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1 대한내분비외과학회지 : 제9권제2호 Vol. 9, No. 2, June 2009 원저 Ultrasonically Activated Shears 를이용한갑상선수술에대한전향적연구 성균관대학교의과대학삼성서울병원외과 김완욱ㆍ허성모ㆍ김성훈ㆍ이세경ㆍ임혜인ㆍ최재혁ㆍ김상민ㆍ이정언ㆍ김정한ㆍ김지수ㆍ남석진양정현ㆍ최준호 Thyroidectomy Using Ultrasonically Activated Shears; Prospective Randomized Study Wan Wook Kim, M.D., Sung Mo Hu, M.D., Sung Hoon Kim, M.D., Se-Kyung Lee, M.D., Hye In Lim, M.D., Jae Hyuck Choi, M.D., Sangmin Kim, Ph.D., Jeong Eon Lee, M.D., Jung-Han Kim, M.D., Jee Soo Kim, M.D., Seok Jin Nam, M.D., Jung-Hyun Yang, M.D. and Jun-Ho Choe, M.D. Purpose: Adequate hemostasis in thyroidectomy is important to reduce postoperative complications including bleeding and hematoma. The object of this study was to evaluate the utility of thyroidectomy using ultrasonically activated shears. Methods: This was a prospective randomized controlled study. It was conducted on 95 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy between January and March Patients were divided into two groups according to operation method used: group A underwent total thyroidectomy using ultrasonically activated shears, group B involved the conventional clamp and tie maneuver. Comparisons included operation time, drain amount, hospitalization, postoperative complications and off-thyroglobulin. Results: The two groups had no significant differences regarding drain amount, hospitalization, postoperative complications and off-thyroglobulin. Operation time was statistically shorter in group A than group B (96.6±22.7 min vs 114.6±24.3 min) (P=.00). Conclusion: Thyroidectomy using ultrasonically activated shears reduces operation time significantly, and enables a complete and safe operation without postoperative complications. We recommend the use of ultrasonically activated shears in thyroidectomy. (Korean J Endocrine Surg 책임저자 : 최준호, 서울시강남구일원동 50 번지 , 성균관대학교의과대학삼성서울병원외과 Tel: , Fax: junho.choe@samsung.net 게재승인일 :2009 년 6 월 19 일 2009;9:69-73) Key Words: Ultrasonically activated shears, Thyroidectomy, Operation time 중심단어 : Ultrasonically activated shears, 갑상선절제술, 수술시간 Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 서 갑상선은혈관이많이발달하여수술시지혈을위해서전통적인방법인혈관을결찰하는방법 (clamp and tie maneuvers) 으로많은혈관을결찰해야한다. 