(c) Process Pressure Measurement 1 Process Pressure Measurement Flow, Level, Temperature Flow, Level, Temperature, 2, 1) ( ),, A F F/A 2), 3 (a) (b) (a) (b) (c) 1
(a) (ABSOLUTE PRESSURE), 10 kg/cm 2 abs = + (b) (GAUGE PRESSURE), 10 kg/cm 2 G kg/cm 2 (c) (DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE),, kg/cm 2 diff 3) o Pa (PASCAL) 1[m 2 ] 1[N] 1[Pa] 1 pa = 1 N/ m 2 o 1 kg W/m 2 1[m 2 ] 1[kg W] 1[kg W] 1kg 980665m/s 2 o mh 2 O ( ) 1 mh 2 O = 980665 N/ m 2 o mhg ( ) 1 mhg = 101325/ 076 = 13322368 N/ m 2 o 1 atm ( ) 1 atm = 101325 N/m 2 980665 cm/ s 2 135951 g/cm 2 760mm o 1 torr 1 1 torr = 1 / 1000 mhg o 1 bar 1 bar = 100000 N/ m 2 2
bar Kg/cm 2 psi atm mhg inhg maq ftaq kpa 1 102 145 099 075 295 102 335 10000 098 1 142 097 074 290 100 328 9807 101 103 147 1 076 299 103 34 10133 133 136 193 132 1 394 136 446 13332 003 003 049 003 0025 1 035 113 339 010 010 142 010 007 290 1 328 981 003 003 043 003 002 088 03 1 299 [ 1-1] 3 1-2 1) : a 2) : b 3) ( ) : c 4),,, ( ) : d [ 1-2] 3
Process Pressure Instrument, 1 Pressure Instrument Pressure Instrument Type Type, 1) Indicating - Pressure Gauge : Indicating Local - Pressure Transmitter : Pressure Air Signal Control Room Panel Pressure Transmitter Pneumatic Type Electric Type (1) Pneumatic Pressure Transmitter: Pressure Air Signal / (2)Electric Pressure Transmitter: Pressure Electric Signal / - Pressure Switch: Pressure Limit Set Limit 2) Sensing Element - Bourdon Tube: 1kg/cm 2 g Pressure Gauge Type - Bellows Type : ~ PDI(Differential Pressure Indicator) - Diaphragm Type: ~ Pressure Gauge 3), Pressure Transmitter Sensing Element Gauge Diaphragm Type Chamber Type - Diaphragm Seal Pressure Gauge: Viscous, Corrosive Process Connection Liquid Fill Diaphragm Pressure Element Gauge - Diaphragm Seal Pressure Transmitter: Viscous, Corrosive Process Connection Flange Diaphragm Pressure Transmitter Element Type Direct Mounting Type Capillary Type 1
2 Pressure Instrument Element 1) Bourdon Tube Type Bourdon Tube Design Low Cost Pressure Gauge Type C, Spiral, Helical Type C-Type Spiral, Helical Type (1) C - Bourdon - [ 2-1] C-Type Bourdon Tube Pressure Element 2-1 C Type Bourdon Tube 250º C C-Bourdon Tube Socket, Bourdon Tube, Tip, Link, Movement Sector, Pointer 316SS Tube Tube Tube Tip Nonlinear, Gear Pinion Movement Sector Linear Accuracy ± 05 ~ ±2 % Accuracy ± 1% of Full Scale 2
(2) Spiral 2-2 Spiral Bourdon Tube C-Type Tip movement Tip C-Type [ 2-2] Spiral Bourdon Pressure Element (3) Helical [ 2-3] Helical Bourdon Pressure Element 2-3 Helical Bourdon Element Spiral Element, Tip Travel Bourdon Element Helical Element Pointer System Tip Pointer, Accuracy Bourdon Tube 3
2) Bellows Type [ 2-4] Simple Bellows Element [ 2-5] Spring Loading Bellows [ 2-6] Double Bellows Assembly [ 2-7] Schematic of a Pneumatic Controller Bellows Element Seamless Tube 2-4 Bellows Element Simplied Diagram Bellows Accuracy 2-5 Calibrated Spring Type Spring-Loaded Bellows Bellows Element,,, 2-6 Double Bellows Type PDI(Differential Pressure Indicator) Element Bellows Element Receiver Element Pneumatic Element Controlle 2-7 4-Bellows Pneumatic Controller One for Measurement, one for set point, one for proportional, one for reset function 4
3) Diaphragm Type [ 2-8] Single diaphragm element may utilize flat or corrugated surfaces [ 2-9] Two types of diaphragm capsules - Convex and Nested [ 2-10] Two or more capsules are often used together to form a single multiple-capsule element [ 2-11] An evacuated diaphragm element Diaphragm Element 2-8 Disc Pressure Type 2-10 Sensing Element Capsule Capsule Element 2-9 Convex Type Nested Type Type Diaphragm Element Bellows Pressure Diaphragm Diaphragm Diaphragm movement, Diaphragm, Diaphragm Bellows Calibrated Spring 5
