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Piping Hydraulic Design Guide. Process Div.

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide. Hydraulic Calculation์˜์ •์˜. ๋ฐฐ๊ด€๋‚ด์—์„œ์œ ๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์œ ์ฒด์˜ํŠน์„ฑ์„ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ด์˜ํŠน์„ฑ์„๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๊ด€๋‚ด์—์„œ์ตœ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด, ์ฆ‰๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ๊ณผ์šด์ „์„ฑ, ์„๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ๊ด€์˜ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„๊ด€๊ฒฝ์„ ์ • (Hydraulic Calculation) ์ด๋ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ๊ด€๊ฒฝ์€์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์ž์žฌ๋น„์šฉ์˜ํ•ฉ์„์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋„๋กํ•˜์—ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ๋˜ํ•œ๋ถ€์‹๊ณผ์นจ์‹์œผ๋กœ์ธํ•œ์˜ํ–ฅ์„๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋น„์šฉ ๋น„์šฉ ๋ฐฐ๊ด€ํˆฌ์ž๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์ ๊ด€๊ฒฝ ํŽŒํ•‘๋™๋ ฅ๋น„ ๊ด€๊ฒฝ

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide.- Pressure Drop Calculation 1. Non-Compressible flow.( ์•ก์ฒด ) ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ System์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์„๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š”์‹์€์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์—๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์„๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹œ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์˜์žฌ์งˆ๊ณผํ˜•ํƒœ์—๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—์ด๋ฅผ์ •๋ฆฝํ•œ Moody Chart ๋ฅผ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ( ํ†ต์ƒ์นด๋ณธ์Šคํ‹ธ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ, Roughness factor๋Š” 0.0001524m) Darcy-Weisbash Equation h f = f m x (L/D) x (V 2 /2g) hf : friction loss, m L : ๋ฐฐ๊ด€๊ธธ์ด, m D : ๋ฐฐ๊ด€๋‚ด๊ฒฝ, m V : ๋ฐฐ๊ด€๋‚ดํ‰๊ท ์œ ์†, m/sec g : ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ฐ€์†๋„ ( 9.8 m/sec2) fm : Moody friction factor. Fanning Equation P = 4fL/D x (ρv2/gc) f : friction factor, L : ๋ฐฐ๊ด€๊ธธ์ด, m D : ๋ฐฐ๊ด€๋‚ด๊ฒฝ, m V : ๋ฐฐ๊ด€๋‚ดํ‰๊ท ์œ ์†, m/sec ρ : ๋ฐ€๋„, kg/m 3 gc : ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ฐ€์†๋„ ( 9.8 m/sec2) Chen Equation 1/Γf m = -2log [ (K/D)/3.7065 (5.0452/Re)logA 4. A4 = (K/D) 1.1098 /2.8257 +7.149/Re) 0.898 k : Absolute pipe roughness, m

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide.- Pressure Drop Calculation