그러기위해서는지혈에많은시간이소요되며지혈이잘안되었을경우수술후출혈, 혈종으로심할경우기도폐색으로심각한문제를야기할수있어갑상선수술에서지혈은중요한문제이다. 최근몇년사이갑상선암의빈도가높아지면서갑상선수술이증가하고있고수술기법도많이발전되어왔다. 현재양성질환뿐아니라초기갑상선암에서내시경적갑상선절제술및로보트갑상선절제술이시행되어지고있는데여기에는 ultrasonically activated shears (Harmonic R, Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc, Seoul, Korea) 기구의사용이필수적이다. Ultrasonically activated shears란전기에너지를초음파진동으로바꾸어조직을지혈과동시에절단하고직경 7 mm까지의혈관을지혈할수있게고안된기계로전기소작의가장큰단점인열전도를최소화하여주변조직으로의열손상을최소화하도록개발되었다. 그리고실과클립등의이물질을남기지않아이물질반응 (foreign body reaction) 도없는장점이있다. 기존의연구에서 ultrasonically activated shears가안전하고빠른지혈을하여믿을만한방법으로수술시간및수술중출혈양을줄이고수술후배액양을줄여재원일수를줄일수있고, 기존의방법과비교하여수술후합병증의발생도줄일수있었다고보고된연구가있다.(1,2) 론 69

2 70 대한내분비외과학회지 : 제 9 권제 2 호 2009 이에본연구에서는내시경또는로보트갑상선수술이아닌기존의전통적인수술방법에 ultrasonically activated shears를도입하여전통적인수술방법과 ultrasonically activated shears를이용한수술방법의비교를통하여 ultrasonically activated shears를이용한갑상선수술법의유용성에대해알아보고자한다. 방법 2009년 1월부터 3월까지갑상선암으로외과적치료가필요하여갑상선전절제술을시행예정인환자 95명을대상으로하였다. 연구시작전에임상시험심사위원회 (Institutional Review Board, IRB) 의승인을받았고수술전모든환자에게피험자동의서를받았다. 수술은 2명의집도의와같은수술팀에의해시행되었으며대상군은전향적으로무작위배정을통하여수술방법에따라 2개의군으로배정되어수술을시행하였다. A군은상갑상선동맥 (superior thyroidal artery) 을포함한큰혈관과부갑상선으로가는작은혈관등모든혈관을기존의결찰방법을사용하지않고 ultrasonically activated shears만을이용한수술을받았고, B 군은기존의전통적수술방법인혈관을잡고결찰하는방법 (clamp and tie maneuvers) 으로수술을받았다. Ultrasonically activated shears을사용시주변의구조물의열손상을피하기위해최소반회후두신경으로부터 2 mm, 부갑상선으로부터 1 mm 이상의거리를두고작동하였다. 골다공증등으로수술전칼슘제복용력, 부갑상선기능항진증및저하증, 갑상선기능항진증, 만성신부전증 (chronic renal failure), 요로결석기왕력, 갑상선, 부갑상선수술과거력, 경부방사선치료과거력, 입원전 7일이내에아스피린, 항혈소판제또는혈액응고억제제복용력, 내시경적또는로보트갑상선수술을받는환자는본연구에서제외하였고수술중수술의범위가일엽절제술로축소되거나경부림프절이촉지되어수술범위가확대되어변형적광범위경부림프절곽청술 (modified radical neck node dissection) 또는선택적림프절절제술 (selective neck node dissection) 을시행하였거나, 갑상선앞의띠근육 (strap muscle) 을절단한경우도연구에서제외하였다. 중앙경부림프절곽청술 (central neck node dissection) 여부에상관없이갑상선전절제술을시행한환자 94명을대상으로하였고 A군은 49명, B군은 46명이었다. 각환자에대해서성별, 나이, 조직병리학적진단, 종양의크기, 다발성여부등을조사하였고결과변수로는수술시간, 총배액량, 재원일수와수술후출혈, 반회후두신경마비 (recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy), 저칼슘혈증등의합병증여부, 수술후 thyroglobulin 수치 (postoperative off-tg) 등을측정하였다. 