Capsule, 6-24 Motion Balance Instrument Capsule Diaphragm Element Motion Balance Instrument Force Balance Instrument Diaphragm Gauge 0 ~ mmh 2 O, Diaphragm Type Chamber Type Diaphragm Element Pressure Transmitter DP(Differential Pressure) Transmitter Element 4) Manometer Manometer, Flow Level Test [ 2-12] Changes in atmospheric pressure are indicated on this simple barometer [ 2-13] U - Tube Manometer Manometer Gravity Balance Pressure Device Liquid Manometer,, Manometer Liquid, Test Type U-Tube Tube 0 ~ 1000mmH2O, Gauge Low Side 6
Pressure Transmitter (Pressure Transmitter) (Differential Pressure Transmitter) Plant,,, Level,,,, 2-14 [ 2-14] 2-14 (a) PH PL PH PL 2-14 (b) PH PA 2-14 (c) 2 1
1) (Pneumatic), Plant,, Plant (FORCE BALANCE) Indicating 2) (Electric), Sensing Element Diaphragm Diaphragm Coil (Force Balance Type),, Machanism,,,, (Force Balance Type) Open-Loop Open-Loop 2-30 Diaphragm Capacitance, Resistance, Inductance, (4~20 madc) P P Diaphragm C R L Io (4 ~ 20 madc) C: Capacitance R: Resistance L: Inductance [ 2-15] Open-Loop (µ-processor) Smart Type Digital Signal Calibrator Calibration Scale Range 2
Maker Digital Signal Protocol 2-1 Maker Fisher Rosemount Yokogawa Yamatake Honeywell Protocol Hart Protocol Brain Protocol DE Protocol [ 2-1] Maker Protocol (Electric Transmitter) ( ) (Piezo) (1), [ 2-16] 2-16, (a) 3
2-16 (b) Diaphragm,, Diaphragm Diaphragm Diaphragm PH PL ( P = PH PL) Diaphragm (4~20 madc) = K (PH PL) K : PH : Diaphragm PL : Diaphragm,,, 2-16 (2) ( ), Silicon Diaphragm (Piezo), Carrier, [ 2-17] Sensor 4
Sensor 2-17 Silicon 4 Bridge Sensor,, R/ P = GF ε R/ P : GF : ε : 2 ~ 4 100 ~ 500 [ 2-18] 2-18 5
, Diaphragm, Silicon Diaphragm Silicon Diaphragm,,, Bridge (4~ 20 ma) Accuracy ±02 ~ 05 % FS Silicon Diaphragm, O Ring,, 2-17 2-19 (a) (b) [ 2-18], 6
Pressure Instrument 1 Pressure Gauge 1) Bourdon Tube Type Pressure Gauge 4-1 C01 SWAGE NIPPLE (3/4" x 1/2") G02 GATE VALVE(1/2") D02 PIPE TEE(1/2") F02 PIPE PLUG(1/2") B02 PIPE NIPPLE(1/2" x 3"L) [ 4-1] Pressure Gauge 2) Diaphragm Seal Type Pressure Gauge 4-2 4-3 1) 4-4 Syphone Tube Pressure Element 1
F01 FLANGE(1") P04 PIPE NIPPLE (1" x 3L") G06 GASKET(1") P32 PIPE TEE(1") N01 BOLT & NUTS(1/2" x 2 1/2"L) S02 SWAGE NIPPLE (1" x 1/2") P03 PIPE PLUG(1/2") V01 GATE VALVE(1/2") [ 4-2] Diaphragm Seal Type Pressure Gauge (A) N01 BOLT & NUTS(1/2" x 2 1/2"L) Q01 SYPHONE TUBE(1/2") G01 GASKET(1") [ 4-3] Diaphragm Seal Pressure Gauge (B) [ 4-4] 2
2 Pressure Transmitter 1) Impulse Line Pressure Transmitter 4-5 1 TUBE(1/2") 4 GATE VALVE(1/2") 2 MALE CONNECTOR(1/2") 6 PIPE TEE(1/2") 3 TUBE TEE(1/2") 7 DRAIN PLUG(1/2") [ 4-5] Diaphragm Seal Type Pressure Gauge (A) Impulse Line Tap (Service Tap ) - Gas, HP Steam : ~ 45 - MP, LP Steam : ~ 45 - Liquid : ~ 45 3
2) Corrosive, High Viscosity, High Pour Point, Slurry Service Element Diaphragm Remote Seal Type 4-6 [ 4-6] Diaphragm Remote Seal Type 3) Transmitter Conduit Connection 4-7 1 FLEXIBLE CONDUIT(16 mm) 5 CONDUIT TEE(22mm) 2 FLUSH REDUCER(22mm x 16mm) 4 6 DRAIN PLUG(16 mm) 3 SEALING FITTING(16 mm) 7 CONDUIT NIPPLE(16 mm) 4 UNION(16 mm) [ 4-7] Transmitter Conduit Connection
Pressure Gauge, (Transmitter), (Impulse Line), 2) ( ) 2-2 m 1 1 < L 7 7 < L 15 ± 10 mmh 2 O 1 B 1 B ± 100 mmh 2 O 8/ 6 ± 100 ~ ± 150 12/ 10 8/ 6 mmh 2 O 1/4 B 8/ 6 1/4 B 2 B 2B 1/2 B 1/2 B 12/ 10 1/2 B ± 05 kg/cm 2 1/4 B 1/4 B 8/ 6 12/ 10 1/4 B 12/ 10 1/2 B 8/ 6 12/ 10 1/4 B 1 B 1/2 B 1/2 B 1/2 B 1/2 B (1) 1B 1 inch Pipe (2) 8/ 6 8mm/ 6mm (3) 7m [ 2-2] ( ) 3) Maintenance Remote Diaphragm Seal 316SUS Tube 3) (1) (2), (Ambient Temp ) (3) Maintenance, 4) Conduit, Conduit Flexible Conduit Cable CVV-AMS 125SQ (#16 AWG) Signal Cable 2" Stanchion Blacket 5