Development of child human model for crashworthiness simulation

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2 Development of child human model for crashworthiness simulation

4 List of Tables List of Figures Anthropometry Scale factor (R.O.M.) Neck Calibration Extremity 3-point bending test Sled test Abstract

5 % 6. 6 GEBOD, VIEW POINT, KRISS DATA 6. HARB Scale Factor 6. 6(HYBRIDIII 6Year Old/TNO P6), 3(HYBRID III 3-Year Old/TNO P3), 12(CRABI/TNO P12).. 50% HYBRID III EUROSID..

6 1.2 Hybrid III (Child Crash Test Dummy) SAE Biomechanics Committees (NHTSA : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) Working Group, "Out-of-Position"(OOP) (Child Dummy) OOP (Neck Loading), (Chest Compression), VC(Viscous Criterion).. HYBRID III. Out-Of-Position. NHTSA TNO P0(New born), P3/4(9 months), P3(3 years), P6(6 years).fig (1)~(2)

7 Fig. 1.1 Exploded view of TNO child dummy pillar 3/6.. 6% 30%. 1/4 1/7. (center of gravity)...

8 . 3 6.

9 2. / 2.1 (Pediatric chiropractic) (3) 2.1.1,. (dummies),,,,,..,. (1) (force). Barnsley 20( 32.2km/h), 12G. 5G 50%,,, 40 ( 64.4km/h), 90G 46G. (2). / ,.

10 (3),.,.,.,,..,.,, (4).. 80%. (occult fracture) CT. (5). Ameis, 6., 12~36. Schofferman Wasserman. 8~108, 29.

11 (6). Ameis 40-70%.,. Barnsley.,,,. Lord,,. 86%. Barnsley, 68% ,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,..,,,.

12 2.1.3 (1)..,, 25%. 15%.,,. 0-3,.. (2)

13 (3) (ASIS) Fig2.1 Fig. 2.1 Anterior superior iliac spine

14 (4),.,.,. 4 9,.,.,, Fig. 2.2 (jackknifing).. (5),.,. (6) (SUBMARINING),, 4-9,. submarining , submarining.

15 Child fastened with pelvic seat belt State that pelvis slides down under seat belt Pelvic seat belt Jackknifing Fig. 2.2 SUBMARINING

16 (7)., 25 ( 40km/h), 20G... 2.,. Fig. 2.3 Fig. 2.4.Fig. 2.5, Fig. 2.3 Baby seated in adult knee in suspension state and frontal crash.

17 Suspension state Child who do not create seat belt is threw like human projectile Seat belt for infant that do not connect to seat belt in crash threw human projectile with baby Fig. 2.4 Child with seat belt not fastened. Fig. 2.5 Serious damage happens often to child who do not fasten seat belt in car accident, In region head, face, cervical spine, breast, abdomen, pelvis etc.

18 ,,, 40 (18kg).,. Burg.,. Chobra Klein, 71% 67%., (8),., 1-4,. Sherz 95% 60% , 40%., gaus.,. Fig. 2.6 air bag. Fig. 2.7 Table 2.1.

19 Fig. 2.6 Safety seat for child that see back side must not use this posture in car with air bag. Fig. 2.7 Different types of seat belts

20 Table 2-1 Various sitting methods for safe in vehicle ,, Drongowski,, ,,.,,....,. Fig. 2.8 air bag Fig. 2.9.

21 Tingvall, ,, ,

22 Fig. 2.8 Safety seat for child that see back side that lean against and use in dash board with no air bag Fig. 2.9 Child in reinforcement seat

23 (9),.,..,,., -. Agran, %... 11%, 6%. Fig Fig ASIS ,...,,.

24 Fig Seat belt can do to strengthening abdominal damage Fig If pelvic seat belt slides on ASIS in collision, abdomen damage can happen

25 (10),.,,,,., 58%,., Chance. Chance, 63%. Chance, Fig. 2.12~14 Chance. Fig Seven age child is previewing mechanism of Chance bone fracture

26 Fig Damage of conical form involved in chance bone fracture Fig Abdominal cavity had fixed in peritoneum from middle lumbar part constructions by pelvis seat belt damage be apt to

27 (11) 4-9,.,,. /,. NHTSA..,,,. A. Seat belt is so loose B. Shoulder seat belt that omit shoulder backward C. Shoulder seat belt that jam under arm D. Shoulder seat belt put properly to pass clavicle Fig Various types of seat belts

28 ,.,.,,,,,. States,,..Fig. 2.15~16.,.,,,. (12) Fig Image of safey seat belt child is cheated backward by air bag

29 2.1.4 Margolis, 10% , 26%, 22%, 34%, 18%. 5 50%, 60%. 28%, 42%. 26%. 7%, 4%. (38%), (27%). 30%. (1), (27.5%)., 25%, 75%.,.,.,,,. (2) 17-50%..

