J.-W. Choi et al. / Ecol. Resil. Infrastruct. (2018) 5(3): (ADV) 등의유량측정장비들로측정하기에는한계가있다. 국외에서는 1980년대부터유량측정의정확도와수문관측의비용저감을위해초음파를이용한 Acousti

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1 Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure (2018) 5(3): Online ISSN: ORIGINAL ARTICLE 하상재료에따른 ADCP 의유량측정비교분석 Comparative Analysis of ADCP Flow Measurement According to River Bed Material 최진우 1 ㆍ홍창수 1 ㆍ신경용 1 ㆍ이진욱 1 ㆍ김정애 1 ㆍ조용철 1 * ㆍ유순주 2 1 국립환경과학원한강물환경연구소전문위원, 2 국립환경과학원한강물환경연구소소장 Jin-Woo Choi 1, Chang-Su Hong 1, Kyung-Yong Shin 1, Jin Uk Lee 1, Jeong-ae Kim 1, Yong-Chul Cho 1 * and Soon-Ju Yu 2 1 Han River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environment Research, 12585, Korea 2 Han River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environment Research, 12585, Korea Received 3 September 2018, revised 17 September 2018, accepted 21 September 2018, published online 30 September 2018 ABSTRACT: This research aimed at analyzing comparison results between in gravel and sand bed with respect to the detailed Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurement in a velocity, depth, and flow rate data based on Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) measurement result. Conclusionally, similar results were shown for gravel and sand bed in velocity, depth and flow rate data using ADV and ADCP measurement. The results of the flow rate show a relative error mean of % in the gravel bed and % in the sand bed, which is better performance than the mean error of 5% suggested by United States Geological Survey (USGS). The results can be used as a basis data for the measurement of ADCP and potentially able to be utilized for the more detailed uncertainty analysis of ADCP flow rate measurement. KEYWORDS: ADCP, ADV, Depth, Flow rate, Velocity 요약 : 본연구는하상재료에따른 ADCP 의측정적합성을평가하기위해하상재료가다른자갈하상과모래하상인지점에서 ADCP 의유속, 수심및유량자료를 ADV 의측정결과와비교분석하였다. 연구결과자갈하상과모래하상에서의 ADV 와 ADCP 를이용한유속분포와수심측정자료는비슷하게나타났다. 유량측정결과자갈하상에서평균 %, 모래하상에서평균 % 의상대오차범위를나타내어 USGS 에서제시한평균오차 5% 의범위보다작아신뢰가높은결과인것을알수있었다. 이러한결과는향후 ADCP 의하천적용성에대한기초자료로활용될수있으며 ADCP 의불확도평가에중요한자료로이용될것으로판단된다. 핵심어 : ADV, ADCP, 수심, 유량, 유속 1. 서론하천의유량조사는물의순환과정을규명하고수자원의효율적인계획과관리를위한중요한자료로이용된다 (Lee 2010). 