1

4. (Vibration Condition Monitoring) 1. 2. 3. 4. (,, ) 5. (transducer):,, 6. 7. 8. (baseline) 9. (trending) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -1- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(remedial action) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -2- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

,, (flow chart),, (rpm), (,, ),, PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -3- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(Permanently Installed Systems) (Semi-Permanent Systems) (Portable Monitoring Systems) (Continuous Data Collection) (Periodic Data Collection) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -4- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

, (signal conditioner), PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -5- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -6- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

, (, ), PC PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -7- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(damage) (, ) (safety) (impact) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -8- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

, (trends) multiplexing rate multi-plex connection (alert limits) ( ), (real time) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -9- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

multi-plexer connection off-limit, scanning Intermittent,, PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -10- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

On-line Off-line monitoring On-line monitoring Expensive No duplication No redundancy Single line process Many maintenance staff Maintenance free Screen for further work Installing for retrofit is difficult Off-line monitoring Cheap Duplication Redundancy Many lines No maintenance staff Intensive maintenance More work all of the time Retrofit easy PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -11- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -12- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(stationary vibration) :, (base) (relative vibration) : (rotor) (absolute vibration) : PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -13- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

ISO 10816 (class). : RMS (mm/sec, rms) : (velocity transducer) (accelerometer) : (pedestal) (ISO 10816 Part 1) : (axial motion) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -14- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

ISO 7919 2 : (flexible shaft) 90, 2 PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -15- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(shaft vibration) (ISO 7919 Part 1) : 1), 2) (flexible rotor), 3) seismic (shaft riding sensor),, (shaft rider seismic ) / ( seismic ) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -16- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(1) (µm), (mm/s) (m/s 2 ) : : : DC,, PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -17- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(2), peak rms ISO 7919-1 S max : S p-p : (peak to peak) Filtering (orbit) ) ISO 10816 ISO 7919 (broadband) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -18- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(1) 1) (, ) 2) 3) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -19- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(2) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -20- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(accelerometer) seismic 10kHz 100kHz 1) : 0.1Hz ~ 30kHz 2) : 10 ~ 200 g ( ) 3) : ~ 120C ( (charge amp.) ) ~ 250C ( ) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -21- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(velocity transducer) 4Hz~20Hz (built-in) 10Hz 1Hz : 1 ~ 2000Hz : - 50 ~ 200 C : 50 ~ 200g PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -22- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(proximity transducer) (proximity transducer) AC DC seismic, Seismic, : 0.01Hz ~ 10kHz : 1 ~ 10mm : -50 ~ 200-50 ~ 125 C PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -23- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(1), (, mid-span) (rubbing) (angular position) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -24- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(2) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -25- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

, (1) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -26- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

, (2) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -27- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

, (3) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -28- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

, (4) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -29- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

, (5) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -30- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(hand-held) ISO 5348, Mechanical Vibration and Shock - Mechanical Mounting of Accelerometers (signal loss) (cements) (magnet), PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -31- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

bracket bracket 1 khz ( 30kHz PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -32- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(magnitude range) (, ISO 10816 ISO 7919) 10dB 1/3 (self noise) 10dB PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -33- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(frequency range) (1) (harmonics),,,,, (vane) (frequency range), (calibration sensitivity) 0.2 3.5 ( 10kHz ),, PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -34- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(2) (Eshleman) (shaft vibration) : 10 X RPM (Rotation Per Minute) (gearbox) : 3 X GMF (Gear Mesh Frequency) : 10 X BPFI (Ball Pass Frequency of Inner race) (pump) : 3 X VPF (Vane Passing Frequency) / : 3 X 2LF (Line Frequency) (fan) : 3 X BPF (Blade Passing Frequency) : 10 X RPM (engine) : 12 X RPM PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -35- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(3), (suitability), 10kHz ( ), 10kHz PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -36- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(phase) 2, (phase lag) zero crossing (reference point), (trigger location), (keyway), 1 (optical sensor) (unbalance), (thermal vectoring),,, (cross-coupling effect) (identification) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -37- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

