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1 뇌졸중환자에서 18 F-fluoroflumazenil 양전자방출단층촬영술을이용한신경가소성의평가 연세대학교대학원 의학과 김지연
2 뇌졸중환자에서 18 F-fluoroflumazenil 양전자방출단층촬영술을이용한신경가소성의평가 연세대학교대학원 의학과 김지연
3 뇌졸중환자에서 18 F-fluoroflumazenil 양전자방출단층촬영술을이용한신경가소성의평가 지도교수이종두 이논문을석사학위논문으로제출함 2012 년 6 월 연세대학교대학원 의학과 김지연
4 김지연의석사학위논문을인준함 심사위원 인 심사위원 인 심사위원 인 연세대학교대학원 2012 년 6 월
5 감사의글 본석사논문의연구계획에서부터완성에이르기까지학문적기틀을잡아주시고친절하고소상한가르침을베풀어주셨던이종두지도교수님께깊은감사를드립니다. 또한논문심사과정을통하여아낌없는격려와지도를하여주신김덕용, 정승수교수님, 그리고연구단계에서귀중한연구자료를제공해주시고친절한도움말씀을주셨던박해정교수님과김은성선생님, 방사선의과학연구소의김중일선생님께도진심으로감사드립니다. 끝으로한결같이곁에서지켜봐주시고응원을아끼지않으시는부모님께, 그리고항상든든하게힘이되어주는남편과날마다새로운기쁨을알게해주는소중한딸태이에게존경과사랑을드리며이작은결실의기쁨을함께하고자합니다. 김지연씀
6 < 차례 > 국문요약 1 Ⅰ. 서론 3 II. 재료및방법 5 1. 연구대상 5 2. 임상정보및증상의평가 F-FFMZ 및 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술 6 4. 영상분석 8 5. 통계분석 9 III. 결과 9 IV. 고찰 23 V. 결론 27 참고문헌 29 Abstract 34
7 그림차례 그림 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술에서의 AI 값 12 그림 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술에서의 AI 값 13
8 표차례 표 1. 환자군의임상정보및증상지표 10 표 2. 각환자별 18 F-FFMZ 및 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술에서의평균 AI 값 11 표 3. 각환자별 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술에서 의부위별 AI 값 14 표 4. 각환자별 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술에 서의부위별 AI 값 19
9 국문요약 뇌졸중환자에서 18 F-fluoroflumazenil 양전자방출단층촬영술을 이용한신경가소성의평가 목적 : 뇌졸중환자에서신경가소성에의하여장기적인예후는매우다양하게나타나는것이밝혀졌다. 최근그과정에 GABA(γ -aminobutyric acid) 이중요한역할을하는것으로알려져있다. 따라서 GABA 수용체영상기법의하나인 18 F-fluoroflumazenil 양전자방출단층촬영술을이용하여 stroke 환자에서 GABA A 수용체영상을통한신경가소성의평가와치료후증상변화와의관계에관한연구를하고자하며이를통하여환자의치료목표및치료방침설정과예후예측에도움이되고자함이다. 재료및방법 : 2007 년 6 월부터 2009 년 12 월까지연세대학교의과대학신촌세브란스병원에서허혈성피질하 (subcortical) 뇌졸중또는출혈성피질하뇌졸중으로재활의학과에내원한환자 12 명을대상으로후향적연구를시행하였다. 각환자에대해 18 F-fluoroflumazenil 양전자방출단층촬영술과 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose 양전자방출단층촬영술을시행하여비대칭지수를구하고이를환자의임상증상과연관성이있는지분석하였다. 결과 : 18 F-fluoroflumazenil 양전자방출단층촬영술과 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose 양전자방출단층촬영술모두에서전체뇌영역과운동피질및뇌의각부분에서측정한비대칭지수와임상증상간에통계적으로유의한차이는보이지않았다. 그러나전반적으로 18 F-fluo- 1
10 rodeoxyglucose 양전자방출단층촬영술에서 AI 값이높은양상을보 였다. 결론 : 뇌졸중환자에서 18 F-fluoroflumazenil 양전자방출단층촬영술이 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose 양전자방출단층촬영술보다신경세포의손상을좀더잘반영한다. 그러나 18 F-fluoroflumazenil 양전자방출단층촬영술과 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose 양전자방출단층촬영술을통한신경가소성의평가및환자의장기적인예후예측에대해서는추후추가적인연구가필요할것이다 핵심되는말 : GABA A 수용체, 뇌졸중, 18 F-fluoroflumazenil, 가소성 2
