THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2014 Nov.; 25(11), 11421155. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2014.25.11.1142 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226X (Online) PCM/PSK/PM S-Band TC & R TC & R Communication Link Performance Analysis of Geostationary Satellite Employing PCM/PSK/PM on Super Synchronous Transfer Orbit 이선익 염경환 Sun-Ik LeeKyung-Whan Yeom* 요약 PCM/PSK/PM () S-band. PCM/PSK/PM TC & R(Telemetry, Command and Ranging). Heritage., EIRP 65 dbw 3 db. (3 db), G/T. 65,000 km 70,000 km. Abstract The classical PCM/PSK/PM scheme has been commonly used for TC & R applications between satellites and ground stations in the S-band. We analyzed TC & R link performance between ground station and the geostationary satellite which employs PCM/PSK/PM, when the satellite are particularly on the Super Synchronous Transfer Orbit(SSTO). The satellite parameters on SSTO are assumed to be those operating on the geostationary orbit, considering heritage aspect. In the uplink, the results shown indicate that sufficient margins over 3 db are obtained when the EIRP of ground station is greater than 65 dbw. The down link performance is of great interest. By adjusting the telemetry modulation index and ranging modulation index, we could obtain the required margin of 3.0 db in the down link, and find out the minimum G/T of ground station. In conclusion, the previously operated ground stations during LEOP at COMS launch, can be operational when GEO injection is made using SSTO(65,000 km and 70,000 km). Key words: PCM/PSK/PM, TC & R, Geostationary Satellite, Modulation Loss, SSTO, Link Budget. 서론 35,786 km. (Korea Aerospace Research Institute) * (Department of Radio Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University) Manuscript received August 25, 2014 ; Revised October 8, 2014 ; Accepted October 8, 2014. (ID No. 20140825-062) Corresponding Author: Kyung-Whan Yeom (e-mail: khyeom@cnu.ac.kr) 1142 c Copyright The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. All Rights Reserved.
PCM/PSK/PM S-Band TC & R (GEO: Geostationary Earth Orbit) (GTO: Geostationary Transfer Orbit) (SSTO: Super Synchronous Transfer Orbit). SSTO 1.82.5. SSTO GTO, Proton M, Falcon 9 Atlas V, Delta V SSTO. GTO, SSTO. S-band SSTO PCM/PSK/PM, TC & R(Telemetry, Command and Ranging). [1] (Telemetry, TM) (Command, TC), (Modulation Index: MI) (, Ranging: RG). [2]. S-band 1980 TC & R. (Launch Early Operation Phase: LEOP) [3]. SSTO,. TC & R PCM/PSK/PM PCM/PM/Bi-phase. PCM/PSK/PM 60 Ksps, PCM/PM/Bi-phase Ksps. PCM/PM/Bi-phase PCM SPL/PM [3]. 100 Ksps2 Msps BPSK QPSK. 10 kbps, PCM/ PSK/PM. PCM/PSK/PM SPL/PM (Residual carrier), BPSK QPSK (suppressed carrier) [4]. (PLL: Phase Locked Loop) [5]. PLL. PCM/PSK/PM [6][10],[12].,. 2 PCM/PSK/PM,. TC & R, PCM/PSK/PM.,,. PCM/PSK/PM (Sine wave) (Square wave) [4],[8],[9],[11]. SSTO (WARC ORB-88 2 10 6 km,. CCSDS, Category A, Category B [8],[11] ),. 3, 4 Heritage,., SSTO,.. PCM/PSK/PM 신호모델 1143
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 25, no. 11, Nov. 2014. 그림 1. - - [9] Fig. 1. A block diagram for simultaneous command-ranging and telemetry-ranging operation [9]. PCM/PSK/PM, 1. Turn-around. PCM/PSK/PM. PCM/PSK/PM [7],[8]. sin (1),, ( ),, NRZ (±1). ( ), 1 PCM/PM. (1) sin cos cos sin (2), (PSD: Power Spectral Density) (3). 짝수 홀수 (3), 1 0, NRZ PSD, (4). (3),,,. sin, (data rate). 2-1 상향링크신호모델과변조손실 (4) 1144
PCM/PSK/PM S-Band TC & R (1) (5) [9]. sin sin (5),,.,, NRZ (±1),. (5),,., (6a)(6c) [11]. (6a) sin (7),, (rad), NRZ (±1), (rad),. Turn-around 1,, (AGC: Automatic Gain Control).. 'Command feedthrough' [13],[14].. AGC (8) [9]. (6b) sin, 1 1. (6c) (6a) (6c). (6a) (6c) 1,. 0 1. 1. 2-2 하향링크신호모델과변조손실 sin 0, (feed through noise).,, (9a)(9e) [11]. (8) (9a) (9b) (9c) [9],[12]. sin (9d) (9e) 1145
