저작자표시 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 이차적저작물을작성할수있습니다. 이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니

저작자표시 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 이차적저작물을작성할수있습니다. 이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우, 이저작물에적용된이용허락조건을명확하게나타내어야합니다. 저작권자로부터별도의허가를받으면이러한조건들은적용되지않습니다. 저작권법에따른이용자의권리는위의내용에의하여영향을받지않습니다. 이것은이용허락규약 (Legal Code) 을이해하기쉽게요약한것입니다. Disclaimer

Study on health and environmental hazard assessment of industrial wastes in Korea 2013 2

Study on health and environmental hazard assessment of industrial wastes in Korea 2012 10 2012 12 ( ) ( ) ( )

...,...., 7, 15. UN(United Nations) GHS(Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals). 69% 22%. (p<0.01), 48.3%, Kappa 0.145.. i

,.. :,,, : 2010-23788 ii

1. 1 1.1. 1 1.2. 1 1.3. 3 1.4. 7 2. 8 2.1. 8 2.2. 10 2.3. 11 2.4. 11 3. 13 3.1. 13 3.2. 17 3.3. 22 3.4. 24 3.5. 27 4. 29 5. 33 iii

34 38 A. 38 B. (15 ) 43 C. 44 45 iv

1. 9 2. 15 3. 16 4.. 18 5. 21 6. 23 7. Spearman 25 8. 28 v

1. 1.1.. 611 [1]. (NPL, National Priority Lists) 2 700 [2].,,,, 275 [2].,,,, /. (Love Canal) [3]. ATSDR(Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) NPL Site (46%, 92~96 ) [2].,,,,, [3].,,, [4].., 1

, [4]. [4]. 1.2.,. (Hazardous Waste) (Hazardous Characteristics) [5]. (Basel Covention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal) 14 [5]. (OECD, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) [6]. (EU, European Union) 15 [7], 4 [8].,, [9]. ( ) [10].,,.. 2

. A (List A) B (List B) [5]. [5].. 1.3.,. [11]. (dangerous substances),. [12], [7,13].,.,. [8,14]. TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) [8]. [4]. 3

... [15,16]., [17],. (additive model) [16]. GHS(Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals). GHS UN(United Nations) [18].,, [19]. GHS (concentration limits)., [18]. [8,20]., ph,,, ph [21,22]. 4

[8]., [23]. TCLP. TCLP EP(Extraction Procedure) (Land Disposal Restrictions) 1986 (US EPA) [14,24]. TCLP [20]. [24]. TCLP [20]... 4 (characteristics), EPA (list) [8]. (characteristic hazardous waste) (listed hazardous waste). (ignitability), (corrosivity), (reactivity), (toxicity) 4, F-list, K-list, P-list, U-list 4. EPA 3 (listing criteria) [8,25]. 4, (acute hazardous waste). 5

(toxic waste). (toxic waste) (nature of toxicity) [25,26]. (characteristic hazardous waste), toxicity characteristic waste (listed hazardous waste) toxic waste [8,25,26]. TCLP [8,25,26]. (listed hazardous waste) (listing criteria) EPA [8,26]. TCLP.., [27]. [28]. [29-31].,, [27].... 6

. UN, GHS [32]. OECD [33], EU GHS [34]. 1.4.. TCLP [23,29-31,35-37]. [20], [38]..,. 7

2. 2.1. [39-42]. 2008 2011 4.,. 12 (Hg Pb Cd As Cu Cr(VI) CN TCE PCE PCBs) 11 (Sb Ni F V Ba Zn Be Se PAHs HCHO PCDD/PCDFs) 23. 1 [39-42]..,,.,,,,,, 7.., TCE. (Ni), (Zn), (F), (Sb), (Ba), (Se), (Be), (V), 6 (Cr(VI)), (Cd), (Cu), (Pb), (Hg), (As), (CN) 15. 321. 8

