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1 대한내분비외과학회지 : 제11권제4호 Vol. 11, No. 4, December 2011 원저 갑상선절제술시하시모토갑상선염동반여부에따른임상적특징 왈레스기념침례병원외과 이미진ㆍ임양수 Clinical Features of Patients Who Undergo Thyroidectomy with and without Hashimoto s Thyroiditis Mi-Jin Lee, M.D. and Yang-Soo Lim, M.D. 책임저자 : 임양수, 부산시금정구구서중앙 2 로 , 왈레스기념침례병원외과 Tel: , Fax: YSLIM6003@hanmail.net 접수일 :2011 년 8 월 5 일, 수정일 :2011 년 10 월 18 일, 게재승인일 :2011 년 10 월 18 일 Purpose: The study investigated clinical features of patients who underwent thyroid surgery, with and without Hashimoto s thyroiditis. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 150 patients who underwent thyroid surgery at the Department of Surgery, Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital, between January 2007 and December Patients were divided into two groups according to occurrence or non-occurrence of Hashimoto s thyroiditis, and analyzed them for age, sex, day of hospitalization, duration of drain keeping, operation time, and post-operative complications, including recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries, hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcemia, and adjacent structure injury. There were 24 lobectomies and 126 total thyroidectomies. Results: Operation time was longer for patients with Hashimoto s thyroiditis. There was little difference between the two groups with respect to day of hospitalization, duration of draining, or post-operative complications. Of the total thyroidectomy cases without Hashimoto s thyroiditis, 36 patients (37.5%) had transient hypocalcemia and four (4.2%) had permanent hypocalcemia. Of the cases with Hashimoto s thyroiditis, 13 patients (38.2%) had transient hypocalcemia and three (8.8%) had permanent hypocalcemia. Patients undergoing thyroid surgery with Hashimoto s thyroiditis had longer operation times due to increased angiogenesis and fibrosis. No difference was shown for other clinical features or post-operative complications. Conclusion: The data strongly indicate that meticulous hemostasis and careful surgical technique, along with an understanding of anatomic variation and surgical experience, leads to a low late of complications following thyroid surgery, even for patients with Hashimoto s thyroiditis. (Korean J Endocrine Surg 2011;11: ) Key Words: Thyroidectomy, Hashimoto s thyroiditis, Postoperative complication 중심단어 : 갑상선절제술, 하시모토갑상선염, 합병증 Department of Surgery, Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital, Busan, Korea 서 최근진단기기의발전으로초음파나전산화단층촬영등과같은검사가보편화됨에따라갑상선결절의진단이현저히증가했다.