수술시간은집도의가절개시간부터지혈후봉합시작시간까지로하였고총배액량은체질량지수 (body mass index, BMI) 를보정하여총누적총량 (cumulative) 으로측정하였다. 재원일수는수술후회복실에서회복후병실로돌아온시간부터퇴원까지의시간으로측정하였고, 쉰목소리가나거나고음이잘안날경우, 특히기도흡인 (aspiration) 이있을때는후두경검사 (laryngoscope) 를시행하여성대마비여부를확인하였다. 저칼슘혈증은손저림등의증상이있는지여부와정도, 전칼슘 (total calcium), 이온화칼슘 (ionized calcium) 수치, 치료가필요한저칼슘혈증여부, 경구칼슘제복용과정맥내칼슘주사여부등을측정하였다. 저칼슘혈증의정도는경도 ( 손, 발의저림, 무감각 ), 중등도 ( 심한손, 발의저림, 입주변에무감각, Chvostek s sign 양성 ), 그리고중증 (Trousseau s sign 양성, tetany, carpopedal spasm) 으로구분하였다. 치료가필요한저칼슘혈증은저칼슘혈증증상이있으면서수술후시행한검사상전칼슘 <8.0 mg/dl이고이온화칼슘 <1.0 mmol/l인경우로정의하였다. 저칼슘혈증증상이없거나경한증상이있어도전칼슘 8.0 mg/dl 또는이온화칼슘 1.0 mmol/l인경우경구칼슘제복용없이관찰하고, 치료가필요한저칼슘혈증시에 calcium carbonate (500 mg 2T 3번 / 하루 ), calcitriol (0.25μg 1C 2번 / 하루 ) 을복용하도록하였다. 중증의저칼슘혈증증상이있거나경구칼슘제복용에도증상이지속시에는칼슘을정맥내주사하도록하였다. 수술후 2일째중등도이상의저칼슘혈증증상이있거나증상은없으나전칼슘 <7.0 mg/dl 또는이온화칼슘 <0.9 mmol/l인경우는퇴원을보류하고다른합병증이없고배액량이 30 cc/day 이하로줄었을때배액관을제거후퇴원하도록하였다. 갑상선전절제술의완결성 (completeness) 을평가하기위해수술후 thyroglobulin 수치 (off-tg) 를측정하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 17.0을이용하여범주형변수에대해서는 chi-square test 또는 Fisher exact test, 연속형변수에대해서는 independent t-test 또는 Mann-Whitney test로검증하였다. P값이 0.05 이하를통계학적으로의미있는것으로판정하였다. 결과전체 95명의환자는모두갑상선유두암 (papillary thyroid carcinoma) 으로갑상선전절제술을받았으며이중 ultrasonically activated shears을이용한수술을받은 A군은 49명, 기존의전통적수술방법인혈관을결찰하는방법 (clamp and tie maneuvers) 으로수술을받은 B군은 46명이었다. 환자의평균나이는 48.0세 (19 77세) 였으며 45세미만은 35 명 (36.8%), 45세이상은 60명 (63.2%), 남자 16명 (16.8%), 여자 79명 (83.2%) 이었다. 두군사이에성별, 나이, 키, 몸무게, 체질량지수 (BMI), 집도의, 동반질환, 다발성, 종양의크기, 절제된림프절개수, 전이된림프절개수그리고절제된부갑상선의수에서의미있는차이는없었다 (Table 1). 그리고총배액량은 A군 94.0±40.2 ml, B군 92.3±29.4 ml

3 김완욱외 :Ultrasonically Activated Shears 를이용한갑상선수술에대한전향적연구 71 Table 1. Clinicopathologic characteristics of each group Age (year) 48.8± ± Gender (M:F) 7:42 9: Weight (kg) 60.2± ± Height (cm) 160.0± ± BMI (body mass index) 23.4± ± Surgeons 0.81 A B 32 (65.3%) 29 (63.0%) 17 (37.0%) Tumor size (cm) 1.1± ± Co-disease Nodular hyperplasia Thyroiditis Both 8 (16.3%) 3 (6.1%) 17 (37.0%) 9 (19.6%) 1 (2.2%) 0.65 Multiplicity 14 (28.6%) 19 (41.3%) 0.20 Number of dissected 7.6± ± lymph node Number of metastatic 1.4± ± lymph node Number of dissected parathyroid glands 0.4± ± 였고, 재원기간은 A군 73.2±28.0시간, B군 63.5±21.4시간이었다. 