1. Ba,Be Ni Sb,Se V,Zn [ ] (mg/l) 2 3 - (HNO 3 ), (HNO 3 )- (HCl) (HNO 3 )- (HCl0 4 ) (HNO 3 )- (H 2 0 2 ) FAAS [Ni, Zn] 5~0.04* ICP-AES 08~0.05 [Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Sb, Se, V, Zn] F - - UV-VIS 3 0.02 Cd,Cu Pb CN Cr 6+ Hg As Ba,Be Ni Sb,V Zn 2 3 - (HNO 3 ) - (HNO 3 )- (HCl0 4 ) 4 5 - ( - ) 7 7 - (HNO 3 )- (H 2 SO 4 ) 2 3-2 5 2 3 - (HNO 3 ) - (HNO 3 )- (HCl) (HNO 3 )- (HF)- (HCl) - (H 2 0 2 )- FAAS ICP-AES ICP-MS UV-VIS 0.01 UV-VIS FAAS ICP-AES CVAAS ICP-AES FAAS ICP-AES 8~0.04 7~0.04-2 0.01 7 05 1 5 0.05 FAAS [Cr, Ni, Zn] ICP-AES 5~0.05* [Ba,Be,Cr,Ni,Sb,V, 08~0.021 Zn] ICP-MS - [Be, Cr, Zn] Se (HNO 3 )- (HCl) ICP-AES 0.02~0.05 F Cd,Cu Pb 2 3 - - - - (HNO 3 )- (HF)- (HCl) (HNO 3 )- (H 2 0 2 )- (HCl) UV-VIS FAAS ICP-AES ICP-MS CN [EPA9013A] - 25 g UV-VIS 0.2 Cr 6+ Hg [EPA3060] - 2.5 g - (NaOH 20 g/l+ 30g/L) [EPA7471a] - (HNO 3 :HF HNO 3 ) - (H 2 SO 4 :HNO 3 :KMnO 4 =5mL:2mL:5mL) UV-VIS 0.5 3 0.02 0.02 1.4 5~0.1* 23~0.028 - CVAAS 02* As (HNO 3 )- (HCl) ICP-AES 0.02~0.05 * IDL : instrument detection limit 9

2.2.. UN GHS. GHS (Physical hazards), (Health hazards), (Environmental hazards).. (Aspiration Toxicity) (Kinematic viscosity). (Acute toxicity), / (Skin corrosion/irritation), / (Serious eye damage/eye irriation), (Respiratory or skin sensitization), (Germ cell mutagenicity), (Carcinogenicity), (Reproductive toxicity), -1 (Specific target organ toxicity single exposure), - (Specific target organ toxicity repeated exposure) (Acute(short-term) aquatic hazard) (Long-term aquatic hazard). 11.. 15 GHS. GHS ( ), K-CIC( ), echemportal(oecd), ECHA C&L Inventory database(eu), [43-46]. 11 10

.,.. 2.3..,.. 15,,,,, 6, 7, 8.. 2.4..,. 11

,. (Percent Agreement) Kappa. R 2.13.1, SPSS 12.0. 12

3. 3.1. 2 3. 321, 193, 40, 67, 3, 16, 1, 1,, 93%.. 2010 53,675 [47,48]. 11,252 (21.0%), 14,601 (27.2%), 1,787 (3.3%), 1,807 (3.4%), 1,729 (3.2%), 56 (0.1%), 125 (0.2%) 58.4% [47,78].,, 51.5%. 15, 1%, 0.1% 0.1%. 1%,,, 0.1%.. 1%, 0.1%. 1%. 6. 13

1 mg/l,,,.,, 1 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 1mg/L., 10 mg/l,,, 1 mg/l. 10 mg/l, 2 100 mg/l 1 mg/l. 6. 14