11 뇌졸중환자에서 18 F-fluoroflumazenil 양전자방출단층촬영술을 이용한신경가소성의평가 < 지도교수이종두 > 연세대학교대학원의학과 김지연 Ⅰ. 서론 뇌졸중 (Stroke) 은현재많은국가에서성인의만성적인장애와사망을일으키는원인중높은비중을차지하고있는질환이다 1, 2. 뇌졸중으로인한허혈성뇌손상후에는운동, 감각, 언어, 인지능력등광범위한부분의장애가초래될수있으며이로인하여환자의일상생활이어려워지고삶의질이저하되는문제점이나타난다 3. 예전에는이러한허혈성뇌손상이후의장기적인결과로써나타나는증상들이비가역적이라고생각되었다 3. 그러나, 뇌졸중환자들을추적검사하였을때비록초기증상이거의동일했던환자들이라할지라도그들의장기적인예후는매우다양하게나타나는것을알수있었으며이는신경가소성 (neural plasticity) 에의한것으로밝혀졌다 4-6. 가소성이란, 변화할수있는잠재력 (potential for change) 이란뜻으로, 신경가소성은중추신경계의손상이나생리적인요구에따라신경의연결이 (neural connection) 재구성 (reorganization) 되는모든 3
12 기전을일컫는말로세포단위와해부학적인측면모두에서나타날수있다 3, 6. 이러한신경가소성은후천적뇌손상환자에서기능적인회복을목적으로하는재활치료의중요한과학적인근거가된다 7, 8. 따라서뇌졸중과같은허혈성뇌손상환자에서도신경가소성의평가가치료방침결정및예후예측에중요한의미를가지며이를평가하기위한여러가지방법에대해연구가진행되고있으며그예로는경두개자기자극장치 (transcranial magnetic stimulation - TMS) 와자기뇌전계 (magnetoencephalography - MEG), 기능적자기공명영상 (Functional magnetic resornance imaging - fmri), 양전자방출단층촬영술 (Positron emission tomography - PET) 등이있다 또한최근에는신경가소성이일어나는과정에주요억제성신경전달물질의하나인 γ -aminobutyric acid( 이하 GABA) 에의한대뇌피질의억제작용 (cortical inhibition) 이대뇌피질의신경가소성을조절하는중요한역할을하는것으로알려지면서뇌졸중환자에서의 GABA 수용체영상에관한관심이대두되고있다 12. 실제로허혈성뇌손상이후에세포외 (extracellular) GABA 의농도가증가하고 GABA 수용체의농도가감소한다는것이생체내 (in vivo) 와생체외 (in vitro) 연구에서밝혀졌으며재활치료후병변주위 (perilesional) 혹은반대측뇌부위의신경가소성이발달된부위에 GABA 수용체가감소하는것으로보고된바있다 12, 13. 현재까지 GABA 수용체영상을위한양전자방출단층촬영술의표지자 (tracer) 로는 benzodiazepine 의고선택적길항제 (highly selective antagonist) 인 11 C-Flumazenil 이많이사용되었으며이를이용하여간질, 허혈성뇌질환, 그리고알츠하이머병과같은퇴행성뇌질환등의영상에이용되었다. 11 C-Flumazenil 은뇌안에서대사되지않으며 4
13 독성대사물이뇌혈류장벽을통과하지않고비특이적결합이적어양전자방출단층촬영술의표지자로적합한성질을갖고있다 14. 그러나생체내반감기가짧아 (20 분 ) 사이클로트론 (cyclotron) 이없는병원에서는사용이어렵다는제약이있었다. 이러한단점의극복을위해개발된새로운유도물질이 18 F-fluoroflumazenil( 이하 18 F-FFMZ) 로, 이것역시 GABA A 수용체의중앙 benzodiazepine 소단위 (central benzodiazepine subunit) 에결합하지만생체내반감기가길고 (120 분 ) 뇌밖으로확산되어나올수있는 18 F-fluoroethanol 로대사되므로특이적인뇌내축적이적어보다정확한 GABA A 수용체의영상을얻을수있기때문에최근 GABA A 수용체영상을위한양전자방출단층촬영술의표지자로써이용이증가하고있다 14. 본연구에서는허혈성 (ischemic) 또는출혈성 (hemorrhagic) 뇌졸 중환자에서얻은 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술을이용한 GABA A 수용체영상과 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose ( 이하 18 F-FDG) 양전자방출단층촬영의소견을비교, 분석하여신경가소성이존재하는부분을평가하며, 환자증상의종류및정도와 GABA A 수용체의감소혹은증가사이의연관성에관한연구를시행하고자하였다. 또한이를통하여뇌졸중환자에서의치료목표및치료방침설정과예후예측에도움을주고자하였다. Ⅱ. 재료및방법 1. 연구대상 2007년 6월부터 2009년 12월까지연세대학교의과대학신촌세브란스병원에서허혈성피질하 (subcortical) 뇌졸중또는출혈성피질 5
14 하뇌졸중으로재활의학과에내원한환자들중다음과같은조건을 만족하는환자들을대상으로후향적연구를시행하였다. 가. 이전에허혈성뇌질환을진단받은경력이없는환자, 즉, 첫번째발작인환자 (first attack) 나. 천막상병변 (supratentorial lesion) 만을가진환자다. 대뇌피질침범 (cortical involvement) 이없는환자라. 자기공명혈관촬영술 (magnetic resornance angiography) 또는고식적혈관촬영술 (conventional angiography) 상완전한내경동맥 (intact internal carotid artery) 과대뇌피질가지들 (branch to the cerebral cortex) 이확인된환자 이와같은조건을만족하는환자는총 23 명이었으며그중출혈성 뇌졸중으로진단된환자가 9 명, 그리고허혈성뇌졸중으로진단된환 자가 14 명이었다. 2. 임상정보및증상의평가환자들의임상정보및증상에대한객관적인평가를위하여내원후영상검사를시행할당시다음과같은항목에대한조사및평가를하였다. 가. 신장 (cm) 나. 몸무게 (kg) 다. Functional ambulatory category ( 이하 FAC) 15 라. Mini-Mental State Examination ( 이하 MMSE) 16 마. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ( 이하 NIHSS) 17 바. Rivermead Motor Assessment-Gross ( 이하 RMA-Gross) 18 사. Rivermead Motor Assessment-Leg/Trunk ( 이하 RMA-Leg/Trunk) 18 6
