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1 National Research Laboratory of Energy Storage Materials 재료설계및평가 리튬이차전지의구조, 원리및소재 김광범 연세대학교

2 Imagine driving it

3 Imagine driving it without the need of this

Portable Electricity Figure 1 Revisiting the past. In 1899 a Belgian car, La jamais contente (top left), equipped with lead acid batteries, reached a speed of 30 metres per second.

4 Portable Electricity Figure 1 Revisiting the past. In 1899 a Belgian car, La jamais contente (top left), equipped with lead acid batteries, reached a speed of 30 metres per second. In the same year, at a car competition in Paris, the only petroldriven car was disqualified for having unpractically high consumption. Inside the United States, between 1900 and 1920, the proportion of electrical cars produced fell from 60% to 4% of the total. One century later, fully electrical cars, such as the Tesla roadster (bottom left), are coming back into the picture. Meanwhile, the first wireless communication took place in Pennsylvania in 1920 (top right, after ref. 27). Nearly 100 years later, the latest mobile phones (bottom right) can perform a wide range of functions.

5 The Future of Transportation is Electric

6 The Future of Transportation is Electric Two huge industries are transforming and a new one is emerging... Electricity Transportation Battery Industry

First Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) in late 1800s www.didik.com This car is a front wheel drive electric-gasoline hybrid car and has power steering. A gasoline engine supplements the battery pack.

7 First Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) in late 1800s This car is a front wheel drive electric-gasoline hybrid car and has power steering. A gasoline engine supplements the battery pack. Between 1890 and 1910, there were many four wheel drive electric cars. Electric cars were more expensive than gasoline cars and electrics were considered more reliable and safer. With the development of the starter motor for gasoline cars and increased range of gasoline cars, most people public interest switched from electrics to gasoline by 1915.

8 Batteries a cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy by reversible chemical reactions and that may be recharged by passing a current through it in the direction opposite to that of its discharge

9 Electric Vehicle (EV)

10 Batteries Battery issues: longevity, cost, energy voltage, & weight!

11 이차전지기술 이차전지는 21C 녹색산업의새로운변화를이끌와해기술 (disruptive technology) 로인식되어, 기업간경쟁에서국가간경쟁으로기술경쟁심화 산업의융 복합화가급속히진행되면서, 소재 - 부품 - 완제품등 supply chain 상 total solution 구축에국가역량집중 ( 선진국간경쟁심화 ) 온실가스저감을위한선진국의환경규제가강화되면서환경 친화적新기술인이차전지개발에대한관심이폭발적으로증가 소형 IT 기기의동력원인이차전지가전기차 에너지저장장치등에활용될가능 성 (potential) 에주목 * WSJ 가주목한 5 대에너지신기술중에서 2 개분야 ( 전기차배터리, 에너지저장 ) 가 이차전지와연관 ( )

12 이차전지기술 ( 시장판도의전환 ) 이차전지의세계시장은 IT 기기용인소형에서전기차, 에너지 저장장치등의중 대형으로중심축변화과도기

13 리튬이차전지기술 ( 시장판도의전환 ) 이차전지의세계시장은 IT 기기용인소형에서전기차 에너지저장장치등의중 대형으로중심축변화과도기 08 년 300 억불에서, 15 년에는 818 억불로급격히확대될전망 15 년전기차수요는 458 만대로전망 * 되며, 전기차용이차전지수요는크게증가 하여 15 년 147 억불 ** 에이를전망 * 전기차시장전망 ( 만대, 자료 :JP 모건 ) : ( 08) 49 ( 11) 163 ( 13) 277 ( 15) 458 ** 전기차용전지비중 ( 자료 :IIT, 노무라보고서 ) : 08 년 7.5 억불 15 년 147 억불 신재생에너지보급 * 과스마트그리드등미래전력망사업의확대를위해이차전 지개발필요성급격히대두 * 일본은 30 년 106GW 의신재생에너지보급과함께 94GW 의이차전지가전력망 에필요함을발표 (NEDO '08 년발표자료 ) ** 에너지저장용이차전지시장 15 년 156 억불에이를것으로전망 ( 노무라연구소 )

14 리튬이차전지기술 ( 우리의경쟁력 ) 리튬이차전지분야집중투자로 IT 기기등소형전지시장의 95%( 00 년 ) 를장악한일본을추격, 현재대등한양산경쟁력확보 ( 시장점유율 32% 09.2Q) 표. 리튬이온전지의시장점유율 구분日산요韓삼성 SDI 韓 LG 화학日소니 08 년 20% 15.6% 8.1% 15.6% 09.2 분기 19.6%(1 위 ) 18.6%(2 위 ) 13.4%(3 위 ) 11.6%(4 위 ) 전지생산기술은세계적수준이나, 양 음극소재, 전해액, 분리막등핵심소재와원천기술은일본대비각각 50%, 30% 수준에불과하여, IT 기기용소형이차전지의강자의위치를미래시장 ( 중 대형 ) 에서는보장할수없음 표. 국가별리튬이차전지기술수준비교 구분일본한국중국미국 제조기술 부품 소재 원천기술