2. n Ni Zn F Sb Ba Se Be V Cr 6+ Cd Cu Pb Hg As CN 321 1823.01 (76809.4) 20480.61 (78979.6) 851.82 (2136.2) 81.90 (444.8) 534.12 (2515.2) 22.36 (102.8) 1.18 (8.1) 275.94 (2243.5) 137.03 (1121.4) 88.47 (882.2) 10104.69 (55603.0) 16907.40 (110905.7) 2.04 (19.2) 7.32 (33.5) 112.59 (715.9) 193 2117.75 (9148.5) 6757.71 (21452.8) 1055.29 (2324.13) 39.38 (150.4) 681.54 (3171.6) 16.16 (77.8) 1.18 (9.9) 350.07 (2838.3) 177.83 (1413.3) 90.84 (1120.3) 8142.04 (36466.1) 1453.24 (8523.3) 2.49 (24.4) 7.09 (41.2) 32.09 (103.3) 40 1002.14 (3051.3) 45217.21 (137906.7) 471.41 (1102.69) 41.64 (153.6) 369.25 (1192.2) 35.62 (110.2) 1.57 (5.0) 136.96 (683.0) (0.0) 11.99 (49.6) 37325.91 (135555.5) 60399.13 (252951.5) 0.01 (0.0) 3.64 (12.0) 50.67 (89.2) 67 1157.80 (2734.2) 50549.18 (125420.1) 655.00 (2298.09) 194.71 (896.0) 138.67 (288.2) 20.38 (73.1) 1.21 (4.4) 226.71 (800.7) 149.72 (619.0) 144.65 (31.3) 3033.02 (14542.9) 34587.99 (135047.3) 2.43 (6.9) 10.21 (18.8) 348.47 (1518.9) 3 15395.69 (25370.4) 387.36 (670.9) 19.67 (14.31) 133.77 (208.0) (0.0) 397.15 (687.9) 0.15 (0.3) 0.04 (0.1) (0.0) 0.54 (0.67) 0.57 (1.0) 140.64 (138.5) 0.01 (0.01) 2.31 (1.40) 914.26 (869.5) 16 788.50 1026.2) 4578.89 (4719.1) 291.09 (479.85) 233.51 (472.9) 969.05 (899.9) 4.79 (12.3) 0.28 (0.5) 21.54 (30.9) 2.06 (5.1) 42.41 (114.3) 1896.77 (3225.3) 25813.57 (71928.8) 0.74 (1.6) 9.14 (13.5) 109.40 (133.9) 1 71.79 1238.11-15.07 0.01 1 59.01 1068.36 349.48-37.48 0.02 * ( ) * : mg/kg 15

3. n Ni Zn F Sb Ba Se Be V Cr 6+ Cd Cu Pb Hg As CN 321 3.23 (35.4) 11.31 (56.3) 3.34 (26.4) 0.11 (0.9) 0.41 (1.9) 0.05 (0.2) (0.1) 2.09 (16.5) 0.21 (1.7) 0.48 (4.1) 1.35 (1.1) 8.05 (64.7) 0.05 (0.4) 0.07 (0.5) 0.60 (6.2) 193 0.48 (2.1) 6.67 (43.3) 1.71 (3.1) 0.03 (0.1) 0.23 (0.5) 0.02 (0.1) (0.1) 0.96 (10.1) (0.0) 0.01 (0.1) 2.04 (14.6) 0.61 (7.1) (0.1) 0.06 (0.5) 0.10 (0.4) 40 0.10 (0.2) 11.95 (62.2) 1.77 (6.7) 0.08 (0.2) 0.82 (2.8) 0.08 (0.2) (0.0) 2.25 (14.2) (0.0) (0.0) 0.07 (0.2) 3.11 (11.9) 0.0 (0.0) 0.10 (0.4) 0.14 (0.2) 67 13.8 (77.0) 27.39 (85.2) 9.98 (57.1) 0.35 (1.9) 0.31 (1.2) 0.12 (0.4) 0.01 (0.1) 5.88 (29.7) 0.79 (3.2) 2.27 (8.8) 0.43 (1.4) 13.99 (74.2) 0.22 (0.8) 0.11 (0.6) 2.14 (13.3) 3 0.68 (0.4) 0.35 (0.6) 0.05 (0.0) 0.05 (0.0) (0.0) 0.03 (0.1) (0.0) 0.01 (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 0.08 (0.1) (0.0) (0.0) 2.29 (2.1) 16 0.81 (1.4) 1.73 (2.9) 0.09 (0.1) 0.10 (0.1) 2.21 (6.4) 0.07 (0.2) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 0.26 (0.7) 87.87 (237.1) (0.0) 0.01 (0.0) 0.73 (1.2) 1-1 0.32 0.26-0.03 * ( ) * : mg/l 16