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide.- Pressure Drop Calculation 2. Compressible flow. ๊ธฐ์ฒด์™€๊ฐ™์ด์˜จ๋„์™€์••๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™”์—์˜ํ•ด๋ฐ€๋„์˜๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ํฐ์œ ์ฒด๋ฅผ์••์ถ•์„ฑ์œ ์ฒด๋ผํ•จ. ์‹ค์ œํŠน์„ฑ์€ Isothermal( ๋“ฑ์˜จ ) ๊ณผ Adiabatic( ๋‹จ์—ด ) Flow type์˜์ค‘๊ฐ„์—์„œ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹œ Isothermal ๋กœํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค. 3. Two-Phase ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ฒด์™€์•ก์ฒด์˜ 2 ๊ฐœ์˜์ƒ์ด์กด์žฌํ• ๋•Œ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€๋งŽ์€์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค์˜๋ฐ˜๋ณต๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ดํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ์ตœ์  Design์„์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Min, Nor, Max flow ๋•Œ์˜ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์—๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ Hydraulic์„๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋˜ํ•œ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ Pattern์˜ํ๋ฆ„์ด์žˆ๋Š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” P&ID์—๋ช…์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. -Flow Pattern. 1) Dispersed Flow. Dispersed flow๋Š” Overhead condenser๋‚˜ Reboiler return ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋ฐœ์ƒํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”ํ๋ฆ„์ด๋ฉฐ๋ณดํ†ต์ฆ๊ธฐ์˜์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด์ „์ฒด Flow rate์˜ 30% ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์กด์žฌํ• ๋•Œ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ Pattern์„ํ˜„์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. 2) Bubble Flow ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์•ก์ฒด์•ˆ์—์„œ์•ก์ฒด์™€๊ฐ™์€์†๋„๋กœ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ์œ ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” Flow์„๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ๋ณดํ†ต์ฆ๊ธฐ์˜์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด์ „์ฒด Flow rate์˜ 30% ์ดํ•˜๋กœ์กด์žฌํ• ๋•Œ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ Pattern์„ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค Sizing ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ Dispersed Flow์™€๊ฐ™์€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide.- Pressure Drop Calculation 3) Slug Flow ์ž‘์€์œ ์†์˜ Pocket ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ๊ณต์ •๋ฐฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š” Slug Flow์˜ Pattern์ด๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. - Slug Flow์„๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€์ฃผ์–ด์ง„์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์—์„œ์ž‘์€๋ฐฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์„ค๊ณ„ - ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์—์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€์—†์„๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2 ๊ฐœ์˜๋ฐฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ Parallel ๋กœ๊ตฌ์„ฑ. - Parallel ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์—์„œ Valve์—์˜ํ•œ Flow ์กฐ์ ˆ. - Low Point ์—์„œ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ Drain ์ด๋‚˜ By-pass ๋กœ์šด์ „. - Gravity flow ์œ„์™€๊ฐ™์ด Slug Flow์˜ Pattern์„์—†์• ์•ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ์ตœ๊ทผ?? ํ™”ํ•™์˜ Steam Condensate ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์—์„œ์ด์™€๊ฐ™์€ Flow Pattern์ด๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐํ˜„์žฌ๋งŽ์€๋Ÿ‰์„ Drain ํ•˜์—ฌ์šด์ „ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€์žˆ์–ด์ด๋ฅผ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•จ. 4) Stratified Flow. ์ˆ˜ํ‰ํ•œ๋ฐฐ๊ด€ํ•˜์—์„œ์•ก์ฒด์˜ํ๋ฆ„์ด๋ฐฐ๊ด€์˜ํ•˜๋ถ€๋ฅผํ๋ฅด๋Š”๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์˜ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์ปค์งˆ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Slug Flow๋กœ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค. 5) Annular Flow ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์˜๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์„ Film ์ด๋‚˜ Ring๊ณผ๊ฐ™์ด์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌํ๋ฅด๋Š”๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋ฉฐ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜์œ ์†์ด๋น ๋ฅผ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” Flow Pattern ์ด๋‹ค. ์‘์ถ•์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ๊ด€์˜ํ๋ฆ„์€ Annular Flow์˜ Pattern์ด๊ฐ€์žฅ์ข‹์€๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค.

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide.- Pressure Drop Calculation Flow Pattern Bubbly Microgravity, ๋ฌด์ค‘๋ ฅ์ƒํƒœ Normal Gravity Slug Annular Hydraulic Calculation Example

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide. 4. ํŽŒํ”„์˜ํก์ž…๊ด€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœํŽŒํ”„ํก์ž…๊ด€์—์„œ์˜์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š”ํฌํ™”์ƒํƒœ์˜์•ก์ฒด์ธ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” 0.05 kg/cm 2 /100m, ํฌํ™”์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€์•„๋‹Œ์•ก์ฒด์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ 0.1kg/cm 2 /100m ์ดํ•˜๋กœ์„ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. 5. ํŽŒํ”„์˜๋ถ„์ถœ๊ด€. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœํŽŒํ”„๋ถ„์ถœ๊ด€์—์„œ์˜์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” 1.0 kg/cm 2 /100m ๋กœ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ์˜ค๋ฆฌํ”ผ์Šค๋˜ Integral ํ˜•์‹์˜์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„๊ฐ€์žˆ์„๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 0.25 kg/cm2 ์˜์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฅผ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค. P = P line + P H/E + Pcv + P others P line : ํŽŒํ”„ํ† ์ถœ์—์„œ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€์˜์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค (kg/cm2) P H/E : ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ์—์„œ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค P CV : Control ๋ฐธ๋ธŒ์—์„œ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค.( ์ „์ฒด์••์†์˜ 50%(CV ์ œ์™ธ ), ์ „์ฒด์••์†์˜ 1/3(CV ํฌํ•จ )) P OTHERS : ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„๋“ฑ์˜์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค.