(1,2) 갑상선결절이확인되면갑상선기능검사, 갑상선스캔, 초음파유도하세침흡인검사를시행하게되며, 악성이진단되거나의심되는경우, 또는약물로호전이없는양성질환의경우수술을시행하게된다. 갑상선수술이시작되었던 18세기후반과 19세기초반에는합병증발생빈도가높았으며, 당시출혈및감염으로인해 40% 에달하는높은사망률을기록하였다.(3) 1909년갑상선의생리, 병기, 수술에대한업적으로노벨상을수상한 Kocher 이래로갑상선수술은많은발전을거듭하였으며, 지혈개념도입과항생제사용으로사망률이감소하였고, 또한부갑상선보존과반회후두신경손상을줄이는방법등의소개로오늘날갑상선수술의전반적인합병증빈도는많이감소하였다.(4) 그럼에도불구하고갑상선수술시반회후두신경손상, 부갑상선손상및저칼슘혈증, 출혈, 그외인접구조물손상등의합병증이발병할가능성은항상존재하며, 특히반회후두신경및부갑상선손상은수술후심각한후유증을초래할수있어예방하기위한노력이중요하다. 흔한자가면역갑상선질환인하시모토갑상선염은갑상선내에림프구성침윤, 배중심형성 (germinal center), 섬유화, 상피세포위축을특징으로하며갑상선기능저하증의중요한원인중의하나이다.(5) 갑상선수술시하시모토갑상선염이동반된경우섬유화, 증가된혈관형성으로인해출혈경향, 조직박리의어려움을야기하며수술시간 론 242
2 이미진ㆍ임양수 : 갑상선절제술시하시모토갑상선염동반여부에따른임상적특징 243 연장등이확인되었으며, 수술후합병증발병유무에좀더신중을가하여야한다. 이에저자들은갑상선결절로수술받은환자중에서병리학적조직검사상갑상선실질에하시모토갑상선염동반유무에따른임상적특징, 수술후단기합병증및장기합병증을후향적으로비교분석하여, 하시모토갑상선염이동반된환자에서갑상선수술시합병증의발생을줄이고예방하는데도움을얻고자본연구를시행하였다. 방법 2007년 1월부터 2008년 12월까지왈레스기념침례병원에서양성및악성갑상선질환으로경부접근술을이용하여갑상선절제술을시행한환자는 160명으로엽절제술이 24 명, 전절제술이 126명, 전절제술과변형근치경부곽청술을동시에시행받은경우가 8명, 잔여갑상선절제술이 2명이었다. 이중갑상선엽절제술과갑상선전절제술을시행한 150명환자를대상으로입원, 외래의무기록과검사실결과를토대로후향적으로추적, 분석하였다. 이환자들을하시모토갑상선염의동반유무로그룹을분류하여수술시간, 배액관거치기간, 반회후두신경손상, 부갑상선기능저하증및저칼슘혈증, 출혈, 인접구조물손상등의합병증발생여부, 재원일수를비교하였다. 반회후두신경손상의경우수술시육안적으로손상이확인된경우및수술후목소리변화가나타난경우를말하며, 생존부갑상선의경우수술시육안적으로생존을확인한경우로, 갑상선과같이제거된경우와혈류장애로색상변화가생겨흉쇄유돌근에자가이식하였는경우는생존부갑상선에서제외하였다. 저칼슘혈증은수술후혈청칼슘이 8.0 meq/l 미만이면서손, 발, 입주위저림, 무감각등의증상이있는경우로하였고, 영구적인저칼슘혈증은수술 2년후외래경과관찰시에도부갑상선호르몬이감소되어있으면서, 칼슘제복용중인환자로정의하였으며, 이경우지속적으로칼슘제를복용하고있어혈중칼슘농도측정치는의미를두지않았다. 통계분석방법은 SPSS 12.0을프로그램으로사용하였으며 Student s t-test, Fisher s extract test, Chi-square test를이용하였으며, P값은 0.05 미만을유의수준으로하였다. 수술전갑상선항체유무, 초음파소견등으로하시모토갑상선염을예측할수있는가를확인하였으며, 항체는 Anti-microsomal antibody (AMA) 가 60 U/ml 이상, Anti-thyroglobulin antibody (ATA) 가 78 U/ml 이상으로상승되어있을때양성으로보고갑상선염이있다고정의하였고, 초음파소견의경우갑상선이전반적으로커져있고표면이불규칙하고불균일하며내부에코는저반향음영 (hypo-echoic) 의양상으로관찰될때갑상선염이있다고판단하였다. 결 1) 대상군의일반적인특성 대상환자는총 150명으로남자는 16명, 여자는 134명으로남녀비는 1:8.4이었고, 연령별로는 30 40대가가장많았으며평균연령은 48.6±11.0세 (22 72) 였다. 이중갑상선엽절제술을시행받은환자는 24명, 갑상선전절제술을시행받은환자는 126명이었고, 평균재원일수는 8.0±4.1일 (1 42) 였다. 수술전진단목적으로시행한검사는 150명모두가초음파와세침흡인검사를시행받았고, 경부전산화단층촬영이 3명, PET-CT를 9명의환자에서선택적으로시행하였다. 갑상선수술을시행한적응증으로는발견된결절이악성이거나악성이의심되는경우가 141명, 양성임에도경부불편감이있거나미용상목적이 8명, 양성으로보이는증상이없는결절임에도환자가강력히원해서시행한경우가 1명이었다. 