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1 Appl. Chem. Eng., Vol. 24, o. 3, June 2013, riginal article 촉매를이용한저온경화폴리이미드박막의광학적 / 열적특성변화 박명순 *, ** 김광인 * 남기호 * 한학수 *, * 연세대학교공과대학화학공학과, ** 삼성전자주식회사기흥 / 화성단지총괄메모리 C 기술팀 (2013 년 4 월 3 일접수, 2013 년 4 월 26 일심사, 2013 년 5 월 7 일채택 ) Changes in the ptical and Thermal Properties of Low-Temperature Cured Polyimide Thin Films Using the Catalyst Myeong-Soon Park*, **, Kwang-In Kim*, Ki-Ho am*, and Haksoo Han*, *Department of Chemical & Bimolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul , Korea **Memory Cleaning/CMP technology Team, Giheung Hwaseong Complex, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Gyeonggi-do , Korea (Received April 3, 2013; Revised April 26, 2013; Accepted May 7, 2013) 본연구에서는저온경화공정으로합성한다양한폴리이미드의물성변화를이해하기위하여 4,4'-oxydianiline (DA) 단일다이아민 (diamine) 에여러가지주쇄 (backbone) 를가지는산무수물 (dianhydride) 들을 [4,4'-oxydiphthalicanhydride (DPA), 4,4-hexafluoroisopropylidenediphthalic dianhydride (6FDA), 3,3', 4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA)] 사용하였다. 폴리아믹산 (poly(amic acid); PAA) 의합성후, 저온경화촉매인 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABC) 를여러 wt% 로첨가하여폴리이미드박막을제작하고촉매를넣지않은박막과 FT-IR, UV-Vis 투과도, DSC/TGA, WAXD 분석을통해그특성변화를비교 분석하였다. 촉매를이용한폴리이미드의저온경화시산무수물의종류에따라광학특성및열특성변화량의차이가나타났고, 이는촉매에의한 mean intermolecular distance 의감소량이산무수물의주쇄구조에따라다르기때문으로확인되었다. 1 wt% 의촉매를사용시광학특성증가는최대가되고열특성저하는최소가됨을확인하였다. 이러한실험결과를통해촉매를이용한저온경화폴리이미드박막의특성변화는그화학구조와밀접한관련이있음을확인할수있다. In this study, various polyimide films were synthesized via low temperature cure in order to understand changes in their physical properties when using 4,4'-oxydianiline (DA) as a diamine and dianhydride molecules with different backbones on a single diamine such as 4,4'-xydiphthalic anhydride (DPA), 4,4-hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic dianhydride (6FDA), and 3,3', 4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA). After the synthesis of poly(amic acid), polyimide films were fabricated by adding 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane (DABC), a low-temperature catalyst, at various wt% to poly(amic acid)s. Changes of optical and thermal properties were compared and analyzed between polyimide films without catalyst and polyimide films with catalyst by FT-IR, UV-Vis transmittance, DSC/TGA, and WAXD analysis. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis revealed that the mean intermolecular distance decreased with the use of a catalyst by the type of dianhydride. Thus, while the optical properties of the films improve by a low-temperature cure performed using a catalyst, their thermal properties decrease. These changes can be explained by the changes in the morphological structure of the films triggered by a catalyst-induced reduction in the mean intermolecular distance. Moreover, the results show that the type of dianhydride determines the degree of change in the optical and thermal properties in each types of polyimide, demonstrating that changes in the optical and thermal properties are directly associated with the backbone of the polyimide structure. Keywords: polyimide, low temperature cure, catalyst, optical and thermal Properties 1) 1. 서론 폴리이미드 (polyimide) 는우수한열안정성, 기계적특성, 내화학성 Corresponding Author: Yonsei University Department of Chemical & Bimolecular Engineering 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: hshan@yonsei.ac.kr piss: 2013 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. All rights reserved. 및절연성을가지고있어 [1-4] 높은신뢰성이필요한우주항공산업및자동차그리고여러분야의전자산업에서광범위하게사용되고있다. 특히반도체산업에서는 FAB 공정의마지막원재료로웨이퍼 (wafer) 를전기적, 물리적으로보호하기위해사용하고있으며, 반도체를구성하는박막중가장두꺼운두께로스핀코팅 (spin coating) 과경화공정을통해제조된다. Poly-Si/TES (tetraethyl orthosilicate) 와같은세라믹 (ceramic), Cu/Al과같은금속, 그리고폴리이미드등의여러가지소재의적층으로제조되는웨이퍼상태의반도체는두께 100 µm 이하로백그라인딩 (back grinding) 후최종패키지 (package) 로조립되는데이때 320
2 촉매를이용한저온경화폴리이미드박막의광학적 / 열적특성변화 321 6FDA-DA without DABC H 2 H 2 4,4'-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic Anhydride 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether 350 o C 120min cure 6FDA-DA Polyimide 6FDA-DA Polyimide 6FDA-DA with DABC CF3 CF3 H 2 H 2 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether 4,4'-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic Anhydride 250 o C 30min cure BTDA-DA Polyimide 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 6FDA-DA Polyimide (a) DPA-DA Polyimide Figure 1. Schematic of polyimide films prepared from their respective poly(amic acid) precursors: (a) synthesis and (b) chemical structures. (b) 단품칩 (chip) 의잔류응력이클경우휨정도가증가하여패키지조립공정시난이도가증가하고최종패키지제품에서의박리불량과같은심각한신뢰성불량을야기하게된다. 이와같은폴리이미드박막은실리콘웨이퍼및칩의최종잔류응력에서가장큰비율을차지하며경화온도가높아질수록잔류응력은감소하지만 [5] 반대로웨이퍼와칩을구성하는박막전체의최종잔류응력은증가하며추가로각박막간의열팽창계수의불일치 (Coefficient of Temperature Expansion mismatch) 도증가하게된다. 최근에는모바일제품의수요증가에따라작은크기와고용량을동시에구현할수있는멀티칩패키지 (Multi Chip Package; MCP) 와같은적층패키지의대량생산이진행되고있으며, 고성능저전력화에대한기술개발이크게요구됨에따라보다복잡한구조를가지는 3차원실리콘관통전극 (3D Through Silicon Via) 패키지의필요성도증가하고있다. 이와같은복잡한구조의패키지제품들에서의잠재적인불량요소를제거하기위해저온경화가가능한유기절연막의도입필요성이크게대두되고있다. 이런요구에따라소재관점에서여러전자재료회사및연구팀에서 PB (polybenzoxazole) 나 BCB (benzocyclobutene) 와같은저온경화소재에대한연구가진행되고있고 [6,7], 공정관점에서챔버 (chamber) 를가열하는일반적인형태의경화공정이아닌마이크로파를이용한저온, 고속경화공정도연구되고있다 [8-10]. 