역반응에는 ADA 뿐만아니라 IL-12, IFN-γ 등의 cytokine들이관여하며 ADA와 IFN-γ 가결핵성흉막삼출액의진단에유용하다는보고가있었다 15,16. Baganha 등 17 에의하면결핵성흉막삼출액과악성흉막삼출액에서모두 T 림프구의숫자가증가하나결핵성흉막삼출액에서는주로 CD4+ T 림프구가, 악성흉막삼출액에서는주로 CD8+ T 림프구들이증가하며 ADA는주로 CD4+ T 림프구의분화와증식에중요한역할을하여생성이증가되므로특히결핵성흉막삼출액에서 ADA의수치가높은것으로보고하였다. 따라서 ADA는결핵성흉막삼출액과악성흉막삼출액의감별에유용한지표의하나이다. 그러나 ADA는악성흉막삼출액중악성림프종, 백혈병등의혈액종양에의한흉수인경우에도높게측정되는경우가많아결핵성흉막삼출액과의감별에도움이되지않는다는보고가있었다 18. 본연구에서도전체악성흉막삼출액의 ADA 중앙값, P 25, P 75 은각각 21, 15, 31 IU/L로결핵성흉막삼출액에비해유의하게낮은데비해 2명의악성림프종환자의 ADA치는각각 112, 358 IU/L로높게측정되었다. Burgess 등 19 은앞서언급한대로결핵성흉막삼출액에서는림프구가우세하고부폐렴성흉막삼출액에서는호중구가우세한점을적용하여 ADA 50 IU/L 이상만을결핵성흉막삼출액의진단기준으로했을때민감도, 특이도, 양성예측률, 음성예측률, 효능도가각각 91%, 81%, 84%, 89%, 86.% 인데반해림프구 / 호중구의비율이 0.75 이상인것을진단기준에포함시켰을경우민감도, 특이도, 양성예측도, 음성예측도, 효능도가각각 88%, 95%, 95%, 88%, 92% 로진단적유용성이높아짐을보고하였다. 본연구에서도 ADA 50 IU/L를차단값으로했을때민감도, 특이도, 양성예측도, 음성예측도, 효능도가각각 89.0%, 82.2%, 81.0%, 89.8%, 85.5% 였고 ADA 50 IU/L이상과함께림프구 / 호중구의비 0.75 이상을기준으로같이적용했을때각각 82.4%, 96.3%, 95.0%, 86.6%, 90.5% 로특이도가 14.1%, 양성예측률이 14%, 효능도가 5% 증가하였다. 결론적으로결핵성흉막삼출액에서 ADA치는다른질환에의한흉수에비해유의하게높아결핵성흉막삼출액의진단에유용한기준이될수있었고, ADA 치와함께림프구 / 호중구의비를같이적용할경우 ADA치만을적용할때보다진단적유용성이향상되었다. 요약배경 : 흉수 ADA치는결핵성흉막삼출액의진단에유용하지만악성흉막삼출액이나부폐렴성흉수, 농흉, 교원성질환에의한흉수등에서도증가되는경우가있어진단적제한이있다. 본연구에서는결핵성흉막삼출액에서흉수 ADA치와림프구 / 호중구비를함께적용할때의진단적유용성에대해알아보았다. 대상및방법 : 1999년 1월부터 2001년 12월까지경상대학교병원에흉수를주소로내원한 198명의환자를대상으로하였다. 환자를결핵성흉막삼출액, 부폐렴성흉막삼출액, 악성흉막삼출액, 흉수여출액의네군으로분류하였고각군의 ADA치, 생화학적성상, 염증세포비율, 세포진검사, 미생물학적검사결과를조사하였다. 민감도, 특이도, 양성예측률, 음성예측률, 효능도를여러 ADA 차단값과림프구 / 호중구비에서각각구했다. 결과 : 1) 결핵성흉막삼출액에서 ADA치는다른군에비해유의하게높았다 (p<0.05). 2) ADA 50 IU/L 이상에서민감도, 특이도, 양성예측률, 음성예측률, 효능도가각각 89%, 82.2%, 81%, 89.8%, 85.5% 였다. 3) ADA 50 IU/L 이상과함께림프구 / 호중구비 0.75 이상을함께적용할경우민감도, 특이도, 양성예측률, 음성예측률, 효능도가각각 83.5%, 96.3%, 95%, 87.9%, 90.5% 로특이도, 양성예측률, 효능도가향상되었다. 결론 : ADA치와함께림프구 / 호중구비를함께적용할경 136

6 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol. 57. No. 2, Aug, 2004 우 ADA치만을적용할때보다결핵성흉막삼출액에대한진단적유용성이더증가하였다. 참고문헌 1. Ocana I, Martinez-Vazquez JM, Segura RM, Fernan dez-de-sevilla T, Capdevila JA. Adenosine deamina se in pleural fluids. Test for diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion. Chest 1983;84: Barnes PF, Mistry SD, Cooper CL, Pirmez C, Rea TH, Modlin RL. Compartmentalization of a CD4+ T lym phocyte subpopulation in tuberculous pleuritis. J Immunol 1989;142: Kayacan O, Karnak D, Delibalta M, Beder S, Karaca L, Tutkak H. Adenosine deaminase activity in bron choalveolar lavage in Turkish patients with smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis. Respir Med 2002; 96: Banales JL, Pineda PR, Fitzgerald JM, Rubio H, Selman M, Salazar-Lezama M. Adenosine deaminase in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusions: a report of 218 patients