수술전악성또는악성이의심되어수술한 141명은수술후조직검사상 137명이악성으로확인되었고, 양성이거나미용상목적으로수술한 9명은수술수조직검사상 2명이악성, 나머지는양성질환으로확인되었다 (Table 1). Table 1. Pre-operative and post-operative diagnosis Pre-operative diagnosis Post-operative diagnosis Papillary thyroid cancer 136 Papillary thyroid cancer 138 or suspicious Nodular hyperplasia 8 Follicular carcinoma 1 Follicular neoplasm 3 Nodular hyperplasia 4 Hurthle cell neoplasm 2 Follicular adenoma 4 Thyrotoxicosis 1 Hurthle cell adenoma 2 Hashimoto s thyroiditis 1 과 2) 갑상선절제술시두군의비교 갑상선수술을받은 150명환자중갑상선전절제술을시행한환자는 126명으로, 하시모토갑상선염이동반된경우가 34예로 30% 를차지하였다. 수술시간은하시모토갑상선염이동반되지않은경우에서 182.2±30.7분, 하시모토갑상선염이동반된경우에서 200.7±32.0분으로하시모토갑상선염이동반된경우에서수술시간이통계적으로유의하게긴것으로확인되었으며 (P<0.001), 그외수술후재원일수, 배액관거치기간, 반회후두신경손상, 부갑상선손상등의합병증발생은유의한차이를보이지않았다. 영구적부갑상선기능저하증은하시모토갑상선염이동반되지않은 92명중에서 3명, 동반된 34명중에서 4명으로확인되어, 하시모토갑상선염이동반된경우에서영구적부갑상선기능저하증이많은것으로보이나통계적으로
3 244 대한내분비외과학회지 : 제 11 권제 4 호 2011 Table 2. Comparison with demographics, pathology and complications of patients underwent total thyroidectomy with and without hashimoto s thyroiditis With Hashimoto s thyroiditis Without Hashimoto s thyroiditis P value Patients per groups Age (years) 48.7± ± Female (%) 33 (97.0%) 80 (87.0%) Nodule size on permanent biopsy (cm) 1.0±0.6 ( ) 0.9±0.8 (0 4.2) Nodule number on permanent biopsy 1.73±1.32 (1 6) 1.94±1.18 (0 8) More than Operation time 200.7± ±30.7 <0.001 Drain keep duration 5.8± ± Day of hospitalization 8.9± ± Complication RLN injury Hoarseness PTG injury Living PTG 2.0± ± Paresthesia Hypocalcemia Permanent hypoparathyroidism Another complication 유의하지는않았다 (P=0.158) (Table 2). 갑상선엽절제술을시행받은환자는총 24명으로, 하시모토갑상선염이동반된경우가 6예로 25% 를차지하였다. 두군의수술시간은하시모토갑상선염이동반되지않은경우에서 ±20.38분, 갑상선염이동반된경우에서 ±9.72분으로, 갑상선염이동반되지않은경우에서수술시간이유의하게낮게측정되었으며 (P=0.002), 그외수술후재원일수, 배액관거치기간, 부갑상선손상등의합병증에서는유의한차이를보이지않았다. 두군모두에서반회후두신경손상은없었고, 중요인접구조물손상및병발합병증발생도없어비교분석은의미가없어보였다. 따라서갑상선엽절제술과전절제술을시행한경우에서하시모토갑상선염이동반된군의수술시간이통계적으로유의하게긴것외에다른임상양상및합병증발생여부는통계학적으로유의한차이가없었다. 정확도가 86.4% 였다. 둘다양성인경우민감도가 47.5%, 정확도가 95.5%, 양성예측도 79.2%, 음성예측도 83.3% 로확인되었다. 또한수술전시행한초음파상영상의학과및외과의사의판독상하시모토갑상선염이동반된것으로예상되었던 42명중에실제조직검사상하시모토갑상선염이동반되었음이확인된경우가 24명으로, 수술전하시모토갑상선염예측에서초음파의민감도는 60%, 정확도는 83.5% 였으며, 양성예측도는 57.1%, 음성예측도는 85.0% 였다. 수술전 ATA, AMA, 초음파소견상모두양성이었던경우는 18명이었고모두술후조직검사상하시모토갑상선염이있는것으로나왔으며, 모두음성인경우는 78명으로술후조직검사상하시모토갑성선염이없는것으로확인되었다. 세가지모두양성인경우민감도가 45%, 정확도가 70.9%, 양성예측도, 음성예측도모두 100% 였다 (Table 3). 3) 술전면역학적검사소견및초음파소견과병리조직검사와의비교 고 찰 수술전모든환자에게서초음파와함께항갑상선항체인 ATA와 AMA를측정하였고, 실제수술후조직검사상하시모토갑상선염이동반되어있는환자 40명중에서 ATA 양성인경우가 27명, AMA 양성인경우가 22명, 둘다양성인경우가 19명이었다. 술전항갑상선항체로하시모토갑상선염을예측할경우 ATA 양성인경우에민감도가 67.5%, 정확도가 80.0% 였으며, AMA 양성인경우민감도가 55.5%, 갑상선수술이시행되기시작한초기에는상당한합병증과사망률을야기했으며, 감염과출혈이큰문제였으나, 최근에는전신마취, 항염증, 지혈개념의도입으로반회후두신경, 부갑상선과관련된합병증이주요관심사가되었다. 하시모토갑상선염은 1912년하시모토에의해림프구침윤, 섬유화, 상피세포위축, 조직실질세포의호산구성변화를특징으로하는만성임파구성갑상선염으로처음보