3.2. 4 15 GHS 11. 1.,,,,,, 6,,,,, 11. 15 5, 6,, 6. GHS 5. 321 69% 220 31%., 79% 21%.. 17

4. Ni Zn F Sb Ba Se Be V - : 1 - : 1 - : 2 - (1 ) : 1 - ( ) : 1 - ( ) : 4 - : 1 - : 1 - ( : ) : 1 - / : 2 - : 2 - (1 ) : 1 - ( ) : 1 - ( ) : 2 - / : 2 - / : 2 - (1 ) : 3( ) - : 3 - (1 ) : 1 - ( ) : 1 - : 1 - : 1 - : 1 - : 1 - : 1A - (1 ) : 1 - ( ) : 1 - : 4 - / : 2 - / : 2 - : 4 18

4. ( ) Cr(Ⅵ) 1) Cd Cu Pb - ( ) : 3 - ( ) : 4 - ( : / ) : 2 - / : 1 - / : 1 - : 1 - : 1 - : 1A - : 1B - : 1B - (1 ) : 1 - ( ) : 1 - : 1 - : 1 - ( ) : 4 - ( : / ) : 1 - : 1A - : 2 - : 2 - (1 ) : 1 - ( ) : 1 - : 1 - : 1 - (1 ) : 3( ) - ( ) : 1 - : 1 - : 1 - : 2 - : 2 - : 1A - ( ) : 1 19

4. ( ) Hg As CN 2) - : 1 - : 2 - : 1A - (1 ) : 1 - ( ) : 1 - : 4 - ( ) : 4 - : 1A - : 1A - : 4 - ( ) : 1 - ( ) : 1 - ( : ) : 1 - / : 2 - : 2 - (1 ) : 1 - ( ) : 1 - : 1 - : 1 1) (Cr 2 K 2 O 7 ), (ZnCrO 4 ) 2) (HCN), (NaCN), (KCN) 20

5. n (%) 321 (100) 220 (69) 101 (31) 193 (100) 121 (63) 72 (37) 40 (100) 26 (65) 14 (35) 67 (100) 53 (79) 14 (21) 3 (100) 3 (100) 0 (0) 16 (100) 15 (94) 1 (6) 1 (100) 1 (100) 0 (0) 1 (100) 1 (100) 0 (0) 21

3.3.. 6.. 321 22% 70, 78% 251. 12%., 49%.. 22

6. n (%) 321 (100) 70 (22) 251 (78) 193 (100) 24 (12) 169 (88) 40 (100) 35 (13) 5 (88) 67 (100) 33 (49) 34 (51) 3 (100) 3 (100) 0 (0) 16 (100) 5 (31) 11 (69) 1 (100) 0 (0) 1 (100) 1 (100) 0 (0) 1 (100) 23

3.4. 7. 15 (r=0.922, p<1), (r=0.908, p<1) (r=0.752, p<1), (r=0.264, p<1) (r=0.167, p=3), (r=0.555, p<1), (r=0.386, p<1) 10.. (r=0.866, p<1), (r=0.912, p<1). 24

7. Spearman n r p-value Ni 321 0.555 < 1 193 0.552 < 1 40 0.633 < 1 67 0.541 < 1 Zn 321 0.386 < 1 193 0.319 < 1 40 0.282 0.078 67 0.485 < 1 F 321 0.301 < 1 193 0.070 0.336 40 0.362 0.022 67 0.866 < 1 Sb 321 0.752 < 1 193 0.744 < 1 40 0.850 < 1 67 0.623 < 1 Ba 321 0.625 < 1 193 0.657 < 1 40 0.575 < 1 67 0.554 < 1 Se 321 0.908 < 1 193 0.880 < 1 40 0.931 < 1 67 0.909 < 1 Be 321 0.167 3 193 0.169 0.019 40 NA NA 67 0.230 0.062 25

7. Spearman ( ) n r p-value V 321 0.471 < 1 193 0.544 < 1 40 0.255 0.113 67 0.398 < 1 Cr(Ⅵ) 202 0.652 < 1 106 0.553 < 1 28 NA NA 55 0.666 < 1 Cd 321 0.426 < 1 193 0.388 < 1 40 0.180 0.265 63 0.603 < 1 Cu 319 0.264 < 1 193 0.316 < 1 38 0.136 0.415 67 0.197 0.109 Pb 321 0.658 < 1 193 0.528 < 1 40 0.714 < 1 67 0.744 < 1 Hg 321 0.313 < 1 193 0.259 < 1 40 0.144 0.374 67 0.450 < 1 As 321 0.482 < 1 193 0.635 < 1 40 0.912 < 1 67 0.082 0.509 CN 311 0.922 < 1 183 0.875 < 1 40 0.986 < 1 67 0.953 < 1 26