15 아. Rivermead Motor Assessment-Arm ( 이하 RMA-Arm) 18 자. Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper extremities ( 이하 FMA-U/E) 19 차. Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Lower extremities ( 이하 FMA-L/E) 19 카. Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Total ( 이하 FMA-Total) 19 타. Berg Balance Scale ( 이하 BBS) F-FFMZ 및 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술환자군을대상으로 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술과 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술을시행하였다. 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술은 GE advance PET scanner(ge, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) 를이용하여이루어졌다. 감쇠보정 (attenuation correction) 을위해서 10분간 Ge-68 투과스캔 (transmission scan) 을시행하였으며방출스캔 (emission scan) 은대략 5.5 MBq (0.15 mci)/kg의 18 F-FFMZ을주사하고 20분간어두운방에서눈을감고기다리도록한후에시행하였다. 방출스캔은혈류효과 (blood flow effect) 에의한비특이적 GABA A 수용체결합을피하기위해서 3차원모드로 20분간진행하였다. 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술역시 GE advance PET scanner (GE, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) 를이용하여시행하였다. 공간분해능은 4.8mm FWHM (full width at half maximum) 이었으며, 15.2 cm의 longitudinal field를 4.25mm 간격으로단면을얻었다. 대상자들에게 185 MBq(5mCi) 의 18 F-FDG를주사하고약간어두운방에서눈을감고 40분동안기다리도록한후에, 감쇠보정을위해서 8분간 Ge-68 투과스캔을시행하였다. 방출스캔은 3차원모드로 15분간시행하였다. 7
16 4. 영상분석스캐너를통해획득한데이터는 8.5 mm Hanning filter와 8.5 mm Ramp filter를이용하여노이즈를제거한후, 역투사방법 (back-projection) 을이용하여횡단면 ( matrix, mm pixel size) 으로재구성하였다. 이후 Matlab(Mathworks Inc., USA) 위에서작동되도록고안된통계적매개변수지도법 (Statistical Parametric Mapping) 99(University College of London, UK) 을이용하여통계분석을위한영상전처리 (pre-processing) 를시행하였다. 먼저각각의영상들을 ANALYZE 소프트웨어파일형식으로변환하여 SPM99 소프트웨어에입력한다. 이후좌우상동인지점에서의기능적대사의비대칭성 (asymmetry) 을계산하기위하여 MNI (Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, CA) 의양전자방출단층촬영술표준영상 (template image) 을이용하여뇌반구가좌우대칭 (symmetric) 인표준영상을생성하고, 환자개인의양전자방출단층촬영술뇌영상을공간정규화기법 (spatial normalization) 을이용하여좌우대칭인표준영상에정합 (registration) 시킨다. 공간정규화과정은 12개의패러미터 (parameter) 를사용하여 Affine 변환을이용하고, 이후전체적인뇌형태차이를제거하기위한비선형변환 (Non-linear transformation) 을통해시행된다. 양전자방출단층촬영술표준뇌영상에공간정규화된개인양전자방출단층촬영술뇌영상은다음의식을이용하여좌우반구의비대칭성, 즉비대칭지수 (Asymmetry index, 이하 AI) 를계산한다. AI = [P O - P F ] / [(P O + P F )/2] x 100% (P O : original data / P F : flipped data) 8