4 이미진ㆍ임양수 : 갑상선절제술시하시모토갑상선염동반여부에따른임상적특징 245 Table 3. Predictability of Hashimoto s thyroiditis through antithyroid antibodies and USG* finding Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value Negative predictive value ATA positivity 67.5% 80.0% 55.5% 87.1% AMA positivity 55.5% 86.4% 59.5% 84.1% Both positivity on 47.5% 95.5% 79.2% 83.3% ATA, AMA USG positivity 60.0% 83.5% 57.1% 85.0% All positivity on 45.0% 70.9% 100% 100% ATA, AMA and USG *USG = Ultrasonography; ATA positivity = ATA 78 U/ml; AMA positivity = AMA 60 U/ml; USG positivity = Ultrasonographic features include diffuse enlarged gland with irregular surface and ill-defined hypoechoic heterogeneous areas. 고되었고, 40년후이질환을가진환자에서항갑상선항체의존재가보고되었다.(6) 현재는 Hashimoto s disease 또는 Hashimoto s thyroiditis로명명된만성자가면역성갑상선염으로, 발생빈도는 10만명당 22명으로알려져있으며, 여자에서 15 20배많고, 30 50세사이에호발하지만전연령에서나타난다. 진단시무증상혹은경미한갑상선기능저하증의증상을동반한갑상선종대가흔한임상양상으로, 통증을호소하는경우는매우드물다.(7) 소수에서현성갑상선기능저하증을보이며, 30 40% 의환자에서자가면역갑상선질환의가족력이있다고알려져있다.(8) 또한하시모토갑상선염은자가면역성갑상선염으로 anti-thyroid antibody에의한만성염증과갑상선비대를특징으로하며,(9) 이런항체의자극에의해내피세포의증식과갑상선의혈관과다형성을유도하며,(10) 자가면역성갑상선질환에서혈관신생은중요한역할을한다. 하시모토갑상선염의병인기전에는세포매개성과체액매개성면역기전이중요한역할을한다. 갑상선조직에감작된 T와 B 임파구의작용은갑상선항체분비에영향을미치고이에갑상선의염증은부적절한호르몬을생산하여갑상선기능저하혹은항진증세를나타내게된다. 하시모토갑상선염환자에서 thyroglobulin (TG), colloid component, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) enzyme, sodium/iodide symporter protein, thyroid nuclei 그리고 thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH) receptor 등의자가항체가관찰된다. 그중가장흔히발견되는 ATA와 AMA은질병의진단에도움이되며갑상선손상의표지자로유용하게이용된다. Fisher 등 (11) 이제시한하시모토갑상선염의진단기준은갑상선종대, 갑상선자가항체의존재, 갑상선스캔시불규칙한흡수성, 과염소산방출검사의이상, 혈청 TSH의상승의 5가지소견중 3가지이상이만족되는것으로, 갑상선자가항체중 ATA나 AMA의존재를필수조건으로한다. 하시모토갑상선염의환자대부분에서 AMA가양성이고 ATA는약 50% 정도에서발견되는데두가지항체모두를검사할때약 95% 에서발견된다는보고가있으며, Hwang 등 (12) 의연구에서, 하시모토갑상선염진단시 AMA가 88.1%, ATA 76.2% 에서양성이었으며두항체모두양성인경우는 71.1% 이었다. 본연구에서수술후조직검사상하시모토갑상선염의동반이확인된경우중, AMA가양성인경우는 22명 (55.0%), ATA가양성인경우는 27명 (67.5%) 였으며, 두항체모두양성인경우는 19명 (47.5%) 이었다. Anti-thyroid antibody 중한가지라도증가되어있는경우는 34명으로검사의민감도는 85% 정도였다. 항갑상선항체는하시모토갑상선염외에그레이브스병, 갑상선암, 아급성갑상선염, 선종성갑상선종등에서도양성으로나오는경우가많기때문에이한가지검사만으로는본질환을의심할수없으며다만그수치가높을때이질환의가능성이높아진다고할수있다.(13) 수술전시행한초음파상갑상선이전반적으로커져있고표면이불규칙하고내부에코는불균일하며저반향음영으로관찰될때하시모토갑상선염이동반되어있다고예측할수있고, 본연구의경우수술후시행한조직검사에서하시모토갑상선염이동반되었음이확인된 40명의환자중수술전초음파에서하시모토갑상선염이예측된경우는 24명으로초음파검사의민감도는 60% 였다. 하지만조직학적으로림프구침윤으로인한섬유화, 상피세포위축으로진행하는하시모토갑상선염의특징상병의정도와진행단계에따라다양한초음파소견을가지며, 42% 에서갑상선결절이하시모토갑상선염과동반되는것으로알려져있다.