하지만, 신소재의원가및신공정의도입에따른위 험관리가어려워아직본격적으로대량생산에적용되고있지않다. 이에본연구에서는오랜기간동안널리사용된폴리이미드에저온경화촉매로 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABC) 를첨가 [11,12] 하여기존경화공정의경화온도와공정시간을줄이고그에따른박막의특성변화를확인하는연구를진행하였다. 여러폴리이미드에대한촉매의범용성확인을위해각기다른연결그룹 (linkage group) 을가지는여러가지산무수물 (dianhydride) 을사용하여폴리이미드박막을제작한후낮은공정온도와짧은공정시간에서필름의이미드화가완전히이뤄지는지 FT-IR을통해확인하였고, 광학특성의변화를 UV-Vis 투과도측정을통해비교하였다. 또한열특성변화를 DSC, TGA 분석을통해비교하였다. 이후광학특성및열특성변화의원인을 Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD) 측정을통한박막내부의모폴로지 (morphology) 분석을통해해석하였다. 2. 실험 2.1. 실험물질및방법폴리아믹산 (poly(amic acid); PAA) 의합성을위해단위체 (monomer) 로 TCI사 (Tokyo, Japan) 의산무수물 3가지 [4,4'-xydiphthalic anhydride (DPA), 4,4-hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic dianhydride (6FDA), Appl. Chem. Eng., Vol. 24, o. 3, 2013
3 322 박명순 김광인 남기호 한학수 UV-Vis 투과도측정용시편은웨이퍼상태그대로진공건조오븐에 80 & 24 h 동안건조하였으며, FT-IR, DSC, TGA, WAXD 분석용시편은초순수에 24 h 동안담궈유리웨이퍼에서폴리이미드박막을박리시키고박리된박막을새로운초순수에서세정한뒤진공건조오븐에서 80 & 24 h 동안건조를진행하였다 특성분석 FT-IR Analysis 박막시편으로 cm -1 파수 (wave number) 까지 FT-IR 투과도분석 (DIGILAB사, Model Excalibur series) 을진행하였다. Figure 2. Temperature profile of cure process by adding catalyst (DABC). 3,3', 4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA)] 와다이아민 (diamine) 으로 4,4'-xydianiline (DA), 촉매로 Aldrich 사 (Yongin, Korea) 의 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane (DABC), 용매로덕산약품공 업 ( 주 ) (Ansan, Korea) 의 -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (MP) 를준비하였다. 본실험을위하여각각의산무수물과다이아민을 1 : 1 비율로 75 wt% 의 MP 에녹인뒤 1 h 동안교반하여 PAA 를합성하였다. 이 후각각의 PAA 에 DABC 를 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 wt% 첨가하고 0 의 질소분위기에서추가로 24 h 동안교반하여각산무수물별로 4 가지 씩총 12 종류의 PAA 를 Figure 1 과같이합성하였다. 모든 PAA 는 38 mm 지름의소다석회유리웨이퍼위에 30 s 동안 1000 rpm 으로스핀코팅 후 120 진공오븐에서 30 min 동안 pre-bake 를진행하였다. DABC 를첨가하지않은박막은경화전, 후의특성비교를위해산무수물별로 2 웨이퍼씩제작하였으며 DABC 를첨가한박막은산무수물및촉매 의첨가량별로각 1 웨이퍼씩제작하였다. 이후 DABC 를첨가하지 않은폴리이미드박막은승온속도 2.0 /min 로 Figure 2 와같이 100 에서 60 min, 150 에서 30 min, 200 에서 30 min, 250 에서 30 min 마지막으로 350 에서 120 min 로승온단계를두고경화를 진행후냉각속도 2.0 /min 으로냉각시키는경화공정을진행하였다. DABC 를첨가한폴리이미드박막들은 Figure 2 와같이승온정체 단계를두지않고바로승온속도 2.0 /min 로 250 에서 30 min 간 경화후냉각속도 2.0 /min 로경화공정을진행하였다 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) 2 4 mg의건조된박막시편을사용하였으며, 스캔속도는질소분위기에서 20 /min, 의온도범위에서 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TA Instruments사, Model Q50) 를진행하였다 Differential Scanning Calorimetric Analysis (DSC) 2 4 mg의건조된박막시편을사용하였으며, 질소분위기에서스캔속도 10 /min, 의온도범위에서 Differential Scanning Calorimetric analysis (TA Instruments사, Model Q-10) 를진행하였다 UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Analysis nm 파장범위에서 JASC 사 V530 UV-Vis spectrophotometer 설비를이용하여 % 투과도를측정하였다. 