17 좌우비대칭성은화소대화소단위 (voxel-by-voxel) 로계산되며, FWHM(full width at half maxium) 8mm의가우시안커널 (Gaussian kernel) 을이용하여평활화 (smoothing) 를수행하여이를통계적분석을위한최종영상으로하였다. 5. 통계분석위의방법으로전체뇌영역및운동피질, 그리고각뇌부분별 AI 값을구하고이를환자의임상증상과연관이있는지알아보기위하여 bivariate correlation analysis를통한분석을시행하였다. 이를통하여 p-value가 0.05미만인경우를통계적으로유의한연관성이있는것으로간주하였다. Ⅲ. 결과 총 23명의환자중에서 18 F-FFMZ 및 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술중어느한가지라도시행하지않은환자 5명과임상증상의객관적지표들중 MMSE를제외한어느한가지라도측정되지않은환자 6명을제외한나머지 12명의환자가최종환자군에포함되었다. 이들환자군의평균연령은 64.9세였으며남자가 6명, 여자가 6명이었다. 그중허혈성뇌졸중으로진단되었던환자는 6명이었고나머지 6명이출혈성뇌졸중으로진단되었다. 환자군은모두내원후 18 F-FFMZ 및 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술을시행하였으며두검사를시행한날짜차이의평균은약 45.3 일 (range, 2-240일 ) 이었다. 영상검사당시측정한환자군의임상정보및증상지표는표 1. 에나타난바와같다. 9
18 표 1. 환자군의임상정보및증상지표 환자번호 성별 나이 키 (cm) 몸무게 (kg) FAC MMSE NIHSS RMA Gross RMA Leg/Trunk RMA Arm FMA U/E FMA L/E FMA total BBS 1 M M N/A F M M N/A M F M F F F N/A F (N/A: 환자의협조불능으로측정불가 ) 10
19 또한각환자별로 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술과 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술상에서전체뇌영역 (whole brain) 과운동피질 (motor cortex) 에서각각측정한평균 AI값은다음에나타난표 2. 의값과같으며이값과표 1. 에나타난환자의임상지표간의관계를살펴보고자각항목별로 bivariate correlation analysis를시행하였을때통계적으로유의하게나타나는 AI값은계산되지않았다 (p<0.05 인경우 ). 표 2. 각환자별 18 F-FFMZ 및 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술에 서의평균 AI 값 ( 전체뇌영역 (Whole) 및운동피질 (MT)) 환자번호 FDG_Whole_AI FDG_MT_AI FFMZ_Whole_AI FFMZ_MT_AI
20 다음의그림 1. 과그림 2. 는표 2. 에나타난전체환자군의각양전 자방출단층촬영술에서의 AI 값을그림으로나타낸것이다. 그림 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술에서의 AI 값 ( 위 : 전체뇌영역 / 아래 : 운동피질 ) Ⅳ. 고찰 Ⅴ. 결론 참고문헌 12
21 그림 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술에서의 AI 값 ( 위 : 전체뇌영역 / 아래 : 운동피질 ) 그림 1. 과그림 2. 에서볼수있듯이상대적으로 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술에서의 AI값이 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술에서의 AI값보다높게측정되는것이두드러지게관찰되고있다. 즉, 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술에서 AI값이높은부위라할지라도 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술에서는매우낮은 AI값을보이는부 13
22 분이비교적넓게관찰된다. 또한각부위별로양측검사에서나타나는 AI값이서로다른경향을보이는데각환자에서부위별로측정한 AI값은표 3.( 18 F-FDG) 과표 4.( 18 F-FFMZ) 에각각나타난바와같다. 표 3. 각환자별 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술에서의부위별 AI 값 < 환자 1> FDG data, Threshold > 0.4, Cluster>100 1(2) Precentral (12) Frontal Inf. Oper (58) Postcentral (62) Parietal Inf (64) SupraMarginal (82) Temporal Sup < 환자 2> FDG data, Threshold > 0.2, Cluster>80 7(8) Frontal Mid (30) Insula (58) Postcentral (62) Parietal Inf (66) Angular
23 < 환자 3> FDG data, Threshold > 0.1, Cluster>70 1(2) Precentral (8) Frontal Mid (40) ParaHippocampal (48) Lingual (86) Temporal Mid < 환자 4> FDG data, Threshold > 0.2,Cluster>20 1(2) Precentral (40) Parahippocampal (44) Calcarine (48) Lingual (68) Precuneus (86) Temporal Mid < 환자 5> FDG data, Threshold > 0.2, Cluster>20 1(2) Precentral (20) Supp Motor area (52) Occipital Mid (84) Temporal Pole Sup (86) Temporal Mid (90) Temporal Inf