and review of the literature. Chest 1991;99: Jung KS, Chung HS, Han SK, Shim YS, Kim KY, Han YC. Immunologic characteristics of tuberculous pleural effusion-diagnostic value and mechanism of increased Adenosine deaminase activity. Tuberc Respir Dis 1987;34(3): van Keimpema AR, Slaats EH, Wagenaar JP. Adeno sine deaminase activity, not diagnostic for tuberculous pleurisy. Eur J Respir Dis 1987;71: Maartens G, Bateman ED. Tuberculous pleural effu sions: increased culture yield with bedside inoculation of pleural fluid and poor diagnostic value of adenosine deaminase. Thorax 1991;46: Light RW. Parapneumonic effusion infections of the pleural space. In: Light RW, ed. Pleural disease. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger;1990. p Antony VB, Godbey SW, Kunkel SL, Hott JW, Hartman DL, Burdick MD, et al. Recruitment of inflammatory cells to the pleural space: chemotactic cytokines, IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 in human pleural fluids. J Immunol 1993;151: Jay SJ. Diagnostic procedures for pleural diseases: Clin Chest Med 1985; 6: Berger HW, Mejia E. Tuberculous pleurisy. Chest 1973;63: Bartolome R. Cecil. Chapter 63. Diaphragm, chest wall, pleura, and mediastinal disease. In: Bennett and Plum ed. Cecil Textbook of medicine. 20th Ed. Philadelphia; Saunders; p Salyer WR, Egglestone JC, Erozan YS. Efficacy of pleural needle biopsy and pleural fluid cytopathology in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasm involving the pleura. Chest 1975;67: Piras MA, Gakis C, Budroni M, Andreoni G. Adeno sine deaminase activity in pleural effusions: An aid to differential diagnosis. Br Med J 1978; 2: Valdes L, San Jose E, Alvarez D, Sarandeses A, Pose A, Chomon B, et al. Diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy using the biologic parameters adenosine deaminase, lysosome, and interferon gamma. Chest 1993;103: Jeon DS, Yun SM, Park SS, Lee HJ, Kim YS, Lee MK, et al. The significance of IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ and ADA in tuberculous pleural fluid. Tuberc Respir Dis 1998;45(2): Baganha MF, Pego A, Lima MA, Gaspar EV, Cordeiro AR. Serum and pleural adenosine deaminase. Corre lation with lymphocytic populations. Chest 1990;97: Lee YC, Rogers JT, Rodriguez RM, Miller KD, Light RW. Adenosine deaminase levels in nontuberculous lymphocytic pleural effusions. Chest 2001;120: Burgess LJ, Maritz FJ, Le Roux I, Taljaard JJ. Combined use of pleural adenosine deaminase with lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio. Increased specificity for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis. Chest 1996; 109:

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