측정시박막의평탄도를유지하기위해소다석회유리웨이퍼에폴리이미드박막이코팅 (coating) 된상태에서측정하였다 Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD) 건조된폴리이미드박막을 1.5 cm 1.5 cm의정사각형형태로자른뒤전용홀더에붙여측정하였으며반사모드 (reflection mode) 에서 Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD) 측정을하였다. 분석기기는 Rint 2000 (Rigaku사, Japan) 을사용하였고광원은 Cu-Kα (λ = A), 필터는 i을사용하였으며, 40 kv/20 ma, 1 /min 스캔속도로측정하였다. 측정된데이터는백그라운드 (background) 보정을하였다. Figure 3. FT-IR spectra of various polyimide films : (a) DPA-DA, (b) 6FDA-DA, and (c) BTDA-DA. 공업화학, 제 24 권제 3 호, 2013
4 촉매를이용한저온경화폴리이미드박막의광학적 / 열적특성변화 323 Figure 4. UV-Vis transmittance spectra of polyimide films : (a) DPA-DA, (b) 6FDA-DA, and (c) BTDA-DA. Table 1. Cutoff Wavelength of Polyimide Films Cutoff wavelength (nm) wt% of DABC DPA-DA 6FDA-DA BTDA-DA % change a 4.66% 6.16% 3.86% a % change = Cutoff wavelength without catalyst - Average cutoff wavelength with catalyst Cutoff wavelength without catalyst 결과및고찰 3.1. 구조적특성분석경화공정의진행여부및촉매첨가여부에따른산무수물별폴리이미드박막에대한 FT-IR 구조분석은 Figure 3과같다. 촉매의유무및경화공정 ( 온도및시간 ) 에따른이미드화여부를확인하기위해각산무수물별로촉매를첨가하지않은 PAA 상태의박막, 촉매를첨가하지않고기존의 350 에서 2 h 동안경화를진행한박막, 그리고촉매의 wt% 를 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 wt% 로다르게하여 PAA에첨가후 250 에서 0.5 h 동안경화를진행한박막, 총 15가지박막의 IR 스펙트럼을측정하였다. 이후완전한이미드화여부를확인하기위해 IR 스펙트럼의피크를 Figure 3과같이비교하였다. 그결과 PAA 상태에서는확인되지않던 symmetric, asymmetric C= 흡수피크가각각 1780 cm -1, 1720 cm -1 에서, C--C stretching vibration흡수피크는 1380 cm -1 에서그리고, C= bending vibration 흡수피크는 720 cm -1 영역에서산무수물별로촉매의첨가여부에상관없이동일수준으로확인되었다. 이결과를통해폴리이미드박막에서촉매의첨가를통한저온경화공정으로기존의고온경화공정수준의완전한이미드화가가능함을확인할수있었다 [13] 광학특성분석소다석회유리웨이퍼에스핀코팅된박막으로 UV-Vis 투과도를측정하여광학특성변화를비교하였다 nm의자외선 가시광선파장범위에서측정한결과산무수물에상관없이 DABC를첨가한박막의투과도는 Figure 4와같이증가하였다. 소재의색깔을특정하는방법으로널리알려진 cutoff wavelength (the wavelength of 50% transmittance) 값의비교결과모든산무수물에서 DABC를적용한 박막들은그값이 % 증가하였다. 산무수물별 DABC의첨가량에따른투과도의증가순서는 DPA가 1.0 wt% > 0.5 wt% > 1.5 wt% 였고, 6FDA는 1.0 wt% > 1.5 wt% > 0.5 wt% 였으며, BTDA 는 1.0 wt% > 1.5 wt% > 0.5 wt% 로첨가량에따라선형적으로증가하지도감소하지도않아연관성을찾기가어려웠지만, 공통적으로 1.0 wt% DABC를첨가한박막의투과도가가장증가하였다. 그리고산무수물의종류에따른투과도의변화순서는 Table 1에서처럼 6FDA-DA > DPA-DA > BTDA-DA로확인되었다. 본실험에사용한폴리이미드박막들은산무수물의연결그룹만다른데, 연결그룹의크기순으로산무수물을정렬하면그순서는 6FDA(-C(CF 3) 2-) > BTDA(-C=-) > DPA(--) 로촉매에의한투과도의변화순서와유사하다. 산무수물을변경하여폴리이미드박막의특성변화를연구한 Seo, Lee, Han 등의논문을참고하면 [17-20] 박막의화학구조와그특성에따라기계적, 전기적특성차이가나타남을알수있다. 이로미루어보아본실험에서 DABC를첨가함에따라발생하는산무수물별광학특성의변화순서는폴리이미드의화학구조 ( 연결그룹 (linkage group)) 차이에의한것임을알수있다. 투과도의변화량순서와다르게산무수물의연결그룹의크기순서에서 BTDA와 DPA가바뀐것은 BTDA의연결그룹인카르복실그룹 (carboxyl group) 이가시광선을잘흡수하는광학특성을가지고있어투과도의변화가 DPA 대비상대적으로미미하게나타나기때문으로 [14-16] 이를고려하면연결그룹의종류에따라 DABC의첨가에따른투과도의변화순서가결정됨을알수있다 열특성분석앞서분석한폴리이미드박막들의 DSC측정을통한유리전이온도 (T g) 변화는 Figure 5, Table 2와같다. DSC 그래프를통한 T g 의확인 Appl. Chem. Eng., Vol. 24, o. 3, 2013