체질량지수 (BMI) 로보정한총배약량과재원기간은두군간에의미있는차이는없었다 (P=.74, P=.08). 두군간에수술시간을비교했을때 ultrasonically activated shears을이용한수술을받은 A군에서전통적인방법으로수술받은 B군보다더적었으며 (96.6±22.7분 vs 114.6±24.3분 ) 이는통계학적으로의미있는차이를보였다 (P=.00) (Table 2). 두군간에수술시간차이는약 18분으로이는수술시간의약 16 19% 에해당되는수치이다. 수술후합병증으로는수술상처부위염증으로항생제치료를한경우가 A군에서 1예 (2%) 있었고, 중앙경부림프절곽청술후저배액유미루 (low-output chylous fistula, <500 ml/d) 로재수술없이저지방식이후수술후 6일째배액량이줄어제거후퇴원한경우가 A군에서 1예 (2%) 있었다. 수술중반회후두신경손상은없었으나수술후기도흡인은없고약간의쉰목소리가있어후두경으로검사상일시적인반회후두신경마비가있었던경우가 A군에서 2 예 (4%) 있었다 (Table 2). 이 2예에서모두쉰목소리는호전되었다. 두군모두에서수술중출혈로인하여수혈이필요한경우나수술후출혈이나혈종등의합병증은없었다. 수술후저칼슘혈증증상은경미한증상을포함하여 A군에서 25예 (51.0%) 에서있었고경도 21예 (42.9%), 중등도 4예 (8.2%) 에서있었으며, B군은 17예 (37.0%) 에서있었고경도 14예 (30.4%), 중등도 3예 (6.5%) 에서있었고중증의저칼슘혈증증상은두군모두에서없었다 (P=.38). 치료가필요한 Table 2. Comparison of drain, administration, operative time, off-tg, and complications Total drain amount (ml) 94.1± ± Hospitalization (hour) 73.2± ± Operation time (hour) 96.6± ± Off-Tg* (ng/ml) 0.95± ± Postop. complications Wound infection Chylous fistula Transient RLN injury 1 (2%) 1 (2%) 2 (4%) *Tg = thyroglobulin; RLN = recurrent laryngeal nerve Table 3. Comparison of postoperative hypocalcemia and treatment Hypocalcemic symptom Mild Moderate Severe 25 (51.0%) 17 (37.0%) 21 (42.9%) 14 (30.4%) 4 (8.2%) 3 (6.5%) Hypocalcemia requiring treatment 11 (23.9%) 0.25 Oral calcium supplement 29 (59.2%) 21 (45.7%) 0.19 Calcium gluconate intravenous injection (28.6%) 1 (2.0%) 2 (4.1%) 8 (17.4%) 8 (17.4%) 저칼슘혈증은 A군 17예 (34.7%), B군 11예 (23.9%) 에서있었고 A군보다 B군에서조금적었지만두군간에의미있는차이는없었다 (P=.25). 저칼슘혈증으로칼슘제를복용했던경우는 A군에서 29예 (59.2%), B군에서 21예 (45.7%) 에서있었고 (P=.19) 정맥내칼슘제주입을한경우는 A군에서 17 예 (34.7%), B군에서 8예 (17.4%) 에서있었고역시 B군에서적었지만통계학적인의미는없었다 (P=.06). 칼슘제정맥내주입횟수는대개는 1회였으나저칼슘혈증증상이지속되어 2회주입을한경우가 1예, 3번을주입한경우가 2예가모두 A군에서있었고통계학적인차이는없었다 (P=.17) (Table 3). 대부분의저칼슘혈증은수술후 1달이내에회복되었으며영구적인저칼슘혈증과수술로인한사망한경우는두군모두에서없었다. 갑상선절제술의완전성 (completeness) 을나타내는수술후 thyroglobulin (postoperative off-tg) 은 A군은 0.95±1.1 ng/ml, B군은 1.79±3.2 ng/ml로나왔고두군간에의미있는차이는없었다 (P=.83).