이에국내에서는 1990년대후반부터초음파유속계와유속지수법과같은실시간하천유량 측정방법들을도입하였다 (Kim 2008). 하지만하천의유량을장기간또는연속적으로관측하는것은쉬워보이면서도어느정도의정확도를확보하면서측정하는것은생각보다어렵다 (Kim 2015). 특히최근기후변화에따른빈번한집중호우와하천환경변화등으로인하여회전식유속계와 Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter *Corresponding author: yc800222@korea.kr, ORCID c Korean Society of Ecology and Infrastructure Engineering. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 156

2 J.-W. Choi et al. / Ecol. Resil. Infrastruct. (2018) 5(3): (ADV) 등의유량측정장비들로측정하기에는한계가있다. 국외에서는 1980년대부터유량측정의정확도와수문관측의비용저감을위해초음파를이용한 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) 측정방법을유량측정에활용하고있는추세이다 (Gordon 1989, Adler and Nicodemus 2001, Yorke and Oberg 2002). 또한, 중대규모하천이나난류측정 (Stacey et al. 1999, Lu and Lueck 1999, Nystrom et al. 2007), 감조지역 (Geyer and Signell 1990) 등의연구에활용되고있고, 세로방향확산계수의산정 (Kim 2012), 부유사모니터링 (Reichel and Nachtnebel 1994), 바이오매스연구 (Brierley et al. 1998) 등의연구에활발하게사용되고있다. 국내에서는 1990년대후반부터 ADCP가도입되기시작하여이에관한연구가활발히진행되어왔으며, Lee (2005) 등은 ADCP를이용한유속과유량측정에관한연구를통하여기존유속- 면적법과 ADCP를이동식으로운영하여얻은결과와비교분석하였다. Kim (2008) 등은자연하천에서 Chiu의유속분포와최대유속추정을이용한유량산정방법의적용성을검토하기위해유속- 면적법과지표유속법을이용하여비교검토하였다. 또한 Kim (2009) 등은하상에 ADCP를매설하고회전식유속계와비교하여유속및수심의측정정확도를연구하였다. Lee (2010) 등은유량측정기기별측정성과에대한실험적비교분석을통해기기별유량값의오차를나타내었고, Ji (2013) 등은회전식유속계, 초음파유속계등다양한유속계와 ADCP를이용하여동일지점에서유량을비교한결과유사한측정결과를보여기계오차를반영하면크게문제되지않을것으로판단하였다. 기존연구에서는동일한지점에서 ADCP 의유량및유속을비교한연구, 유량측정장비에대한비교연구등으로 ADCP의측정적합성을평가하기엔한계가있으며하상재료가유속및수심측정에미치는영향에대한연구는상대적으로부족한실정이다. 따라서 ADCP의측정적합성을평가하기위해서는다양한하상재료에서 ADCP의정밀한측정을통한분석이필요하다. 이에본연구에서는자갈하상과모래하상에서 ADCP의측정적합성을평가하기위해 ADCP의유속, 수심및유량을정밀하게측정하였다. 그리고 ADCP 의유속측정결과를비교하기위해유속측정정확도가높다고알려진 ADV의유속측정결과값을사용하였다. 또한동일한측선에서측정한수심결과를바탕으로 ADCP의수심측정적합성을평가하였다. 2. 연구방법 2.1 조사시기및조사지점 본연구에서는자갈하상과모래하상의특성을나타내는지점을선정하였다. 하상재료가자갈인지점은섬강의말단지점에위치한섬강교하류 400 m에서유량측정을하였으며하상재료가모래인지점은황구지천말단지점에위치한수입교하류 200 m에서유량측정을하였다 (Fig. 1). 섬강의측정지점은자갈로이루어져하상단면이균일하지않으며황구지천의측정지점은모래하상으로이루어져하상단면이균일한특징을가지고있다 (Fig. 2). 분석에사용된측정자료는 2017 년 1월 10일-13일에섬강과황구지천에서각각 ADV 4 회, ADCP 16회를측정하였다. 2.2 측정장비의종류및측정원리 본연구에서유량을측정하기위한유속계의제원을비교하여 Table 1에제시하였다. ADCP의종류에는 Rio Grande, StreamPro, RiverRay, RiverPro, River- Surveyor S5, RiverSurveyor M9등이있지만, 본연구 Fig. 1. Field flow measurement in stream using ADCP (a) and ADV (b). Fig. 2. Field river bed material gravel (a) and sand (b).