3.5. 321 220 68.5% 70 21.8%. 62 19.3%, 29.0% 93. 155 312 (percent agreement) 48.3%. Kappa 0.145. Kappa. Kappa 0 poor agreement, 0.0 0.20 slight agreement, 0.21-0.40 fair agreement, 0.41 0.60 moderate agreement, 0.61 0.80 substantial agreement, 0.81 1.00 almost perfect agreement [49]. Kappa. Kappa 0 [50]. Kappa p [50]. 8. 193 86 44.6%. 19 9.8%, 67 34.7%. Kappa 0.069. 42.5%. 31 67 46.3%, 12 17.9%. 64.2%, Kappa 0.290. 37.5%. 27

8. n 321 (%) (%) 62(19.3) 8(2.5) 70(21.8) 158(49.2) 93(29.0) 251(78.2) 220(68.5) 101(31.5) 321(100),% 48.3 Kappa (95% CI) 0.145 (0.084,0.206) 193 19(9.8) 5(2.6) 24(12.4) 102(52.8) 67(34.7) 169(87.6) 121(62.7) 72(37.3) 193(100) 44.6 0.069 (-2,0.140) 40 4(10.0) 1(2.5) 5(12.5) 22(55.0) 13(32.5) 35(87.5) 26(65.0) 14(35.0) 40(100) 42.5 0.061 (-0.086,0.208) 67 31(46.3) 2(3.0) 33(49.3) 22(32.8) 12(17.9) 34(50.7) 53(79.1) 14(20.9) 67(100) 64.2 0.290 (0.106,0.474) 16 5(31.3) 0(0.0) 5(31.3) 10(62.5) 1(6.3) 11(68.8) 15(93.8) 1(6.3) 16(100) 37.5 0.059 (-0.063,0.181) 28

4. (p<0.01). ph [51-54]. TCLP [23,29,31,34-37]...,,,.. 48.3%, Kappa 0.145. Kappa, Kappa. Kappa [55]. 48.3%. 64.2% Kappa 0.290... 29

. 49.2% 2.5%., EU., 321 8, 4, 2, 1.... [10],.. 2010 115,338 [47].,,, 9,310, 3,249, 100,239, 2,538 87% [47]. 3,463 668 1,944 56% 30

[48].... 11 [4]. 10. 1991 [4]. 40 25 [8,9]. [21-23,29-31,35-37].,..,... 31

,..,.. 15. 27 [5].., [20].,,,. 4 56.8% 20 [10,47].., 4.. 32

5..... (p<0.01). (Kappa =0.145),.,..,. 33

[1]. 2012. 2010. [2] B. L. Johnson. 1999. Impact of Hazardous Waste on Human Health, Lewis Publishers. [3]. 2005... [4] ( 2012.12.12.). 488. 2012.12.12. [5] UNEP. 1989. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. [6] OECD. 1988. Decision of the Council on Transfrontier Movements of Hazardous Wastes C(88)90/FINAL. [7] European Union. Directive 2008/98/EC of the european parliament and of the council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain directives. Official journal of the european union L 312, 22.11.2008:3-30. [8] US EPA. 2011. RCRA Orientation manual 2011. [9] 日本環境省. 廃棄物の処理及び清掃に関する法律. [10] ( 2012.7.22). 10888. 2011.7.21. [11] The Council of European Communities. 1978. Council Directive of 20 March 1978 on toxic and dangerous waste 78/319/EEC. OJ L 84/43-48. 1978.3.31. [12] The Council of European Communities. 1991. Council Directive of 20 December 1991 on hazardous waste 91/689/EEC. OJ L 377/20-27. 1991.12.31. [13] UK Environment Agency. 2005. Hazardous waste: Interpretation of the definition and classification of hazardous waste (2nd edition). Technical Guidance WM2. [14] R. M. Bricka, T. T. Holmes, M. J. Cullinane Jr. 1992. A comparative evaluation of two extraction procedures: the TCLP and the EP. USEPA, 34