4 72 대한내분비외과학회지 : 제 9 권제 2 호 2009 고찰갑상선은혈관이많이발달해있는기관중에하나로갑상선수술시발생할수있는합병증을막기위해서는절대적으로혈관, 신경과같은구조물에대한해부학적확인과세심한지혈이요구되고있다. 그럼으로인해이제까지전통적인혈관을잡고결찰하는방법 (clamp and tie maneuvers) 이기본술식으로인정되어왔으나 Ultrasonically activated shears이개발된이후로갑상선내시경적절제술및로봇갑상선절제술에많이이용되고있다. Ultrasonically activated shears는 55,000 Hz의고주파초음파에너지를이용하여조직을절단하고지혈하는기계이다. 이기계로조직에접촉하여작동하게되면단백질과콜라겐구조물들이변성되어봉합과지혈이되게되고전기소작의가장큰단점인열전도를최소화하여상대적으로주변조직으로의열손상을최소화하고연기발생이덜발생하도록고안되었다. Ultrasonically activated shears는이미외과를포함한여러과에서복부, 흉부수술등에사용되어왔고안전하고효과적인것으로증명이되었다.(3,4) Ultrasonically activated shears의지혈할수있는안전한한계는논문마다약간의차이가있지만대개최대직경 3 7 mm 정도로보고되고있다.(5,6) Koutsoumanis 등 (5) 은갑상선절제술시상갑상선동맥 (superior thyroidal artery) 과같은직경이큰혈관만을결찰하고그이외의혈관을 ultrasonically activated shears로지혈하는방법과모든혈관을 ultrasonically activated shears로지혈하는방법사이에수술시간, 합병증에서의미있는차이는없다고보고하였다. 그리고상갑상선동맥에대한 harmonic scalpel의사용시안전성과효능에대해보고된연구들이있다.(7,8) 미국 FDA에서도 ultrasonically activated shears의지혈범위를 7 mm까지인정하고있다. 본연구에서도상갑상선동맥과같은큰혈관을포함한모든혈관을 ultrasonically activated shears로지혈하였고그중크기가약간큰상갑상선동맥에대해서는 2번의연속적인지혈을실시하여수술후출혈이나혈종과같은합병증은없이안전하게지혈되고있음을볼수있었다. 본연구에서저칼슘혈증이다른연구에비해다소높은것을볼수있었다. 이는다른연구에서는저칼슘혈증을혈중전칼슘치가연속하여 2회이상 8.0 mg/dl 이하인경우또는, 증상유무에관계없이수술후 1일, 3일, 7일째측정한혈중전칼슘치가 8.0 mg/dl 이하, 이온화칼슘치가 3.5 mg/dl 이하등으로정의하여서본연구의정의와의차이에따른것으로생각된다.(14) 본연구에서는치료가필요한저칼슘혈증의진단을증상이있으면서수술직후, 술후 1일, 2일, 3일, 그리고 2주전후에시행한혈액검사상한번이라도전칼슘 <8.0 mg/dl, 이온화칼슘 <1.0 mmol/l인경우로정의 하였다. Ultrasonically activated shears의열손상은겸자로부터 2 3 mm까지보고되고있다.(9-11) 본연구에서도 ultrasonically activated한 shears를이용한수술시주변구조물에열손상을최소화하기위해상갑상선동정맥을지혈할때갑상선의경계에붙여서지혈을하였고반회후두신경에서는최소 2 mm, 부갑상선에서는 1 mm 이상의거리를두고사용하였다. 이원칙을지킨다면열손상으로인한반회후두신경 (recurrent laryngeal nerve) 과상후두신경의외측분지 (external branch of superior laryngeal nerve) 의마비, 부갑상선의손상등의합병증없이안전하게수술할수있을거라생각된다. 갑상선절제술의완전성 (completeness) 을나타내는수술후 thyroglobuline (postoperative off-tg) 은두군간에차이가없어서 ultrasonically activated한 shears를이용한수술시에도갑상선전절제술이갑상선조직을거의남기기않고완전하게시행될수있음을볼수있었다. Ultrasonically activated shears의가장큰이점은수술시간의단축으로보고하고있다. Voutilainen과 Haglund(12) 는경험이많은외과의사에의해 scalpel을사용했을때 31.5% 의수술시간단축이있었다고보고하였고 Ortega 등 (13) 은수술시간이전통적인결찰하는수술방법으로수술시 101± 16분, scalpel을사용했을때 86±20분으로수술시간을의미있게단축시킬수있었다고발표하였다. 본연구의결과에서도 ultrasonically activated shears를이용한수술방법이전통적인수술방법에비해전체수술시간의약 15 18% 정도를줄일수있었고이는통계학적으로의미있었다 (96.6± 22.7분 vs 114.6±24.3분, P=.00). Ultrasonically activated shears 를이용한수술에대한학습곡선 (learning curve) 은짧은것으로보고되고있다. Koutsoumanis 등 (5) 의보고에따르면약처음 100예수술동안에수술시간을단축시킬수있었고, 특히숙련된외과팀에의해수술이시행될경우이는더빨리습득되리라생각이된다. 그리고전통적인수술방법인혈관을잡고결찰하는방법 (clamp and tie maneuvers) 으로수술을하게될때보조의에능력에의해수술시간이영향을받는경향이많은데 ultrasonically activated shears을이용하게될경우보조의에덜의존하게되어수술시간단축에더도움이될것이라생각된다. 하지만전공의를교육하는병원에서는 ultrasonically activated shears를이용한수술만시행할경우전통적인수술방법에서배울수있는전공의교육에는문제가있을수있어병행해서수술하는것이좋을것으로판단된다. 결론 Ultrasonically activated shears를이용한수술방법은기존의전통적인수술방법과비교하여수술시간을의미있게줄일수있었으며수술후출혈, 반회후두신경마비, 저칼슘