(14) 하시모토갑상선염이동반되어있는경우고에코의섬유성격막에의해저에코의부위가분리되어보이기도하는데이때문에결절로오인할수있으며, mm 크기의수많은미세결절을포함하여 (15) 다양한형태의결절을동반하기때문에갑상선유두암의발견이어려울수있다.(16) 하시모토갑상선염이동반된갑상선유두암환자에서갑상선염이없는환자에비해초음파상결절을발견하기어려운이유는하시모토갑상선염으로갑상선의에코의균질도나에코정도가변화되어결절을발견하기어렵고, 작은결절은하시모토갑상선염에서볼수있는미세결절이나가성종양으로생각할수있으며, 다발성병소에서초음파상크고악성을시사하는결절이있으면, 다른작은결절을간과하기때문으로생각된다. 따라서병의정도와진행단계에따라다양한초음파소견을가지는하시모토갑상선염의특징상세침흡인검사등의조직검사가반드시시행되어야하겠다. 갑상선수술후가장흔한합병증인부갑상선기능저하증은부갑상선손상및허혈이주요원인이며정상혈액공급을받고있는부갑상선의수에반비례하여발생하는데최소한한개이상의부갑상선을보존해야부갑상선기능
5 246 대한내분비외과학회지 : 제 11 권제 4 호 2011 저하증을피할수있다. 수술중부갑상선의손상, 허혈이발생한다면, 즉시 1 mm 간격으로쪼개어자가이식을하는것이저칼슘혈증을예방하는데효과적이다. 부갑상선기능저하에의한저칼슘혈증은갑상선수술후입주위, 손, 발의감각이상, 근육경련, 강직, 발작, 흉통, 후두경련및천명, 전신쇠약, 불안등의증상과 Chvostek sign, Trousseau s sign 등이나타나기때문에, 수술후적어도 48 72시간동안은주의깊게혈청칼슘을감시하여야한다. 저칼슘혈증은일시적인경우가 10 15%, 영구적인경우가 0 8% 에서보고되고있으며,(17) Shemen과 Strong(18) 에의하면술후 47% 에서저칼슘혈증을보였으나 6개월안에 9.3% 로저칼슘혈증이감소하였으며영구적인저칼슘혈증은 1.6% 로보고하였다. 본연구의경우갑상선전절제술을시행한환자에서일시적인저칼슘혈증이 49예 (38.89%), 영구적인저칼슘혈증이 7예 (5.56%) 로발생하여일시적인저칼슘혈증은타보고보다많은경향이있었으나, 영구적인저칼슘혈증은타연구자의보고와비슷한수치를보였다. 일시적인저칼슘혈증은수주에서수개월까지호전되며, 영구적인저칼슘혈증의경우수술시부갑상선손상을막는것이중요하다. 또한반회후두신경손상도갑상선절제술후발생할수있는심각한합병증으로일단손상이되면회복이어렵다고알려져있어수술시대단한주의를요한다. 손상의원인으로는분열, 열상, 신전, 압박, 전기적소작, 허혈, 흡인손상등의수술술기와관련되어있으며, 술자의경험, 재수술, 암에대한수술, 수술범위, 출혈에의한재수술등이반회후두신경손상의원인을제공한다.(19) 수술중반회후두신경의손상이가장일어나기쉬운부위는 Berry 인대주위이며, 수술중갑상선을내측으로견인을하게되면반회후두신경의주행이변화되어신경의손상을유발하게된다. 일시적인반회후두신경손상은 % 의빈도를보이며, 영구적인손상은 0 3.6% 의빈도를나타낸다.(20) 본연구에서는 150예중 3예 (2%) 에서반회후두신경손상이술중에확인되었고, 술장에서신경문합술을시행하였다. 이중 1예는 6개월후성대마비증상이호전되었다. 그외합병증으로혈종 3예, 장액종 11예, 식도손상 1예, 흉관손상 1예, 비후성반흔 5예가있었다. 결론갑상선절제술을시행받은환자중하시모토갑상선염이동반한경우에서술후합병증발생률차이는통계적으로유의하지않았으나, 수술시간이유의하게길었다. 따라서갑상선절제술시에중요구조물손상예방을위해세심한수술술기와풍부한해부학적지식이필요하고, 주변구조물과잘박리하여확실히노출시키는것이중요하다. 하시모토갑상선염이동반된환자에서세심한노력으로주의 깊게수술한다면, 수술시간은길어질수있으나반회후두신경, 부갑상선손상및그외다른합병증발생빈도를증가시키지않고안전하게수술할수있을것으로보인다. REFERENCES 1) Kang BG, Cho MS, Bae KS, Kang SJ. Predicting hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy in patients with thyroid carcinoma. Korean J Endocrine Surg 2008;8: ) Lim CR, Bae HY, Cho HJ, Kim KC. The clinical feature of patients with thyroid nodule combined with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Korean Surg Soc 2008;75: ) Halsted WS, Evans HM. I. The parathyroid glandules. Their blood supply and their preservation in operation upon the thyroid gland. Ann Surg 1907;46: ) Becker WF. Presidential address: Pioneers in thyroid surgery. Ann Surg 1977;185: ) Pearce EN, Farwell AP, Braverman LE. Thyroiditis. N Engl J Med 2003;348: ) Campbell PN, Doniach D, Hudson RV, Roitt IM. Autoantibodies in Hashimoto's disease (lymphadenoid