3 158 J.-W. Choi et al. / Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure (2018) 5(3): Table 1. Specifications of various flow measurement equipments Specifications Riversurveyor M9 FlowTracker Range of distance m Minimum 2 cm Range of velocity ±20 m/s m/s Accuracy ±0.25% ±0.2 cm/s ±1.0% ±0.25 cm/s Cell size m - Frequency 1.0 and 3.0 MHz - Fig. 3. Riversurveyor M9 (Riversurveyor S5/M9 System Manual, 2016). 에서는 Sontek 사의 RiverSurveyor M9 을이용하였다 (Fig. 3). RiverSurveyor M9의장점은협대역시스템을사용하며기기설정이간편하고, 수심셀에대한독립적인유속측정이가능하므로상하층간의유속차가큰전단류상황에서유리하다. 또한, 측면으로전달되는에너지가광대역에비해상대적으로작아측면효과의영향이감소되고, 진폭이작은음파를사용하므로수중에서물고기와같은큰반사체에의한간섭이적다. RiverSurveyor M9의수심측정은 3 MHz 또는 1 MHz 빔으로측정된 4개의평균값을사용하는하상추적 (bottom tracking) 방식과 0.5 MHz 1개의빔으로측정된값을사용하는수직빔 (vertical beam) 방식이있다. 현장상황에따라서하상추적방식과수직빔방식을바꿔가며사용할수있다. ADCP측정영역은유속을직접측정할수있는측정역 (measured area) 과측정된유속을이용하여간접적으로유속및유량을추정하는측정불가역 (unmeasured area) 로나뉜다. 측정불가역의범위가클경우추정유량은실제유량에비해오차가클수있으므로도섭에의한유속- 면적법등별도의방법을동원하거나유량측정전에현장상황을고려하여측정을해야한다. ADCP와 ADV의유량값을비교하기위한장비로국내에서일반적으로사용되고있고유속 Fig. 4. FlowTracker (Measuring Discharge with Flowtracker Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters 2015). 측정정확도가높다고알려진 Sontek 사의 ADV 의 FlowTracker를사용하였다 (Fig. 4). FlowTracker는초음파를이용한유속계로얕은수심, 저유속에서정밀하게측정할목적으로고안되었다. 2.3 유량측정방법 ADV의유량측정방법은수질오염공정시험기준의하천유량측정방법과국토부에서발간한수문관측매뉴얼에있는유량측정방법기준을준용하였다. 유량측정기준으로국제표준기구 (International Organization for Standardization, ISO), 미국지질조사국 (United States Geological Survey, USGS) 등의유량측정기준에관한자료를이용하였다. ADCP의유량측정방법에는교량법, 횡측선법, 정지측정법등이있으며교량법은하천을횡단하는교량이있는곳에서시행할수있다. 교량이수면에서너무높을경우 ADCP의제어가어려우므로가급적수면에서높지않은교량에서측정한다. 횡측선법은횡측선이설치가가능한곳에서측정할수있으며교량등의시설물이없는곳에적절하며느린속도로운영할수있으므

4 J.-W. Choi et al. / Ecol. Resil. Infrastruct. (2018) 5(3): Table 2. Comparison table of data measured by ADV and ADCP Station Seom Gang River Hwangguji Stream Case Width (m) Depth (m) Area (m 2 ) Discharge (m 3 /s) Relative error (%) #1-1 ADCP #1-2 ADCP #1-3 ADCP #1-4 ADCP Aver #1 ADV #2-1 ADCP #2-2 ADCP #2-3 ADCP #2-4 ADCP Aver #2 ADV #3-1 ADCP #3-2 ADCP #3-3 ADCP #3-4 ADCP Aver #3 ADV #4-1 ADCP #4-2 ADCP #4-3 ADCP #4-4 ADCP Aver #4 ADV #1-1 ADCP #1-2 ADCP #1-3 ADCP #1-4 ADCP Aver #1 ADV #2-1 ADCP #2-2 ADCP #2-3 ADCP #2-4 ADCP Aver #2 ADV #3-1 ADCP #3-2 ADCP #3-3 ADCP #3-4 ADCP Aver #3 ADV #4-1 ADCP #4-2 ADCP #4-3 ADCP #4-4 ADCP Aver #4 ADV Date

5 160 J.-W. Choi et al. / Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure (2018) 5(3): Fig. 5. Comparison of ADV and ADCP velocity distribution in gravel bed (a) and sand bed (b). 로유속이느린곳에서도적용가능하다. 정지측정법은교량이나횡측선이설치되어야하고, 교량에서측정할경우수면에서너무높지않아야한다. 본연구에서는 ADCP를보트에고정시켜측정하는횡측선법을이용하였다. USGS의경우조위의영향을받는하천을제외한일반적인하천에서는최소 4회이상의측정을권장하고있으며, 그중 1개의자료라도평균유량오차가 ±5% 를넘었을경우 4회의추가측정이바람직하다고제안하였다 (Simpson 2001). 따라서본연구에서는각지점마다 4회씩측정하였으며 ADCP의경우 1회차마다 4회측정한수면폭, 수심, 면적유량, ADV와 ADCP 유량값의상대오차를 Table 2에제시하였다. 3. 