5 324 박명순 김광인 남기호 한학수 Figure 5. DSC curves of polyimide films : (a) DPA-DA, (b) 6FDA-DA, and (c) BTDA-DA. Figure 6. TGA curves of polyimide films : (a) DPA-DA, (b) 6FDA-DA, and (c) BTDA-DA. Table 2. Glass Transition Temperature of Polyimides Glass transition temperature ( ) wt% of DABC DPA-DA 6FDA-DA BTDA-DA % change a 4.53% 2.04% 2.61% a % change = Tg without catalyst - Average Tg with catalyst 100 T g without catalyst 결과각산무수물별로 DABC 의첨가량에따른 T g 의감소순서는 DPA 가 1.0 wt% = 1.5 wt% > 0.5 wt% 였고, 6FDA 는 1.0 wt% > 1.5 wt% > 0.5 wt% 였으며, BTDA 는 1.5 wt% > 0.5 wt% > 1.0 wt% 로 그감소경향은앞선투과도분석결과에서처럼 DABC 의첨가량에 따라연관지을수없었지만, DABC 의첨가에따라모든산무수물 에서 T g 는 4 14 ( %) 감소함이확인되었다. 그리고 DABC 의첨가에따른 T g 의감소량을산무수물에따라비교한결과 그감소순서는 DPA-DA > BTDA-DA > 6FDA-DA 로확인되 었다. 이는연결그룹의크기순서 (6FDA > BTDA > DPA) 와는정확 히반대인데, 이처럼산무수물의종류에따라 DABC 의첨가에의한 T g 의감소량이다른것은광학특성변화와마찬가지로 DABC 를이 용한저온경화시그특성변화가산무수물의연결그룹에의존적이기때문으로볼수있다. TGA 그래프분석을통한폴리이미드박막의열저항성을 Figure 6과 Table 3. 5 wt% Loss Temperature of Polyimide Films 5 wt% loss temperature ( ) wt% of DABC DPA-DA 6FDA-DA BTDA-DA % change a 3.64% 0.56% 1.83% a % change = T5wt% without catalyst - Average T5wt% with catalyst 100 T 5wt% without catalyst 같이비교하였다. 5% weight loss temperature (T 5wt%) 기준으로는 6FDA- DA, BTDA-DA는 DABC의첨가량에따라 0.5 wt% > 1.0 wt% > 1.5 wt% 순서로감소하였고, DPA는 1.5 wt% > 0.5 wt% > 1.0 wt% 증가하여 T 5wt% 로는앞선투과도분석과 DSC 분석과마찬가지로 DABC의첨가량에따른열저항성의감소경향을명확히연관지을수없었다. 실제반도체산업에서폴리이미드박막의형성후진행하는모든공정 ( 웨이퍼테스트, 패키지조립, 패키지테스트, 모듈또는기판실장등 ) 의최대공정온도와실제작동온도는 320 미만으로실질적인사용온도범위내의열저항성을확인하기위해 320 기준으로양분하여 wt% 를상세비교 분석하였다. 그결과 320 이상의온도구간에서는모든산무수물에서 DABC를첨가한박막의열저항성은 DABC를첨가하지않은박막대비감소하였지만, Table 4에서 공업화학, 제 24 권제 3 호, 2013
6 촉매를이용한저온경화폴리이미드박막의광학적 / 열적특성변화 325 Figure 7. WAXD patterns of polyimide films : (a) DPA-DA, (b) 6FDA-DA, and (c) BTDA-DA. Table 4. wt% of Polyimide Films at 320 % weight of film wt% of DABC DPA-DA 6FDA-DA BTDA-DA Table 5. Morphological Structure of Polyimide Films Mean intermolecular distance a (2θ degree) wt% of DABC DPA-DA 6FDA-DA BTDA-DA A (17.6) 5.68 A (15.6) 4.87 A (18.2) A (18.7) 5.57 A (15.9) 4.77 A (18.6) A (18.1) 5.57 A (15.9) 4.77 A (18.6) A (18.7) 5.57 A (15.9) 4.79 A (18.5) % change b 4.80% 1.88% 1.96% a Calculated by Bragg s law from the maximum peak of amorphous halos in WAXD patterns. b % change = Distance without catalyst - Average distance with catalyst 100 Distance without catalyst 정리한것과같이 320 이하에서산무수물의 wt% 의감소량기준의 비교결과 DPA 는 0.5 wt% > 1.5 wt% > 0 wt% 1.0 wt%, 6FDA 는 1.5 wt% > 0.5 wt% > 0 wt% 1.0 wt%, BTDA 는 1.5 wt% > 0.5 wt% > 0 wt% 1.0 wt% 로산무수물의종류에상관없이 1 wt% DABC 를첨가한박막의무게감소가가장작아실질사용온도범위 에서의열저항성이최대가되는것으로확인되었다. 