24 < 환자 6> FDG data, Threshold > 0.25, Cluster>120 1(2) Precentral (30) Insula (58) Postcentral (64) SupraMarginal (82) Temporal Sup < 환자 7> FDG data, Threshold > 0.2, Cluster>80 3(4) Frontal Sup (8) Frontal Mid (30) Insula (58) Postcentral (62) Parietal Inf < 환자 8> FDG data, Threshold > 0.3, Cluster>100 43(44) Calcarine (48) Lingual (52) Occipital Mid (54) Occipital Inf (62) Parietal Inf (66) Angular
25 < 환자 9> FDG data, Threshold > 0.3, Cluster>100 7(8) Frontal Mid (12) Frontal Inf. Oper (14) Frontal Inf. Tri (30) Insula (86) Temporal Mid (90) Temporal Inf < 환자 10> FDG data, Threshold > 0.3, Cluster>100 1(2) Precentral (8) Frontal Mid (12) Frontal Inf. Oper (14) Frontal Inf. Tri (30) Insula (58) Postcentral < 환자 11> FDG data, Threshold > 0.4, Cluster>120 1(2) Precentral (14) Frontal Inf. Tri (30) Insula (58) Postcentral (82) Temporal Sup (86) Temporal Mid
26 < 환자 12> FDG data, Threshold > 0.1, Cluster>95 13(14) Frontal Inf (34) Cingulum Mid (52) Occipital Mid (58) Postcentral (86) Temporal Mid
27 표 4. 각환자별 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술에서의부위별 AI 값 < 환자 1> FFMZ data, Threshold > 0.25, Cluster>10 7(8) Frontal Mid (16) Frontal Inf. Orb (44) Calcarine (48) Lingual (78) Thalamus < 환자 2> FFMZ data, Threshold > 0.25, Cluster>10 17(18) Rolandic Oper (30) Insula (60) Parietal Sup (62) Parietal Inf (66) Angular < 환자 3> FFMZ data, Threshold > 0.15, Cluster>10 47(48) Lingual (52) Occipital Mid (62) Parietal Inf (66) Angular (86) Temporal Mid
28 < 환자 4> FFMZ data, Threshold >0.15, Cluster>10 1(2) Precentral (34) Cingulum Mid (48) Lingual (50) Occipital Mid (56) Fusiform (86) Temporal Mid < 환자 5> FFMZ data, Threshold > 0.1, Cluster>20 1(2) Precentral (52) Occipital Mid (82) Temporal Sup (84) Temporal Pole Sup (86) Temporal Mid (90) Temporal Inf < 환자 6> FFMZ data, Threshold > 0.15, Cluster>10 15(16) Frontal Inf. Orb (18) Rolandic Oper (30) Insula (48) Lingual (56) Fusiform (74) Putamen
29 < 환자 7> FFMZ data, Threshold > 0.1, Cluster>25 7(8) Frontal Mid (16) Frontal Inf. Orb (30) Insula (48) Lingual (56) Fusiform (86) Temporal Mid < 환자 8> FFMZ data, Threshold > 0.25,Cluster>10 1(2) Precentral (30) Insula (44) Calcarine (68) Precuneus (78) Thalamus (80) Heschl < 환자 9> FFMZ data, Threshold > 0.1, Cluster>25 13(14) Frontal Inf. Tri (58) Postcentral (62) Parietal Inf (82) Temporal Sup (86) Temporal Mid (90) Temporal Inf