Type 1: 5% (allowable tolerance) Type 2: 10% Type 1 Type 2 (repeatability),,, (compensation), PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -38- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(conditioning) ISO 13373-2 PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -39- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(baseline data) (formats) Cascade(waterfall) Bode Nyquist (polar plot) (orbit) ISO 13373-2 ISO 13373-3 PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -40- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(1) (baseline) (flow rate) (overhaul) (wear-in period), PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -41- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(2) (operability) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -42- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(broadband) Bode, waterfall (orbit) (shaft centerline position) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -43- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(broadband vibration) (dynamic range) 0.2 3.5 0.1~100 mm/s rms 10 khz 10Hz ISO 7919 ISO 10816 PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -44- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(1) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -45- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(2) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -46- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -47- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(trending) (intervals) (criticality), On-line (dumping) (surveillance) (step) 5 rpm, PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -48- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(broad band trending) (1) ISO 7919, ISO 10816 ISO 7919 : ISO 10816 : 4 PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -49- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(2) (severity) A : B : C : D : PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -50- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(3) (fu) (fl), fx fy, fx fy, fu, fx fy ISO 10816 A B C (remedial action) C D PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -51- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(alarm) (class) B 25%, C B 1.25 (overhaul) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -52- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(trip) (trip) (integrity), (design feature) (guideline) C D, C 1.25 ISO 7919 ISO 10816 PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -53- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

A B (time frame) (reading) 25%, PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -54- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(reschedule) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -55- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(train) (display),, 11 (reference) Bode, Nyquist/, Campbell, cascade(waterfall) (deterioration) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -56- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

3 (anomalies) (process parameter) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -57- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(discrete frequency) (irregularity) (rubbing), (overhaul) (anomalies) (source) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -58- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(1x) (2x, 3x) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -59- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

Broadband Trending overall rms 10 10,000 Hz Unfiltering Narrowband Trending overall PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -60- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

5. (Abnormal Vibration Diagnostics) 1. 2. / 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -61- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

,,,, ( ) Muliti-Bearing Multi-Rotor System (,, ) : 1) / 2) 3) ( ) 4) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -62- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

: (37 ), (37-37.5 ), (37.5-38 ), (38-39 ), (39 ) ( )/ ( ) overall, (baseline data, reference value, threshold value),, (ISO 7919) 1) 2) 3) 4) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -63- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

overall / 1) < : (normal) 2) > : (abnormal), ISO 7919( ISO 2372, 2373, 3945) 2 (warning, trip ) 3 (normal), (warning, ) (trip, ) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -64- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -65- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -66- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(1X) (subharmonics) (superharmonics) Overall Overall,, : 2, / PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -67- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

Oil Whip:,, Decision Tree :,. Decision Table : ( (fault matrix)). ( ) ( ) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -68- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

Decision Tree (1) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -69- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

Decision Tree (2) 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 1 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2, 5, 7 1, 4, 7, PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -70- Intelligent Mechanics Lab. 2, 3 9 2, 3 5 1, 8 9 6 9 9 4 9 Rubbing Friction whip Hysteresis whip Steam whirl Oil whip 2 Crack

) :. 1) (balancing) 2) 3) (thermal unbalance) (thermal bent) 4) (rubbing), ( ) 1) :. 2) : 3) :. 4) : PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -71- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -72- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -73- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(1),,,, 1 : 1),, 2) ( ) 3) 4), (1) a),, b) ( ), c), Overhaul PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -74- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(2) (2) a),, ( ) b) c),,, d) 1 e) (3) a). b),. (4) a), b) (5) ( ) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -75- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(3) 2 : 1),, 2) 3), 4), 3 : 1) 2), 3) 4) FFT, Data Recorder PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -76- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(4) 4 : 1) (V), (H), (A),,, 2), 3) 4),,.,. 5)... 6) :..,. PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -77- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(5) 5 :., 1. 1) : (30% ) 2) :, 3) : (1) (balancing) 2. (2) 1) 1 2),, (swirl breaker) 3), (Kv> Kh). PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -78- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(1) 1),, 1) (raw signal) 2), 3), 2) ( ), 3) 1) FFT ( ) 2), 1) :, 2) : PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -79- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(2) 2), (1) (2),,,, (3) (Hammering Test), (4) (, ),, 1), 2) 2, 3), 1),, 2) 3) ( ), 4) (solo test) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -80- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(, ),,, Trend (, ),,,, (forward) (backward) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -81- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(Defect Diagnostic Techniques) (modulation), - (time waveform,, analysis) (orbital analysis) (phase analysis), -, (subsynchronous whirl) /, / (, ), FFT, 2,, FFT, -FFT, (spectrum analysis), (sidebands), (beats),, / PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -82- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(Eshleman) 1: ( ) 1X (harmonics) nx (n = 1, 2, ) ( 1). 2: ( 2). ) ( ), ( ), 3: ( 3). 4: 2 (beat frequency) ( 4). 5: ( 5). 6: ( ) (sidebands) ( 6).. PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -83- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(1) 1. (air-gap) : 2. 9 MW): PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -84- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(2) 3. pall 4. (beat) : (3300 rpm) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -85- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