이는앞서확인한 광학특성변화에대한분석에서 1 wt% DABC 첨가시모든산무수물 에서투과도가최대가되는결과와일치한다. 이를통해 DABC 를 이용한저온경화시적정량을첨가할경우광학특성은최대화하고실제 공정온도및사용온도영역에서의열저항성도최대화할수있는고성능 박막의제작이가능함을확인하였다. Table 3 에정리한 DABC 의첨가에 따른 T 5wt% 의변화순서는 DPA-DA > BTDA-DA > 6FDA-DA 로 앞선투과도및 T g 변화순서와일치하는데이는투과도및 T g 분석결과 와동일하게 DABC 를사용한저온경화시발현되는박막의특성변화가 산무수물의연결그룹에의존적으로나타나기때문으로볼수있다 모폴로지분석 DABC에의한광학특성, 열특성변화가발생한원인을해석하기위해 WAXD 분석을통하여박막내부의모폴로지변화가발생하였는지확인하였다. 박막의수직방향의모폴로지변화를확인하기위하여 reflection transmittance pattern (out-of-plane) 을측정하였고 mean intermolecular distance를 Bragg s law에따라계산하였다. Figure 7의 WAXD 분석결과산무수물의고유한화학구조에따라 DPA-DA 는 에서 6FDA-DA는 에서, 그리고, BTDA-DA 는 에서무정형성을나타내는 halo 피크를보였다 [17-20]. Table 5에서 Bragg s law에따라수직방향의 mean intermolecular distance를계산후산무수물별로비교한결과 DABC의첨가량에따른 distance의감소기준으로 DPA는 0.5 wt% = 1.5 wt% > 1.0 wt% > 0 wt% 순서였고, 6FDA는 0.5 wt% = 1.5 wt% = 1.0 wt% > 0 wt% 였으며, BTDA는 0.5 wt% = 1.0 wt% > 1.5 wt% > 0 wt% 로 DABC의첨가량에따른 distance 감소의경향은앞선광학특성및열특성분석결과와마찬가지로확인이어려웠다. 그러나모든산무수물에서 DABC의첨가에따라 distance가 A ( %) 감소함을확인할수있었다. 산무수물별 mean intermolecular distance 가감소한순서는 DPA-DA > BTDA-DA > 6FDA-DA로앞선광학특성및열특성변화순서와동일하였다. 이와같이산무수물의종류에따라 distance의차이가발생한원인은 DPA-DA의경우 DPA의유연한에테르연결그룹 (ether linkage group, --) 에의한사슬이동성 (chain mobility) 이높아 DABC에의한 mean intermolecular distance의감소폭이가장크고, BTDA는연결그룹인카르복실그룹 (-(C=)-) 의쌍극자모멘트 (dipole monent) 로인해 DPA보다 mean intermolecular distance 감소폭이작으며, 6FDA는연결그룹인 -C(CF 3) 2- 의입체장애 (steric hindrance) 와분자간의약한상호작용으로인해사슬이동성이상대적으로매우떨어져가장작은 mean intermolecular distance의감소가발생하기때문이다 [17-20]. 즉경화가진행되면서끓는점이 174 로 MP ( 끓는점 ) 보다낮은 DABC가 MP보다먼저휘발되어사라지면서 [11] 폴리이미드사슬간의수직방향의 mean intermolecular distance를감소시키고이로인해박막의광학특성과열특성의변화가발생하게되며, 이때산무수물의연결그룹 (linkage group) 의구조에따라그특성의변화순서가다르게결정됨을알수있다. 4. 결론 저온경화촉매를사용한여러가지폴리이미드박막에대하여광학 Appl. Chem. Eng., Vol. 24, o. 3, 2013
7 326 박명순 김광인 남기호 한학수 적, 열적특성변화연구하였다. FT-IR 분석결과촉매의사용으로 경화온도를 100, 공정시간을 90 min 줄여도완전한이미드화가 이뤄진폴리이미드박막을합성할수있음을확인하였다. 촉매의 wt% 를조절하여박막의광학특성및열특성의변화를확인한결과첨가량별특성변화의경향은확인이어려웠으나각산무수물의구조에따라그특성변화의크기가다르게결정됨을확인하였다. WAXD 분석으로촉매사용에따른 mean intermolecular distance (out-of-plane) 의감소크기를확인한결과광학특성및열특성의변화순서와마찬가지로촉매의 wt% 에따른경향은확인이어려웠으나산무수물의연결그룹에따라 6FDA-DA > BTDA-DA > DPA-DA 순서로 distance의감소크기가결정됨을확인할수있었다. 이와같은결과를통해촉매를이용한저온경화시광학특성및열특성의변화는동일한방향으로변화하지만폴리이미드박막의화학구조에따라그크기가다르게발생함을알수있다. 