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide. 6. ์นจ์‹์„๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ์†๋„์ œํ•œ์น˜. ๊ด€๋‚ด๋ฅผํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ์œ ์ฒด๊ฐ€์œ ๋™ํ• ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ์œ ์†์„๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์ด๋Š” Fitting๋ฅ˜๋“ฑ์— Erosion์„์œ ๋ฐœํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ์Œ. Erosional velocity, Vc (ft/sec) = C / ρ 0.5 C ; Erosional velocity coefficient.(100: Continuous, ~ 125 : Non-continuous, Max 200) ρ : Density of fluid, lb/ft 3 Example) Water Continuous Service. Vc = 100 / 62.4 0.5 = 12.66 ft/sec = 3.86 m/sec. ์œ ์ฒด์ค‘์—๊ณ ํ˜•๋ฌผ์ดํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜์œ ์ฒด์˜ํ๋ฆ„์ด 2 Phase, ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ( ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ, ์—ผ์‚ฐ๋“ฑ ) ์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”์ด์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผํ•จ.

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide. 7. ์Œ์†์†๋„๋กœ์ธํ•œ์ œํ•œ์น˜์ตœ๋Œ€์†๋„๋Š” Critical ์†๋„์˜ ½ ์ดํ•˜๋กœ์ œํ•œ์„๋‘์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋‹ค์Œ์‹์—์˜ํ•ด Critical ์†๋„๋ฅผ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. V crit = ะ“ g c krt/m = 223 x ( RT/M) 0.5 Vcrit : ์ž„๊ณ„์†๋„ (m/sec) gc : ์ค‘๋ ฅํ™˜์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ (4.45kg.m/sec 2 ) k : ๋น„์—ด๋น„ ( Cp/Cv ) R : ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ƒ์ˆ˜ ( 0.08205 m 3.atm/kg.mol.K) T : ์˜จ๋„. ( o K) M : ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ ( kg/kg-mole) Gas, vapor, superheated steam > 17.2 kg/cm2g sonic velocity 50% Gas, vapor, superheated steam < 17.2 kg/cm2g 30.5 (d) 2 - Saturated steam = 61 m/sec, - Superheated steam = 76 m/sec. Sonic or acoustic velocity = 91.2 (KT / MW ) 0.5 m/sec

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide. 8. ์‘์ถ•์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ๊ด€. ์–ด๋– ํ•œ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์ŠคํŒ€ํŠธ๋žฉ๋˜๋Š” Control V/V ๊นŒ์ง€์˜๋ฐฐ๊ด€์ด๋ฉฐ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š”์‘์ถ•๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐํ™”๋˜์ง€์•Š๋„๋ก์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 0.1 kg/cm 2 /100m ๋ณด๋‹ค์ž‘์•„์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŒ€ํŠธ๋žฉ์—์„œํšŒ์ˆ˜ Vessel ๊นŒ์ง€์˜๋ฐฐ๊ด€์€๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์ด๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€์•Š๋„๋ก Design ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ์‘์ถ•์ˆ˜์˜์žฌ์ฆ๋ฐœ์ฆ๊ธฐ์˜์œ ์†์€ Erosion์„๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ์œ ์ฒด์˜์†๋„๋Š” 25.4 m/sec ๋กœ์ œํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค.