( ) 6. 2 ( end float ) : 744Hz PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -86- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

5. 1. ( ) 2. (mass unbalance) 3. (misalignment) 4. (beat) 5. (shaft bent) 6. / 7. (rubbing) 8. (looseness) 9. PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -87- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

( Critical Speeds) : 15% (resonance),, (balancing), (rotor). ( ) 7. (fan) (critical speed map) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -88- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

( Mass Unbalance) : ( ) : 1 pedestal) ( 2X, 3X) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -89- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

( Misalignment) 3 rotor),, (preload) pedestal( foundation). 2., 2X 1X. 9. (exciter) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -90- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

( Misalignment) 1X 2X 1X. (Orbit) (preload) 8. 11. 1X. 10. (orbit) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -91- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

, : 1) A >V/2, H/2 (IRD) 2) 2X >1X/2, 1X >3.8mm/s (Bloch&Geitner) 0 (1X) (forward) 3) 180+-30 (Jackson) (1X), (2X, 3X ) (forward), flange, hole, PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -92- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

( rotor bow/bent shaft) (rotor bow)(bent shaft),. rotor bow (rubbing), rotor bow, (slow-roll) bow 11. (200 MW) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -93- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

/ (wear) (clearance) (1X), (balancing), 12 (9 MW ) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -94- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(Rubbing) : ( ) (Seal, Blade tip, Shroud) ) : Grand (0.5mm ), (0.8mm), : Wear-ring, Balance piston(0.22-0.25mm) : 1) 2) thermal bent 3),, : 1) (looseness),, 2) (orbit) (sense) 3) 1X, ½X, 1/3X, 1/4X PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -95- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(Looseness) :,,,, Base plate : 1) 2) slip, ( ) 3), 4) : 1X, 2X, 3X, 1/2X,1/3X 5), 1/2X, 1/3X 1/4X (subharmonic resonance) (harmonic resonance) 13 PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -96- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

(Rolling Element Bearings) cage, 15 PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -97- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

( Bearing frequencies) 4 (1) (Ball Pass Frequency of the outer race; BPFO) BPFO = (N/2)W[1-(B/P)cosf] (2) (Ball Pass Frequency of the inner race; BPFI) BPFI = (N/2)W[1+(B/P)cosf] (3) (Ball Spin Frequency; BSF) BSF = (P/2B)W[1-(B/P) 2 cos 2 f] (4) (Fundamental Train Frequency; FTF) FTF = (W/2)[1-(B/P)cosf], (sideband), PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -98- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

1) 2) (load zone) 3) (radial bearing), angular contact 4), (sideband). sideband. 5) (pulse). 6), Step 1. Step 2. Step 3. Step 4. PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. -99- Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

BPFO BPFO BPFI : : BSF FTF FTF (RPS) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. - 100 - Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

( Inner race defects) 16. 1) BPFI : 42Hz 2) : 84 Hz, 124 Hz, 166 Hz (shallow flaking) 17. 2 1) 2) PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. - 101 - Intelligent Mechanics Lab.

/ 18. Cage 19. 1) FTF : 6Hz 2) : 78Hz, 151Hz, 224Hz 3) 6Hz 4) 0.03 in/s rms,, PUKYONG NATIONAL UNIV. - 102 - Intelligent Mechanics Lab.