또한적정량 (1 wt%) 의촉매를사용하면산무수물의종류에상관없이저온, 고속경화공정으로도광학특성과공업적으로유효한온도구간에서의열저항성도최대화할수있는폴리이미드박막의제조법을확인할수있었다. 따라서본연구를통해폴리이미드를사용하는여러산업에서기존소재및장비의교체없이촉매의첨가만으로우수한박막의제조가가능한저온경화공정을확보할수있는가능성이확인되었다고생각된다. 감 본연구는 2011년정부 ( 교육과학기술부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의두가지연구과제지원을받아수행되었습니다 ( 한국연구재단 C1AAA , o ). 사 참고문헌 1. K. L. Mittal, Polyimides: Synthesis, Characterization and Application, Plenum, ew York (1984). 2. D. Wilson, H. D. Stenzenberger, and P. M. Hergenrother, Polyimides: Chapman & Hall, ew York (1990). 3. M. I. Bessonove, M. M. Koton, V. V. Kudryyavtsev, and L. A. Kaius, Polyimides: Thermally Stable Polymer; Consultants Bureau, ew York (1987). 4. W. Qu, T.-M. Ko, R. H. Vora, and T.-S. Chung, Polymer, 42, 6393 (2001). 5. H. S. Chung, Y. I. Joe, and H. S. Han, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 74, 3287 (1999). 6. K.-I. Iwashita, T. Hattori, T. Minegishi, S. Ando, F. Toyokawa, and M. Ueda, J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol., 19, 281 (2006). 7. M. Wohrmann, M. Topper, H. Walter, and K.-D. Lang, Proc 61st Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 392 (2011). 8. J. Yota, H. Ly, R. Ramanathan, H. C. Sun, D. Barone, T. guyen, K. Katoh, M. he, R. L. Hubbard, and K. Hicks, IEEE Trans. Semicond. Manuf., 20, 323 (2007). 9. K. D. Farnsworth, R.. Manepalli, S. A. Bidstrup-Allen, and P. A. Kohl, IEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Technol., 24, 474 (2001). 10. R. V. Tanikella, S. A. Bidstrup-Allen, and P. A. Kohl, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 83, 3055 (2002). 11. K.-I. Fukukawa, Y. Shibasaki, and M. Ueda, Chem. Lett., 33, 1156 (2004). 12. K.-I. Fukukawa, T. gura, Y. Shibasaki, and M. Ueda, Chem. Lett., 34, 1372 (2005). 13. T. S. Lee, S. S. Park, Y. I. Jung, S. W. Han, D. H. Han, I. Kim, and C. S. Ha, Eur. Polym. J., 45, 19 (2009). 14. J. Pfeifer and. Rhode, Recent Advances in Polyimide Science and Technology, The Society of Plastic Engineers, Poughkepsie, ew York, 336 (1987). 15. H. Higuchi, T. Yamashita, K. Horie, and I. Mita, Chem. Mater., 3, 188 (1991). 16. S. Ando, T. Matsuura, and S. Sasaki, Polym. J., 29, 69 (1997). 17. C. Lee, Y. Shul, and H. Han, J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 40, 2190 (2002). 18. J. Seo, A. Lee, J. h, and H. Han, Polym. J., 32, 583 (2000). 19. A. Lee, J. Seo, J. Jeon, and H. Han, HWAHAK KGHAK, 38, 249 (2000). 20. M.-H. Park, S.-J. Yang, W. Jang, and H. Han, Korean Chemical Engineering Research, 43, 305 (2005). 공업화학, 제 24 권제 3 호, 2013
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