goitre). Lancet 1956;271: ) Kim HK, Shin HJ, Kang HC. A case of painful Hashimoto's thyroiditis successfully treated with total thyroidectomy. J Korean Endocr Soc 2008;23: ) Fisher DA, Annette G. Thyroid disorders in childhood and adolescence. In: Sperling MA, editor. Pediatric endocri- nology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; p ) Figueroa-Vega N, Sanz-Cameno P, Moreno-Otero R, Sánchez- Madrid F, González-Amaro R, Marazuela M. Serum levels of angiogenic molecules in autoimmune thyroid diseases and their correlation with laboratory and clinical features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94: ) Iitaka M, Miura S, Yamanaka K, Kawasaki S, Kitahama S, Kawakami Y, et al. Increased serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels and intrathyroidal vascular area in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83: ) Fisher DA, Oddie TH, Johnson DE, Nelson JC. The diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975;40: ) Hwang AR, Lee JE, Cho WK, Park SH, Hahn SH, Jung MH, et al. Clinical follow-up of children and adolescents with hashimoto thyroiditis. J Korean Soc Pediatr Endocrinol 2009; 14: ) Kim JH, Park CS, Kim CK. Surgical aspects of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Korean Surg Soc 1984;26: ) Takashima S, Matsuzuka F, Nagareda T, Tomiyama N, Kozuka T. Thyroid nodules associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis: assessment with US. Radiology 1992;185: ) Yeh HC, Futterweit W, Gilbert P. Micronodulation: ultra-
6 이미진ㆍ임양수 : 갑상선절제술시하시모토갑상선염동반여부에따른임상적특징 247 sonographic sign of Hashimoto thyroiditis. J Ultrasound Med 1996;15: ) Moon HG, Jung EJ, Park ST, Ko ES, Lee JS, Ha WS, et al. Thyroidectomy in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis presenting as a distinct thyroid nodule. Korean J Endocrine Surg 2007;7: ) Falk SA. Thyroid Disease. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; ) Shemen LJ, Strong EW. Complications after total thyroidectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989;101: ) Herranz-González J, Gavilán J, Matínez-Vidal J, Gavilán C. Complications following thyroid surgery. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991;117: ) Tae K, Lee HS, Jeong YG, Kim KT, Lee SH, Park YS, et al. Hypocalcemia and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury after thyroid surgery. Korean J Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2002; 45:
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