결과및고찰 3.1 유속분포비교측정된유속분포비교는횡측선을따라측정된모든연직유속분포의평균치로산출하였다. ADV는하천폭에따라횡측선상에서 30-35개측선의유속을측정하지만, ADCP의경우한번횡단에수백개이상의연속적인유속자료를획득하므로보다세밀한유속분포를나타냈다. 자갈하상 (a) 과모래하상 (b) 에서측정한 ADV와 ADCP 의유속분포비교자료중 1 case를 Fig. 5 에나타내었다. Fig. 6. Comparison of depth measurement for ADV and ADCP in gravel bed (a) and sand bed (b). 자갈하상과모래하상에서 ADV와 ADCP의유속결과는비슷하게나타났지만자갈하상의경우 ADCP 측정간의 (#1-4ADCP) 유속산포가크고, 모래하상은상대적으로유속산포가작다. 또한자갈하상에서는좌안부터 20 m 까지 ADV의유속측정결과값과차이가있는데, 이는자갈하상의경우난류의발생이커질가능성이있기때문이라고판단된다. 모래하상에서는 30 m - 50 m 구간에서 ADV의유속측정결과값과차이가있는데, 이는수심약 0.5 m 이하인부근에서는 ADCP의잠김깊이와측정공백거리때문에센서부근과아래의일정깊이는측정이어렵기때문인것으로판단된다. 3.2 수심측정비교 자갈하상과모래하상에서측정한 ADV와 ADCP 의수심측정결과를 Fig. 6에나타냈다. ADV는각지점마다설치된 30-35개의측선에대하여수심측정스타프로측정하였고, ADCP는횡측선을따라측정된연속적인데이터를사용하였다. 자갈하상과모래하상모두 ADCP로측정된수심측정자료는수심측정스타프에의해측정된수심과전반적으로일치하는경향을나타내었으나자갈하상의

6 J.-W. Choi et al. / Ecol. Resil. Infrastruct. (2018) 5(3): Fig. 7. Coefficient of variation of ADCP data. 경우좌안에서부터 5-15 m 구간과 m 구간에서일부차이가있는것을알수있다. 이는자갈하상의경우하상단면이불규칙적이기때문에측선간격이넓을수록오차범위가증가하기때문인것으로판단된다. Table 2에는측정된하천의폭과단면적이제시되어있다. 하폭은자갈하상의경우 0.5%, 모래하상의경우 0.6% 정도의오차범위로측정되었으며, 단면적은두지점모두 2.5% 정도의오차범위로측정되었다. 3.3 유량측정결과자갈하상과모래하상에서측정된 ADV와 ADCP 의유량측정결과를비교하여 Table 2에제시하였다. 각지점별로 ADV 4회, ADCP 16회의측정자료가수집되었으며, 각회차마다동일한시간및수위에서진행하였다. 자갈하상에서 ADV와 ADCP로측정한개별자료의경우최소 2.00%, 최대 7.39% 의오차가나타났는데, 이러한오차는하상이불균일하고자갈, 지름이 cm인호박돌 (boulder rubble stone) 등에의해난류의발생이커질가능성이있기때문인것으로판단된다. USGS에서는 ADCP를이용하여유량을측정할경우 4회이상의평균값을유량측정값으로결정하는것이바람직하다고제시하였다. 이에따라각 case 별로 4회의평균값을사용한다고볼때오차는 % 정도범위로감소한다. 모래하상에서 ADV와 ADCP로측정한개별자료의경우최소 0.07%, 최대 4.97% 의오차가나타났으며, 자갈하상과마찬가지로 4회의평균값을사용한다고볼때오차는 % 로오차범위가감소한다. 따라서 ADCP를이용하여측정된유량값은자갈하상 과모래하상모두 ADV의결과값과비교하여큰오차가없는것으로판단된다. 3.4 ADCP 측정자료검증 ADCP의측정자료검증을위해회차별유량변동계수 (COV Q ) 를 Fig. 7에나타내었다. 섬강지점은 1회차 %, 2회차 %, 3회차 %, 4회차 % 로나타났고, 황구지천지점에서는 1회차 %, 2회차 %, 3회차 %, 4회차 % 로나타났다. 모두 USGS에서권장하는 5% 범위내에속하여신뢰성있는자료로판단된다. 4. 결론본연구에서는하상재료에따른 ADCP의측정적합성을평가하기위해하상재료가다른자갈하상과모래하상인지점에서 ADCP의유속, 수심및유량을측정하였다. ADCP의측정결과자료를비교하기위해국내하천에서많이사용하고측정정확도가높다고알려진 ADV의측정결과값을사용하였다. ADCP의유속과수심측정결과는자갈하상과모래하상에서비슷하게나타났다. 하지만자갈하상에서 ADCP의유속산포가크게측정되었다. 이는자갈하상의경우모래하상보다난류의발생이커질가능성이있기때문인것으로판단된다. 유량측정결과자갈하상에서평균 %, 모래하상에서평균 % 의상대오차범위를나타내어 USGS에서제시한평균오차 5% 범위보다작아신뢰가높은결과로판단

7 162 J.-W. Choi et al. / Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure (2018) 5(3): 된다. 이와같은연구결과는향후 ADCP의하천적용성에대한기초자료로활용될수있으며 ADCP의불확도평가에중요한자료로이용할수있다. 그러나본연구에서는저갈수기, 저유속의안정적인흐름조건및특정현장조건에한정된결과이므로추후홍수기, 고유속등의다양한하천환경및기기종류에따른연구가필요할것으로판단된다. 감사의글 본논문은한강수계관리위원회의재원으로국립환경과학원의지원을받아수행하였습니다 (NIER , 한강수계유량관측망운영 ). References Adler, M. and Nicodemus, U A new computer model for evaluation of data from acoustic doppler current profiler. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth(C) 26(10-12): Brierley, A.S., Brandon, M.A., and Watkins, J.L An assessment of the utility of an acoustic doppler current profiler for biomass estimation. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 45(9): Geyer, W.R. and Signell, R Measurements of tidal flow around a headland with a shipboard acoustic doppler current profiler. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 95(C3): Gordon, R.L Acoustic measurement of river discharge. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 115(7): Ji, J.Y., Park, S.Y., Lee, G.W., Park, G.M., Hwang, S.H., Kim, D.H., and Lee, Y.J Analysis and comparison of flow rate measurements using various discharge measuring instrument and ADCP. Journal of Environmental Science International 22(2): (in Korean) Kim, C.W., Lee, M.H., Yoo, D.H., and Jung, S.W Discharge computation in natural rivers using Chiu s velocity distribution and estimation of maximum velocity. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 41(6): Kim, D Assessment of longitudinal dispersion coefficients using acoustic doppler current profilers in large river. Journal of Hydro-Environment Research 6(1): Kim, E.S., and Choi, H.I Verification and application of velocity measurement using price meter and ADCP. Journal of The Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 9(3): (in Korean) Kim, J.M., Kim, D.S., Son, G.S., and Kim, S.J Accuracy analysis of velocity and water depth measurement in the straight channel using ADCP. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 48(5): (in Korean) Lee, C.J., Kim, W., Kim, C.Y., and Kim, D.G Velocity and discharge measurement using ADCP. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 38(10): (in Korean) Lee, J.H., Lee, S.H., Jung, S.W., and Kim, T.W Experimental comparison and analysis of measurement results using various flow meters. Journal of Korean Wetlands Society 12(1): (in Korean) Lu, Y., and Lueck, R.G Using a broadband ADCP in a tidal channel. Part II: Turbulence. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 16(11): Measuring Discharge with Flowtracker Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters, Nystrom, E.A., Rehmann, C.R., and Oberg, K.A Evaluation of mean velocity and turbulence measurements with ADCPs. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 113(12): Reichel, G., and Nachtnebel, H.P Suspended sediment monitoring in a fluvial environment: Advantages and limitations applying an acoustic doppler current profiler. Water Research 28(4): Riversurveyor S5/M9 System Manual, Simpson, M Discharge measurement using a broadband acoustic Doppler current profiler (p. 123). Reston: US Department of the interior, US Geological Survey. Stacey, M.T., Monismith, S.G., and Burau, J.R Observations of turbulence in a partially stratified estuary. Journal of Physical Oceanography 29(8): Yorke, T.H., and Oberg, K.A Measuring river velocity and discharge with acoustic doppler profilers. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 13(5-6):

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