EPA/600/S2-91/049. [15],,,,. 2012.. 49(2):78-87. [16] U.S. EPA. 2000. Supplementary guidance for conducting health risk assessment of chemical mixtures. EPA 630/R-00/002. [17]. 2004... [18] United Nations. 2011. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS, Rev.4). ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.4. [19],,. 2012. UN GHS.. 22(2):140-148. [20] U.S. EPA. Guide for Industrial waste management. [21],,. 1997., Availability EPA EP. 19(7):855-862. [22],,. 1998.. 20(3):421-432. [23],. 1998. TCLP. 15(7):721-728. [24] U.S. EPA. 1989. Stabilization/Solidification of CERCLA and RCRA Wastes : Physical Tests, Chemical Testing Procedures, Technology Screening, and Field Activities. EPA/625/6-89/022. [25] U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. 2012. Title 40 Part 261. [26] U.S. EPA. Training Curriculum : RCRA / Hazardous Waste Identification. (http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/correctiveaction/curriculum/download /hwid-list.pdf). [27] ( 1983.9.1). 733. 1983.8.1. [28]. 1982. ( ). ). [29],,. 1996.. 35

18(2):211-221. [30],,. 1995.. 17(10):983-992. [31],,,,. 1996.. 13(6) :775-783. [32] UNEP. 2004. Approach to Basel Convention hazard characteristic H11: characterization of chronic or delayed toxicity. UNEP/CHW.7/11/Add.2/Rev.1. [33] OECD. 2001. Decision of the council concerning the control of transboundary movements of wastes destined for recovery operations C(2001)FINAL. [34] European Commission. 2012. Technical Proposal for the review of the hazardous properties (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework /pdf /Technical_proposal.pdf). [35],,. 1995.. 17(10):983-992. [36]. 1994.. 20(4):72-79. [37],. 1996.. 9(2):261-270. [38] W. Klöpffer. 1996. Environmental hazard assessment of chemicals and products. Part V. Anthropogenic chemicals in sewage sludge. Chemosphere 33(6):1067 1081. [39]. 2008. (1). [40]. 2009. (2). [41]. 2010. (3). [42]. 2011. (4). [43] http://ncis.nier.go.kr/ghs/index.jsp. [44] http://msds.kosha.or.kr/web/kosha/msdssearch.jsp. [45] http://www.echemportal.org/echemportal/index?pageid=0&request_locale=en. [46] http://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database. 36

[47]. 2011. 2010. [48]. 2011. 2010. [49] J. R. Landis, G. G. Koch. 1977. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33(1):159-174. [50] J. Sim, C. C. Wright. 2005. The Kappa Statistic in Reliability Studies: Use, Interpretation, and Sample Size Requirements. Physical Therapy 85(3):257-268. [51],,,,,. 1992. Slag. 1(1):89-96. [52],,,. 1999.. 21(2):225-233. [53] B. Van der Bruggen, G. Vogels, P. Van Herck, C. Vandecasteele. 1998. Simulation of acid washing of municipal solid waste incineration fly ashes in order to remove heavy metals. Journal of Hazrdous Materials. 57:127-144. [54] H. A. van der Sloot, D. S. Kosson, O. Hjelmar. 2001. Characteristics, treatment and utilization of residues from municipal waste incineration. Waste Management 21:753-765. [55] J. Cohen. 1960. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 20:37-46. 37

A. 1. 1.1. 1/2 0.1% 3 3% 4 25% * 99%.,. 38

1.2. / 1 2 3 1 5% 1%, <5% 2 10% 1%, <10% 3 10% (10 1) + 2 (10 1) + 2 + 3 10% 1%, <10% 10% 1.3. / 1 2 1 3% 1%, <3% 2/2A 10% (10 1) + 2/2A 10% 1 + 1 3% 1%, <3% 10 ( 1 + 1) + 2A/2B) 10% 39

1.4. 0.1% 0.1% 1.5. 1 2 1 2 0.1% 1.0% 1.6. 1 2 1 2 0.1% 0.1% 40

1.7. 1 2 1 2 0.1% 0.1% 1.8. -1 1 2 1 1.0% 2 1.0% 1.9. - 1 2 1 1.0% 2 1.0% 41

2. 2.1. 1 M* >25% 1 (M* 10 1) + 2 >25% 2 (M* 100 1) + (10 2) + 3 >25% 3 * (M factor) : L(E)C50 1 mg/l 1 2.2. 1 M* >25% 1 (M* 10 1) + 2 >25% 2 (M* 100 1) + (10 2) + 3 >25% 3 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 >25% 4 * (M factor) : L(E)C50 1 mg/l 1 42