30 < 환자 10> FFMZ data, Threshold > 0.15, Cluster>25 7(8) Frontal Mid (12) Frontal Inf. Oper (36) Cingulum Post (58) Postcentral (68) Precuneus (86) Temporal Mid < 환자 11> FFMZ data, Threshold > 0.2, Cluster>25 11(12) Frontal Inf. Oper (14) Frontal Inf. Tri (30) Insula (58) Postcentral (84) Temporal Pole Sup (86) Temporal Mid < 환자 12> FFMZ data, Threshold > 0.15, Cluster>25 11(12) Frontal Inf. Oper (34) Cingulum Mid (56) Fusiform (62) Parietal Inf (66) Angular
31 그러나표 3. 과표 4. 에나타난각환자의부위별 AI 값과표 1. 에표시된각환자의여러임상지표와의 bivariate correlation analysis 상에서도역시통계적으로유의한연관성은보이지않았다 (p<0.05일때 ). Ⅳ. 고찰 뇌졸중환자에서중재적치료나기능적회복을목적으로하는재활치료는허혈성뇌손상을입은부위에서살아있는조직 (viable tissue) 이남아있는경우에한해성공적으로이루어질수있다. 그러므로허혈성뇌손상환자의치료방침결정에있어뇌혈류와포도당대사가감소한상태인영구적손상을입은뇌조직과혈류는감소하였으나여전히살아있는 (viable) 조직, 즉, misery perfusion 부위의구분은큰도움이된다 21. 그러나 CT나 MRI와같은일반적인영상기법으로위의두가지조직을구분하기는사실상불가능한것이현실이다 22, 23. 이전에뇌졸중을포함한여러가지뇌손상환자에서포도당대사를이용하여예후를예측하고자하는연구는다양하게시도되었으며일반적으로뇌졸중환자에서허혈이있는부위에서는신경세포가살아있다고해도허혈이있는부위의신경세포의경우포도당대사가감소된것으로보고되어있다 뇌조직의포도당대사를측정하는방법으로는여러가지가있으나그중특히 18 F-FDG를이용한양전자방출단층촬영술이가장널리이용되고있다. FDG는포도당에서 C-2 위치의산소를 18-플루오린 (fluorine) 으로대체시킨포도당의방사성유사체 (radiopharmaceutical analog) 로, 대사적으로활성을가진 (metabolically active) 세포에 23
32 의해흡수된다. 세포에흡수될때에는포도당과동일하게당전달체 (glucose transporter, GLUT) 에의해흡수되어해당작용의대사과정을거치는데, 세포에흡수된뒤에는인산화 (phosphorylation) 과정을거쳐 FDG-6-phosphate의형태로변환되나 glucose-6-phosphate 와는달리 FDG-6-phosphate는더이상대사되지못하고세포내에축적되어영상화에이용된다. 또한 FDG의흡수율 (uptake rate) 은세포의대사적활성도와비례한다고알려져있다. 하지만이러한 18 F-FDG를이용한양전자방출단층촬영술을통해서포도당대사의변화양상은조사할수있으나잠재적으로회복가능한부위와영구적으로손상을입은부위를구분하는것역시 CT나 MRI와마찬가지로어려웠다 24. 또한뇌조직의포도당대사는신경세포의활성도 (neuronal activity) 뿐만아니라, 신경아교세포 (glial cell) 또는염증세포 (inflammatory cell) 의반응에도영향을받아정확한예후예측에제한이있었다 29. 이와같은제한점을극복하기위해뇌졸중환자에서 GABA 수용체를이용한영상에대한관심이대두되었다 30, 31. GABA는억제기능을담당하는신경전달물질로주로사이신경세포 (interneuron) 에주로존재한다. GABA는시냅스전부신경말단의시냅스소포에모였다가탈분극신호에의해시냅스간극으로방출된다. 이러한 GABA의작용을매개하는수용체에는 GABA A 수용체와 GABA B 수용체가있는데, 그중 GABA A 수용체는리간드이온통로 (ligand gated ion channel) 로서빠른반응을매개하며, 대부분후시냅스수용체 (postsynaptic receptor) 로작용하여 GABA가결합하면구조의변화를통해주로염소이온을세포내로유입시킨다. GABA A 수용체는 α, β, γ, δ, ρ의다섯개의단백 subunit으로이루어져있으며이중적어도한개이상의 α, β, γ subunit을포함한다. GABA는이중 β subunit에결합 24
33 하여이온통로를여는작용을나타내는반면, 벤조다이아제핀의결합부위는 α subunit에있어이온통로가열리는횟수를증가시켜시냅스후막을과분극시킴으로써신경전달을억제하는역할을한다. GABA A 수용체를이루는 α subunit의아형들중 α 1, α 2, α 3, α 5 이구성에포함된 GABA A 수용체는뇌안에가장많이존재한다. 이 α subunit의아형들은벤조다이아제핀에대한결합부위를갖고있으며, 벤조다이아제핀을약간변형시킨 flumazenil은 GABA A 수용체에서선택적이고가역적으로결합하는길항제 (antagonist) 로작용한다. 이러한원리를이용하여 flumazenil을통해 GABA 수용체의영상화가가능한데, 이전에는 11 C-Flumazenil 이나 18 F-5-(2-18 F-fluoroethyl)flumazenil 이 GABA 수용체영상에이용되었으나앞서언급한단점들로인하 여 18 F-FFMZ이개발되었으며이를이용하여비교적정확한 GABA 수용체영상을얻을수있게되었다 14. GABA 수용체는대뇌피질에넓게분포하여전체시냅스 (synapse) 의 25% 이상존재하므로이를영상화할수있는 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술을이용하면허혈성뇌손상이후에영구적뇌손상을입은부위와살아있는신경세포 (neuron) 를구분할수있다 32. 