15 자동화설비 팩전지, 모듈 리튬이차전지기술 ( 연쇄효과가큰산업 ) 이차전지산업의성장은후방산업의기술개발토대로전방산업의신규시장선점등산업장벽을뛰어넘는동반성장시너지효과발생 전 후방산업의동반성장의가능성이커짐에따라글로벌대기업에의한 M&A 와협업 * 에의한이차전지시장참여활발 후방산업 전방산업 양극소재 휴대폰, 노트북 PC, 스마트폰등 Mobile IT 음극소재 디지털카메라, MP3P, 캠코더등전기전자제품 분리막 전기자동차 (HEV, PHEV, EV) 전해액 Pouch Can 이차전지 전기자전거, 지게차, 카터등수송기계태양광에너지저장, 풍력발전에너지저장지능형로봇 (Care Robot, Entertainment, 교육등 ) 보호회로 Flexible Devices 집전체 의료기기 ( 내시경캡슐, 혈압계, 인공심장등 ) 첨가제 방산용 ( 무인정찰로봇, 잠수함, 어뢰등 )

16 리튬이차전지기술 ( 이차전지산업규모 ) 이차전지시장은자동차용납축전지 니켈계전지, IT용리튬전지등을포함하여 08년 300억불의시장형성시장점유규모는납축전지 ( 08년 165억불 ), 리튬이차전지 (96억불), Ni-MH전지 (24 억불 ), Ni-Cd전지 (11억불), 슈퍼커패시터 (4억불) 등으로구성

17 리튬이차전지기술 ( 시장동향 ) 소형전지시장에서중대형전지시장으로시장구조가전환되면서, 높은에너지밀도와출력특성으로응용분야가계속확대하고있는리튬이차전지중심으로재편리튬이차전지는현재모바일 IT용전원이대부분이나, 15년에는 347억불중모바일 IT용 43%, 전기차용 42%, 에너지저장용 15% 로非 IT분야로중심시장이이동될것으로전망

18 XEVs (X Electric Vehicles)

19 리튬이차전지기술 전기자동차용전지 ( 개발목표 ) 주행거리는늘리고, kwh당생산가격은낮출수있는전기자동차 (PHEV, EV 등 ) 용전지및시스템개발

20 리튬이차전지기술 전기자동차용전지 ( 개발목표 ) 주행거리는늘리고, kwh당생산가격은낮출수있는전기자동차 (PHEV, EV 등 ) 용전지및시스템개발

21 리튬이차전지기술 전기자동차용전지 Energy and Power Needs Storage technology Energy density Lead-acid batteries Lithium-ion batteries Compressed air, 10 MPa Conventional capacitors Ultracapacitors Flywheels Gasoline 100 kj/kg (30 W-h/kg) 600 kj/kg 80 kj/kg (not including tank) 0.2 kj/kg 20 kj/kg 100 kj/kg kj/kg

22 리튬이차전지기술 에너지저장용이차전지

23 리튬이차전지기술 에너지저장용이차전지

24 리튬이차전지기술 에너지저장용이차전지 부하평준화용 첨두부하용 부하평준화용 : 평균사용부하가낮은시간 ( 전력생산비용이저렴한시간 ) 에전기를저장후 부하가높은시간대 ( 전력생산비용이비싼시간 ) 에전기를사용하여전체적인 전력사용밸런스를평준화시켜주는용도 첨두부하용 : 전력사용량이가장높은시간에전력망의최대부하를줄이고예비전력량을 확보하는용도

25 리튬이차전지기술 에너지저장용이차전지 ( 개발필요성 ) 신재생에너지의보급확대와스마트그리드등미래전력망용도로발전된전력을저장하여수요에맞춰효율적으로관리하기위한이차전지가필요 스마트그리드보급을위해가정용 상업용등전력사업자의전력활용을위해서는 에너지저장장치의보급이우선 그림. American Electric Power 社의미래배전망예측

26 리튬이차전지기술 에너지저장용이차전지 ( 개발목표 ) 전기에너지효율성을극대화할수있는용도별전지개발및수명 5,000 cycle 이상 ( 신뢰성 15년이상 ), 가격경쟁력확보 (20만원~30만원/kWh) 할수있는시스템개발

27 Cell phones vs. Portable rechargeable batteries 모바일 IT 용이차전지 모토롤라 3900NX 국내최초카폰 (1984) 노키아 Tanday CT-1033 아날로그포터블폰과휴대용가방 (1985 년 ) Motorola DynaTAC 8000x (1983) SCH-100- 최초 CDMA 폰 (1996 년 ) iphone 4G, Galaxy S (2010 년 )

28 그림. 모바일디바이스의전원의발전 Trend( 삼성전자 ) 리튬이차전지기술 모바일 IT 용이차전지 ( 개발필요성 ) 모바일 IT용소형리튬이차전지는 IT등소형전지분야의시장점유율유지 확대를목적으로고부가가치, 디자인유연성 (Flexible화), 초소형화전지개발