30 (3)., Tingvall,. 20%.,.,. (4) PangWilberger -,.,.,,.. (5),.,. Jackson,.,

31 (6),...,, MRI. (7), ,,.,. (8),,, ( ).,..

32 (9), 7%.,.,. Conry Hall.,. Fig. 2.17~ ,. Fig Damage regions by 2 point seat belt

33 Fig When using 3 point seat belt, breast and cervical spine damage can happen. Fig Lumbar damage including anterolateral pressure bone fracture can happen by phenomenon to turn

34 Fig Infant slides like submarine and descends in safety seat. State that middle ring is not fastened

35 (1) (Macroscopic Anatomy, Gross Anatomy) (2) (Microscopic Anatomy) (3) (Developmental Anatomy)

36 2.2.2 (1) (Systemic Anatomy) (cell) (tissue) (organ), (system).,.. a. (Skeletal system) (Osteology) b. (Muscular system) (Myology) c. (Nervous system) (Neurology) d. (Circulatory system) (Angiology) e. (Viceral system) (Splachnology) (Digestive system) (Respiratory system) (Urinary system) (Reproductive system) f. (Endocrine system) (Endocrinology) g. (Sensory system) (Aesthesiology) h. (Integumentary system) (Dermatolgy)

37 (2) (Regional Anatomy),,,. (surgical anatomy). (Applied anatomy) : (Radiographic Anatomy) : X- (Kinetic anatomy) : (Artistic anatomy) :

38 2.2.3 (4) Fig Infant and adult Fig

39 Fig (1) Vertebrae 1 year 3 year 6 year adult Fig Chang of vertebrae

40 (2) Intervertebral disc. 1.. Fig year 3 year 6 year adult Fig Chang of disc

41 (3) Facet joint Fig Organization of facet joint Fig Change of facet joint angle

42 Anthropometry 1997 D/B. Fig Table. 3.1~2 6 /. (skin) ViewPoint TM, Fig ,. Fig (5)~(6)

43 Fig. 3.1 Surface from VIEW POINT TM

44 Fig. 3.2 Measurement catagory

45 Table 3.1 Measured value of 6-yeat old child body (A)

46 Table 3.1 Measured value of 6-yeat old child body (B)

47 Fig. 3.3 Finite element model of 6 year old child

48 , ARB (Articulated Rigid Body) model (, ) GEBOD. ARB. GEBOD Fig. 3.2,,. GEBOD 6, segment Fig. 3.6, 15. Fig PAM-SAFE.

49 Fig. 3.4 Human Body Model Development Procedure Fig. 3.5 Organization of ARB program

50 Fig. 3.6 Mass property of segment

51 Fig. 3.7 Joint location of 6 year old child

52 Fig. 3.3~4 6.Fig , 6. Fig. 3.8 Various joint element

53 3.2 Scaling (7)~(13) 6 6.,, 50% HARB. 50% HARB Geometry Scale KRISS GEBOD VIEW POINT TM 50% HARB Hybrid III Table 3.3 Fig. 3.9~11,,, 2.. Table Fig skin.

54 Table 3.3 Formulas for scale factor

55 Fig. 3.9 Head part Fig Torso,vertebral,pelvic parts Fig Extremities

56 Table. 3.4 Applied scale factor 6yrs Human Model 6yrs Hybrid lll Dummy Head X :0.88 Y:0.88 Z:0.9 X :0.914 Y:0.914 Z:0.914 neck X :0.629 Y:0.60 Z:0.675 X :0.618 Y:0.618 Z:0.7 Vertebra X :0.629 Y:0.60 Z:0.675 Torso X :0.629 Y:0.60 Z:0.675 X :0.618 Y:0.618 Z:0.7 Pelvis X :0.629 Y:0.60 Z:0.675 Femur X :0.579 Y:0.57 Z:0.574 X :0.505 Y:0.505 Z:0.647 Tibia,Fibula X :0.579 Y:0.57 Z:0.51 X :0.553 Y:0.553 Z:0.659 Humerus X :0.629 Y:0.60 Z:0.617 Ulna.Radius X :0.629 Y:0.60 Z:0.556 Fig Image that insert 50% HARB bone model in skin

57 3.2.2 Property Scale 6. Yoganandan Frank A. Pintar Scale factor.. (Fig. 3.13) 18 Small, Mid-size, Large 3.. Mid-size 1 Small, Large scale. Table 3.5 Fig Fig Experiment process for calculating human scale factor

58 Table. 3.5 Mean vertebral body height measurements. Standard error in parentheses Fig Bar graph representing scaling ratios for human and caprine vertebral body height,and human standing height.