이러한사실은 Onodera 등에의한모래쥐뇌의일과성허혈 (transient ischemia) 모델을통해제시되었는데, 이모델에서는 GABA 수용체결합이유지되어있는경우, 만성단계에서 (chronic phase) 에서살아있는뇌조직으로나타났으며, GABA 수용체결합이감소된경우에는만성단계에서영구적손상을입은뇌조직임을알수있었다 33. 또한 Heiss 등의연구에서는고양이를이용한허혈성뇌손상모델에서 FMZ을이용한양전자방출단층촬영술을시행후뇌조직의조직학적인분석을통해 GABA 수용체결합이감소된부위가영구적뇌손상부위와일치함을밝혔다 29. 뿐만아니라이연구에서는허혈부위중일 25
34 시적으로기능이저하되었으나살아있는뇌조직에서는반대편반구와비교시감소된포도당대사를보였으나 GABA 수용체결합은허혈부위와반대편반구가동일한포도당대사의양상을보였으며, 반대로영구적인손상을입은부위는포도당대사와 GABA 수용체결합 이모두현저히감소한것으로나타났다 29. 따라서뇌졸중환자에서 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술과 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술과함께시행할경우뇌혈관폐색이나협착에의해뇌혈류나포도당대사가감소하여 18 F-FDG의섭취 (uptake) 가감소하였더라도신경세포가손상되지않았다면 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술에서정상섭취소견을보이게되므로이두가지영상의비교를통해뇌세포의손상유무를조기에판단할수있을것으로생각되고있다 32. 즉, 조기에신경가소성유무를판단함으로써중재적치료를통하여이득을얻을수있는환자를선택하고환자의예후를예측하는데도움이된다는것이다 34. 본연구는뇌졸중환자에서 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술을이용한 GABA 수용체의영상결과와포도당대사를나타내는 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술의결과간의차이가있는지살펴보고그의미를환자의여러가지임상증상과연관지을수있는지알아보고자함이었다. 그러나본연구에서측정한환자의다양한임상증상과 18 F-FFMZ 및 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술에서측정된부위별 AI값간에통계적으로유의한상관관계는나타나지않았다. 이는아마도포함된환자군의수가적고좀더다양한임상증상의지표즉, 청각또는시각과같은감각영역의측정이되지않았기때문일가능성이있다. 하지만 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술에서측정된 AI값이 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술에서측정된 AI값에비해낮은경향을보이고있는데이는 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술, 즉, 26
35 GABA 수용체영상이혈류감소여부와상관없이신경세포의손상을좀더잘반영하기때문이라고볼수있겠다. 또한 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술에서의 AI값이크게측정된이유는혈류감소의영향도있겠으나해리현상 (diaschisis) 에의해더욱두드러지게나타났을것으로생각된다. 일반적으로해리현상은허혈성뇌손상환자의약 60% 에서나타난다고알려져있으며해리현상이일어난부위는 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술에서낮은흡수율을보이게된다 35. 즉, 해리현상에의한포도당대사의감소가본연구에서 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술에서 AI값증가의원인일것으로생각되며이러한해리현상은환자의임상증상의정도와연관성이없는것으로보인다. 따라서본연구는 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술이 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술보다신경세포의손상을좀더잘반영하는것을보여주는데의미가있다고하겠다. 그러나본연구에서 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술과 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술의시행을통한신경가소성여부를밝히기에는어려웠으므로향후더많은환자군을대상으로보다다양한임상증상을측정한후, 장기적인추적연구가필요할것으로생각된다. Ⅴ. 결론 뇌졸중으로인한허혈성뇌손상환자에서 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단 층촬영술이 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술보다신경세포의손상을 좀더잘반영한다. 그러나 18 F-FFMZ 양전자방출단층촬영술과 18 F-FDG 양전자방출단층촬영술을통한신경가소성의평가및환자의 27
36 장기적인예후예측에대해서는추후추가적인연구가필요할것이 다. 28