29 Energy Storage Systems

30 Classification of Batteries 일차전지 : disposable 전지, 이차전지 : reusable 전지

31 Battery History Rechargeable batteries highlighted in bold. First battery, Voltaic Pile, Zn-Cu with NaCl electrolyte, nonrechargeable, but short shelf life First battery with long shelf life, Daniel Cell, Zn-Cu with H2SO4 and CuSO4 electrolytes, non-rechargeable 1800 Volta 1836 England John Fedine First electric carriage, 4 MPH with non-rechargeable batteries First rechargeable battery, lead acid, Pb-PbO2 with H2SO4 electrolyte First mass produced non-spillable battery, dry cell, ZnC- Mn02 with ammonium disulphate electrolyte, nonrechargeable Ni-Cd battery with potassium hydroxide electrolyte invented First mass produced electric vehicle, with Edison nickel iron NiOOH-Fe rechargeable battery with potassium hydroxide electrolyte Modern low cost Eveready (now Energizer) Alkaline nonrechargeable battery invented, Zn-MnO2 with alkaline electrolyte NiH2 long life rechargeable batteries put in satellites 1970s US NiMH rechargeable batteries invented 1989 US 1839 Scotland Robert Anderson 1859 France Gaston Plante 1896 Carl Gassner 1910 Sweden Walmer Junger 1914 US Thomas Edison and Henry Ford 1955 US Lewis Curry Li Ion rechargeable batteries sold 1991 US Sony

32 Rechargeable Batteries

33 Rechargeable Batteries

34 Batteries ; unit cell, battery package, battery module Two unit cells Unit cell? Duracell batteries 9v battery 6v dry cell More precisely, battery package Battery module

35 Rechargeable Batteries 표. 이차전지종류에따른적용소재및특성 납축전지 Ni-Cd 전지 Ni-MH 전지리튬이온전지슈퍼커패시터 양극소재 PbO 2 NiOOH NiOOH LiCoO 2 등활성탄 음극소재 Pb Cd MH 흑연등활성탄 전해액 H 2 SO 4 KOH KOH 유기계유기계 작동전압 2.0V 1.2V 1.2V 3.6V 2.7V 에너지밀도 (Wh/kg) 에너지밀도 (Wh/L)

Electrochemical Cell The metals in a cell are called the electrodes (electronic conductors), and the chemical solution is called the electrolyte (ionic conductor).

36 Electrochemical Cell The metals in a cell are called the electrodes (electronic conductors), and the chemical solution is called the electrolyte (ionic conductor). The electrolyte reacts oppositely with the two different electrodes It causes one electrode to lose electrons and develop a +ve charge (oxidation); and the other electrode to build a surplus of electrons and develop a charge (reduction). The difference in potential between the two electrode charges is the cell voltage.

37 Electrochemical Cell

38 Electrochemical Cell

39 Rechargeable Batteries Pb : 207.2

40 Rechargeable Batteries Pb : Ni : 58.9

41 Rechargeable Batteries Pb : Ni : 58.9 Li : 6.9

42 Rechargeable Batteries

43 Lithium Secondary (Rechargeable) Batteries 리튬이차전지는외부형태와외장재질에따라원통형, 각형, 코인형, 파우치형분류 Cylindrical type Prismatic type Coin type Pouch type

44 Lithium Secondary (Rechargeable) Batteries 리튬이차전지는외부형태와외장재질에따라원통형, 각형, 코인형, 파우치형분류

45 Rechargeable Batteries 전극판설계 제조기술 I. Al 집전체 : Al current collector [ 12 ~ 20µm ] II. 양극극판 : Cathode Electrode [ 40 ~ 200µm ] III. 분리막 : Separator [ 16 ~ 30µm ] IV. 음극극판 : Anode Electrode [ 30 ~ 150µm ] V. Cu 집전체 : Cu current collector [ 8 ~ 15µm ] 그림. 리튬이차전지용전극판의형태

46 Rechargeable Battery Production Line Mixer Advanced coater

47 Rechargeable Battery Production Line Roll presser Automatic slitting machine

48 Rechargeable Battery Production Line Automatic winder

교수소개 김광범 공과대학 B 관 325 호 연구분야 : Materials Electrochemistry 전기에너지저장장기 (Li secondary batteries, Supercapacitors) 에너지저장소재국가지정연구

교수소개 김광범 공과대학 B 관 325 호 연구분야 : Materials Electrochemistry 전기에너지저장장기 (Li secondary batteries, Supercapacitors) 에너지저장소재국가지정연구 Electrochemical Properties of Materials for Electrical Energy Storage Applications Lecture Note 1, September 1, 2011 Kwang Kim Yonsei Univ., KOREA kbkim@yonsei.ac.kr 39 Y 88.91 8 O 16.00 7 N 14.01 34 Se