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 25, no. 11, Nov. 2014.,, Feed through,, (Power Spectral Density),., (10a)(10c) [9],[11]. (10a) (10b) (10c), Command,,, (11a)(11c). (11a) (11b) (11c) (),,,, (12a) (12d). (10a) (10c),, (13a)(13c). max max m in max m ax min max m in max m ax max max m in min m ax (13a) (13b) (13c),,. 0 1. min, max,. 3-1 전송방정식. 링크분석식 Friis [15] (14a) (14b). (14a) max min max min (12a) (12b) (12c) (12d) (14b),,.,,,, 1146
PCM/PSK/PM S-Band TC & R. ( ) ( ) [16].. (15) ( ), RF (, db), (16) [17]. (16) [18] (17). cos (17),,,. 3-2 레인징오차 (range error, range noise error) (measurement error) (range accuracy), (m, rms) [19]. (18) Major tone. (18),, Major,,, Tracking loop (PLL) bandwidth.. TC & R 시스템모델및링크분석 4-1 TC & R 시스템구성 TC & R 2 2 S-band, 2 S-band, RF. RF 3 db- (). S-band (hemispherical coverage). (LHCP), (RHCP). S-band 4 steradians 99 %. 5.0 dbi. S-band., PM, PM. PLL, Coherent ( coherent carrier transfer) (240/221).. LNA,,, AGC, PLL, ADC, DAC. PM. SSTO S-band 5.6 W.. (noise figure) 4.5 db., SSTO S-band TC & R. 2010 6 GTO LEOP Fucino( 11 m antenna), Santiago( 9 m), Dongara( 13 m). G/T 23.524.5 dbi/k, EIRP 65 dbw. SSTO LEOP, (ESA) NASA 1147
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 25, no. 11, Nov. 2014. 그림 2. TC & R RF Fig. 2. Satellite TC & R RF system coceptual block diagram.. 4-2 지상국과 SSTO간거리 65,000 km SS- TO, 80,000 km90,000 km SSTO.,. SSTO, GEO., SSTO. SSTO 40,000 km 90,000 km. 4-3 전송특성 S-band TC & R, PCM/PSK/PM,, BER 1 [2],[11],[22]. 2 kbps, 8 khz 표 1. Table 1. Transmission characteristics for a GEO satellite. RG Items Uplink Downlink Freq. 2,0252,110 MHz 2,2002,290 MHz Modulation PCM/PSK/PM PCM/PSK/PM MI(nominal) 1.4 rad for TC 1.01.4 rad for TM MI variation ±5 % ±10 % Subcarrier type sine wave sine wave Subcarrier freq. 8 khz 65.536 khz Data rate 2 kbps(tc) 4.1 kbps(tm) Modulation PM PM Tone freq. MI(nominal) major: 100 khz, minor: 1620 khz 1.4(0.7, 0.7) rad 0.45(0.32, 0.32) 0.7(0.5, 0.5) rad MI variation ±5 % +10 %, 15 % Channel coding BCH Convolution coding(r=1/2, k=7) Channel encoding Error detection Viterbi(soft) BER 10 6. 4.1 kbps 1148
PCM/PSK/PM S-Band TC & R 그림 3. BER Fig. 3. Theoretical BER curve of convolution coding., Convolution, Viterbi. Convolution BPSK BER 10 5 46 db (coding gain). (soft decision). (hard decision) 2.7 db. 3 (Matlab). 0.20.7 rad(peak) [20]. 0.50.7 rad, 0.45 rad [21]., 0.450.70 rad. Major tone, Major tone Minor tone RG. [21]. 2. 표 2. Table 2. Uplink & downlink parameters. Parameters Units Values G/S Tx. EIRP dbw 65.0 Pointing loss db 0.2 Atmospheric loss db 0.6 Polarization loss db 2.1 S/C antenna composite gain dbi 5.0 S/C circuit loss(rx. & Tx.) db 5.4 Transponder Rx. Noise figure db 4.5 S/C Carrier recovery PLL loop BW Hz 800 C/N)req for carrier tracking(uplink) db 10.0 TC E b /N o required at BER 10 6 db 10.5 Implementation loss(up & down) db 1.02.5 S/C EIRP dbw 2.1 G/S G/T dbi/k 2426 G/S Carrier recovery PLL loop BW Hz 300 G/S Ranging noise BW for SSTO Hz 4.0 S/No required on major & minor dbhz 20.0 TM E b /N o required at BER 10 6 db 4.9 11 m, S-band 0.2 db. (polarization loss) 10 15 db, 1 db. (atmospheric loss) 1.02.5 db. (simulation tool),.,. 4-4 링크분석결과 4-4-1 상향링크 (TC only) (RG only) 1149