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41 33. Onodera H, Sato G, Kogure K. GABA and benzodiazepine receptors in the gerbil brain after transient ischemia: demonstration by quantitative receptor autoradiography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1987;7: Yamauchi H, Kudoh T, Kishibe Y, Iwasaki J, Kagawa S. Selective neuronal damage and borderzone infarction in carotid artery occlusive disease: a 11C-flumazenil PET study. J Nucl Med 2005;46: Shih WJ, Huang WS, Milan PP. F-18 FDG PET demonstrates crossed cerebellar diaschisis 20 years after stroke. Clin Nucl Med 2006;31:
42 Abstract Assessment of neural plasticity using 18 F-fluoroflumazenil positron emission tomography in stroke Ji Youn Kim Department of Medicine The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Jong Doo Lee) Purpose : It is well known that after stroke, the long term prognosis of the patient varies by neural plasticity. These days, GABA(γ-aminobutyric acid) has been reported that it plays an important role in the process of plasticity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the neural plasticity and the correlation between the GABA receptor imaging and the patient s symptom by 18 F-fluoroflumazenil positron emission tomography. Materials and Methods : Between June 2007 and December 2009, the 12 patients admitted to the department of rehabilitation at Shinchon-Severance Hospital due to the ischemic- or hemorrhagic-subcortical stroke are included in the study. Each patient underwent 18 F-fluoroflumazenil PET 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and on the PET images, asymmetry indices were calculated. Statistical analysis for whether there is a correlation between asymmetry indices and the patient s symptom were performed. 34
43 Results : Between the asymmetry indices calculated from the whole brain, motor cortex and other parts of brain on both PET images and symptoms, there was no statistically significant correlation. However, the overall asymmetry indices are higher in 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET than 18 F-fluoroflumazenil PET. Conclusion : In the stroke patients, the 18 F-fluoroflumazenil PET reflects the neuronal injury better than 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET. However, further study for the prediction of long-term prognosis by evaluation of the neuronal plasticity in the combination of 18 F-fluoroflumazenil PET and 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET should be performed Key Words : GABA A receptor, stroke, 18 F-fluoroflumazenil, plasticity 35
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