5 김완욱외 :Ultrasonically Activated Shears 를이용한갑상선수술에대한전향적연구 73 혈증등의합병증의증가없이안전하고완전절제가가능하여갑상선절제술시기본술식의하나로사용할수있을것으로사료된다. REFERENCES 1) Musunuru S, Schaefer S, Chen H. The use of the ligasure for hemostasis during thyroid lobectomy. Am J Surg 2008;195: ) Manouras A, Markogiannakis H, Koutras AS, Antonakis PT, Drimousis P, Lagoudianakis EE, et al. Thyroid surgery: comparison between the electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing system, harmonic scalpel, and classic suture ligation. Am J Surg 2008;195: ) Ohtsuka T, Wolf RK, Wurnig P, Park SE. Thoracoscopic limited pericardial resection with an untrasonic scalpel. Ann Thorac Surg 1998;65: ) Deo SV, Shukla NK. Modified radical mastectomy using harmonic scalpel. J Surg Oncol 2000;74: ) Koutsoumanis K, Koutras AS, Drimousis PG, Stamou KM, Theodorou D, Katsaragakis S, et al. The use of a harmonic scalpel in thyroid surgery: report of a 3-year experience. Am J Surg 2007;193: ) Youssef T, Mahdy T, Farid M, Latif AA. Thyroid surgery: use of the LigaSure Vessel Sealing System versus conventional knot tying. Int J Surg 2008;6: ) Shemen L. Thyroidectomy using the harmonic scalpel: analysis of 105 consecutive cases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;127: ) Siperstein AE, Berber E, Morkoyun E. The use of the harmonic scalpel vs conventional knot tying for vessel ligation in thyroid surgery. Arch Surg 2002;137: ) Landman J, Kerbl K, Rehman J, Andreoni C, Humphrey PA, Collyer W. Evaluation of a vessel sealing system, bipolar electrosurgery, harmonic scalpel, titanium clips, endoscopic gastrointestinal anastomosis vascular staples and sutures for arterial and venous ligation in a porcine medel. J Urol 2003;169: ) Harold KL, Pollinger H, Matthew BD, Kercher KW, Sing RF, Heniford BT. Comparison of ultrasonic energy, bipolar thermal energy, and vascular clips for the hemostasis of small-, medium-, and large-sized arteries. Surg Endosc 2003; 17: ) Goldstein SL, Harold KL, Lentzner A, Matthews BD, Kercher KW, Sing RF. Comparison of thermal spread after ureteral ligation with the Laparo-Sonic ultrasonic shears and the Ligasure system. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2002;12: ) Voutilainen PE, Haglund CH. Ultrasonically activated shears in thyroidectomy: a randomized trial. Ann Surg 2000;231: ) Ortega J, Sala C, Flor B, Lledo S. Efficacy and costeffectiveness of the ultracision harmonic scalpel in thyroid surgery: an analysis of 200 cases in a randomized trial. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2004;14: ) Hong SJ, Lee CS, Kim YS. The risk factors of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy: What is the main cause of transient hypocalcemia? Korean J Endocrine Surg 2005;5:87-92.

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