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 25, no. 11, Nov. 2014. 그림 4. TC carrier RG S/No Fig. 4. Uplink TC, carrier marginss and range S/No. (a) 4. TC 1.4 rad, Major RG 1.4 rad, major minor 0.7 rad, 0.7 rad, 5 dbi, 4.5 db, EIRP 65 dbw. TC 4.210.7 db 3 db, S/No 42.5 db. EIRP 65 dbw. (b) 4-4-2 하향링크 (simultaneous TM and RG). TM 1.0 rad, RG 0.45(0.32, 0.32) rad. 2 (EIRP: 2.92 dbw) (G/T: 24.0 dbi/k) 10 SSTO 5. 5(a) SSTO 70,000 km TM RG ambiguity 2.3 db, 1.6 db 3 db. Carrier, 9 db. (c) 그림 5. (a), (b), (c)., TM 1.0 rad, RG 0.45 (0.32, 0.32) rad, G/S G/T 24 dbi/k Fig. 5. (a) Link margins, (b) Range errors, (c) Modulation losses, where TM MI of 1.0 rad, RG MI of 0.45 (0.32, 0.32) rad, G/S G/T of 24 dbi/k. 1150
PCM/PSK/PM S-Band TC & R 그림 6. SSTO 70,000 km., TM 1.0 rad, RG 0.45(0.32, 0.32) rad, G/S G/T 24 dbi/k Fig. 6. Link margins and range errors versus elevation angle (in degrees) on SSTO of 70,000 km, where TM MI of 1.0 rad, RG MI of 0.45(0.32, 0.32) rad, G/S G/T of 24 dbi/k. SSTO 40,000 km (5.6 m, rms) GEO S-band (6.0 m, rms) [22]., 100 khz. 5(b) RG Major (range noise error) 70,000 km 13 m, 90,000 km 20 m. 5(c) Carrier TM, RG SSTO. RG, S/No. 6 70,000 km 10 90 RG Major. TM RG ambiguity 10 90 0.6 db. 10 0.11.3 db. 7(a) SSTO 70,000 km G/T 24 dbi/k TM 1.0 rad 1.4 rad Carrier TM,. 7(a) (a) (b) 그림 7. (a) TM (1.01.4 rad), (b) TM 1.3 rad RG., SSTO 70,000 km, G/S G/T 24 dbi/k Fig. 7. (a) Link margins and range error with TM MI variation from 1.0 to 1.4 rad, (b) Link margins and range error with RG MI variation(when TM MI of 1.3 rad fixed), where SSTO apogee is assumed 70,000 km, and G/S G/T of 24.0 dbi/k. 1151
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 25, no. 11, Nov. 2014. 표 3. SSTO 80,000 km Table 3. Link performance example to convince link performance for SSTO apogee of 80,000 km. Parameters & results Units Values Slant range(@ Elevation 10 ) km 85,041 S/C EIRP dbw 2.9 G/S G/T dbi/k 25.5 TM mod. index rad 1.2 RG major only mod. index rad 0.7 RG major & minor mod. index rad 0.5 Carrier mod. loss db 5.6 TM mod. loss db 4.9 RG mod. loss(major only) db 19.6 RG mod. loss(major & minor) db 27.0 Carrier tracking margin db 9.7 TM margin db 3.1 RG major tone noise error m 11.3 RG ambiguity margin db 3.1 TM TM Carrier RG. TM 1.0 rad 1.3 rad TM 2.3 db 4.3 db, Carrier 11.5 db 8.2 db, RG ambiguity 1.6 db 1.7 db. TM Carrier (3 db) RG ambiguity. TM 1.3 rad, RG 0.45(0.32, 0.32), 0.5(0.35, 0.35), 0.64(0.45, 0.45), 0.7(0.5, 0.5) rad 7(b). RG Major 17.2 m 11.8 m. RG Carrier 9.2 db 8.4 db, TM 3.9 db 3.2 db, RG 0.7 db 2.8 db. RG 0.64(0.45, 0.45) 0.7(0.5, 0.5) TM 3.4 db 3.2 db, RG 2.0 db 2.8 db 표 4. SSTO 90,000 km Table 4. Link performance example to convince link performance for SSTO apogee of 90,000 km. Parameters & results Units Values Slant range(@ Elevation 10 ) km 95,066 S/C EIRP dbw 2.9 G/S G/T dbi/k 27.0 TM mod. index rad 1.15 RG major only mod. index rad 0.7 RG major & minor mod. index rad 0.5 Carrier mod. loss db 5.2 TM mod. loss db 5.2 RG mod. loss(major only) db 20.0 RG mod. loss(major & minor) db 27.5 Carrier tracking margin db 10.7 TM margin db 3.4 RG major tone noise error m 11.1 RG ambiguity margin db 3.1. G/T 24.5 dbi/k TM 1.3 rad, RG 0.7(0.5, 0.5) rad TM RG 3 db (TM : 3.7 db, RG : 3.3 db). SSTO 80,000 km 90,000 km G/T, TM RG Carrier, TM, RG 3 4. 3 80,000 km G/T 25.5 dbi/k, TM 1.2 rad, RG 0.7(0.5, 0.5) rad TM RG 3.1 db. SSTO 90,000 km 4 TM 1.15 rad, RG 0.7(0.5, 0.5) rad G/T 27 dbi/k 3 db. TM RG 3 db SSTO 12 m. 100 khz Major 10 m [22], SSTO 12 m 1152
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PCM/PSK/PM S-Band TC & R 1995 2: () 1995 121996 12: 1997 2: () 2001 2: () 1997 32003 7: () () 2003 92003 12: 2003 12: 2012 3: [ 주관심분야 ] RF, TTC & R 19761980: () 19801982: () 19821988: () 1988 3: () MIC 1990 3: () 1991 5: () 1 1991 8: ()LTI 1995 10: [ 주관심분야 ], MMIC 1155