B. (15 ) / Ba(2), V(2), Cr 6+ (1) / - 1 - ( ) Zn( :4), F( :1), Cr 6+ ( :3, :4, :2), Cd( :4, :1), As( :4), CN-( :1, :1, :1) F(2), Ba(2), V(2), Cr 6+ (1), CN-(2) Ni(1), Be(1), Cr6+(1), Hg(1) Cr 6+ (1), Cd(2), Pb(2), Hg(2) Ni(2), Be(1), Cr6+(1), Cd(1), Pb(2), As(1) F(2), Cr 6+ (1), Cd(2), Pb(1), Hg(1), As(1), CN-(2) Ni(1), F(1), Ba(3), Se(1), Be(1), Cr 6+ (1), Cd(1), Cu(3), Hg(1), CN-(1) Ni(1), F(1), Sb(2), Se(1), Be(1), Cr 6+ (1), Cd(1), Cu(1), Pb(1), Hg(1), CN-(1) Zn(1), Se(1), Cr 6+ (1), Cd(1), Cu(1), CN-(1) Zn(1), Ba(3), Se(1), Be(4), V(4), Cr 6+ (1), Cd(1), Cu(1), Hg(4), As(4), CN(1) 1 * M factor Zn 0.106 1 Se 1 1 Cr6+ 0.066 10 Cd 295 100 Cu 0.0318 10 CN 0.028 10 * ( : mg/l) 43

C. * : mg/l 1) 2) Ni 50 1) Zn 100 1) F 150 1) Sb 5 1) Ba 100 1) Se 5 1) Be 1.3 1) V 20 1) Cr6+ 1.5 2) Cd 0.3 2) Cu 3 2) Pb 3 2) Hg 5 2) As 1.5 2) CN 1 2) 44

Abstract Study on health and environmental hazard assessment of industrial wastes in Korea Kim, Do Hyeong Department of Environmental Health Graduate School of Public Health Seoul National University There are many kinds of hazardous materials in the industrial wastes. In case of improper disposals, it can be a serious threat to the human and environment. Hence the government has the hazardous wastes regulated by strict standards of treatment and disposal. The hazardous wastes are defined as waste possessing one of hazardous characteristics, and each country has varied methods for the classification and assessment of hazardous characteristics. The assessment of wastes can be categorized into two different ways. One is the assesment based on the content of hazardous constituents and the other is that on the leaching of the constituents. Korea makes the assessment to the waste based on the leaching, but the Basel Convention on hazardous wastes recommends the assessment on the content which is the application of assessment methodology for the chemicals. In this study, the both types of assessments are conducted on the 45

Korea industrial wastes. The assessment improvement and the limits of the assessment in Korea will be discussed further in this study. This study compares the two types of assessments based on the analysis results for 15 materials of Nickel, Cadmium, etc and the 7 items of slag, sludge, etc, on which the hazard assessment should be done by Korean law. The assessment based on the content was processed complying with United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals(GHS), and the assessment based on the leaching was carried out abiding by the procedure of Korea waste management act. The result of the content-based assessment says that 69% of the given samples are classified to be hazardous, but the leaching-based assessment shows that only 22% of the samples was hazardous wastes. The statistical analysis says that there is no strong correlation between the content and the leaching of the hazardous constituents (p<0.01), and the agreement of two types of assessments was slight since the percent agreement was 48.3% and Kappa coefficient was 0.145. The most disagreement cases shows that the waste was hazard in the content-based assessment but not in leaching-based assessment. According to Basel Convention, some considerable amount of the wastes are classified as hazardous, whereas the same wastes as non-hazardous in Korea. Therefore, it can be problematic in terms of risk management of waste in view of present domestic circumstances of the increasing recycling. It is more appropriate that there should be a movement toward the methods considering the content of hazardous constituents in Korea waste hazardous assessment. Keywords : industrial waste, hazard assessment, content, leaching content. Student Number : 2010-23788 46