59 Table. 3.6 Comparison of scaling ratios between the current study, Ching et al. and FMVSS 208 Table 3.6.

60 3.3 ROM(Range of motion) analysis joint,. 6 6, Fig Fig. 3.16~19 ROM joint. Table 3.7. (a) Torso-shoulder joint

61 (b) Arm-elbow joint

62 (c) Leg-knee joint (d) Knee-ankle joint Fig Joint property

63 I : (deg) Ref. : Glanville &Kreezer(1937) Dempster(1955a) (a) Shoulder abduction and adduction motion (b) Deformed shape

64 Fig ROM analysis for shoulder P : 142(deg) Ref. : Dempster(1955a) (a) Moment-rotation characteristic (b) Elbow flexion motion

65 Fig ROM analysis for elbow CC : 35 (deg) DD : 38 (deg) Ref. : Dempster(1955a) (a) Moment-rotation characteristic (b) Ankle rotation motion

66 Fig ROM analysis for ankle (a) Neck extension (b) Neck flexion

67 Fig 3.19 ROM test on 6-YR neck model

68 Table. 3.7 Terms of body movement 3.4 Neck (14)~(15). 6 flexion/extension 6 scale factor. Fig X-ray. 17~19 4~6 C2 dens. 50% HARB.

69 3.4.1 Fig years old girl's lateral X-ray picture Fig flexion/extension. C2 T2. pure moment flexion/extension.

70 3.4.2 Fig Neck flexion/extension test installation 6..Fig Fig Fig year old child s neck model Fig Image that magnify cervical verterbral

71 C2 T2 rigid bar pure moment rigid bar flexion/extension. Fig rigid bar Fig flexion extension. Fig Apply rigid bar to neck model for pure moment Flexion moment Extension moment

72 Fig Flexion/extension moment mechanism flexion/extension ligament scale Fig. 3.26~27 Fig Fig Fig Result value of cadaver(a)

73 Fig Result value of cadaver(b) Fig Average Result value of cadavers

74 Fig Comparison cadaver and simulation result value and applied scale factor. Fig extension Fig Deformed shape of extension simulation

75 3.5 Extremity 3-point bending test (16)~(17) Humerus 3. Fig Fig PMMA..

76 Fig Long bones Fig Three point bending test fixture

77 Fig Scale factor for bone property Fig Martin scale factor Humerus. Fig Fig Fig martin sturtz.. Fig three point bending simulation (Humerus) Fig Force-Displacement curve.

78 Fig Comparison of result values (Humerus)

79 3.6 Sled simulation (Barrier Crash Test),.,. (Actuator). ECE R16 (Steel Seat) 40020kg TNO-10 (Dummy), H- Point (Seat Belt). 48km/h 2632g (Half Sine Deceleration Pulse), mm, 80200mm, (Biomechanical Injury)., ECE R16, 6.. (Sled Buck) ECE R16 (Universal Sled Buck), Fig (Crash Pulse) Fig ECE R16 (Upper / Lower Boundary) 30mph (Frontal Half Sine).

80 Fig. 3.39~40 sled skin bone. neck flexion. Fig. 3.41, (, ). cadaver dummy. Fig Universal bucket and child model for ECE R16

81 Fig ECE R16 Curve

82 (a) at 0 msec (b) at 15 msec (c) at 30 msec (d) at 35 msec (e) at 40 msec (f) at 45 msec Fig Deformed shapes during sled simulation

83 (a) at 0 msec (b) at 15 msec (c) at 30 msec (d) at 45 msec (e) at 60 msec (f) at 75 msec Fig Deformed shapes of bone structure during sled simulation

84 Fig Trace of extremity

85 KRISS GEBOD VIEW POINT TM 6,, Joint % HARB Scale factor - 50% HARB 6,,,,

86 flexion/extension extremity 3-point bending test Humerus sled-test 6 sled 6.

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