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide. 9. ๋‚ฎ์€์ค‘๋ ฅ Side cut draw-off ์Œ์†์†๋„๋กœ์ธํ•œ์ œํ•œ์น˜ Liquid draw-off tray ์—์„œ์•ก์ฒด์ˆ˜์œ„์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์ฝ˜ํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ œ๊ณต๋˜์ง€์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ˆ˜์ง๊ด€์˜์ฒซ 10ft ์—์„œ์˜์œ ์ฒด์†๋„๋Š” 0.762 m/sec ์ดํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฐ’์€๋Œ€๊ธฐ์••ํ•˜์—์„œ์˜์ฆ๋ฅ˜ํƒ‘์—์„œ Particle Size๊ฐ€ 200µ ์ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๊ธฐ์•ก๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์ž˜์ผ์–ด๋‚ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค 10ft ์ดํ›„์˜๋ฐฐ๊ด€์€์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์˜ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ Column์˜์šด์ „์••๋ ฅ์ด๋‚ฎ์€๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” Control V/V์˜์••์†์„์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ๊ทน๋ณตํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”์ˆ˜์ง๋†’์ด๋ฅผ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. 10ft

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide. 10. ๋‚ฎ์€์ค‘๋ ฅ ํฌํ™”์ƒํƒœ์˜์•ก์ฒด์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด์ฝ˜ํŠธ๋กค๋ฐธ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ๋•Œ์˜ Line Size ๊ฒฐ์ •. Static head์™€ Liquid level ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์ฝ˜ํŠธ๋กค๋ฐธ๋ธŒ๊นŒ์ง€์˜๋ฐฐ๊ด€๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์„๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ฝ˜ํŠธ๋กค๋ฐธ๋ธŒ์˜์ž…๊ตฌ์ธก์—์„œ์ฆ๋ฐœํ™”๊ฐ€์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€์•Š๋„๋ก๊ด€๊ฒฝ์„๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”๋‹ค์Œ์‹์„๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. 0.1ρh > P flowmeter + P line friction ρ : Specific gravity h : Static head P flowmeter : flowmeter ์—์„œ์••์†์‹ค. P line friction: line ์••์†์‹ค. h

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide. 11. Vacuum Tower Overhead Line ์ง„๊ณตํ•˜์—์„œ์šด์ „๋˜๋Š”์œ ์ฒด๋Š”์œ ์ฒด์˜๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ง„๊ณต์œผ๋กœ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก์ƒ๋‹นํ•œํฌ๊ธฐ์—ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ๊ธฐ์šฐ๋ ค์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—๊ด€๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ Utility ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰ ( ์ŠคํŒ€, ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์ˆ˜๋“ฑ์˜์†Œ์š”๋Ÿ‰ ) ์„๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด๋น„์šฉ์ด์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์œผ๋กœ๋ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋„๋กํ•˜์—ฌ Line Size๋ฅผ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค. Pre-Condenser ์—์„œ์˜์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์€ 4mmHg ์ดํ•˜๊ฐ€๋˜๋„๋ก์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. 12. ์†Œ์Œ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„์œ„ํ•œํ•œ๊ณ„์†๋„. ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฐ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์—์„œ์˜์†Œ์Œํ•œ๊ณ„์น˜์„์œ„ํ•œ์ตœ๋Œ€์†๋„๋Š”๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. Normal Background Sound Pressure, db(a) 60 80 90 Maximum fluid velocity to prevent noise, m/sec 30 40 50

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide.- Pressure Drop Calculation 13. Water flow ๋ฌผ์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ William and Hazen s Formula์—์˜ํ•ด๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. h f = [(10.665 x L) /(C 1.852 x D 4.871 )] x Q 1.852 hf ; Friction head loss in mh2o. L : Pipe length in m. D : Pipe diameter in m. Q : Pipe flow rate in m 3 /s. C :- Hazen Williams roughness coefficient, dimensionless. Its value depends on the pipe material and table (1) lists general range of this coefficient for different types of new pipe materials:

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide.- Criteria. ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ๋ฐฐ๊ด€๊ฒฝ์„๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” Operating Cost์™€ Fixed Cost์˜ํ•ฉ์ด์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” Size ๋กœ์„œ Design ๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ด์™€๊ฐ™์€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ๊ฒ€ํ† ์™€์‚ฌ์šฉ๋นˆ๋„์ˆ˜๋“ฑ์„ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š”๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์ดํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์–ด๋งŽ์€์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ดํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์„ค๊ณ„๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”๋งŽ์€์ž๋ฃŒ์™€๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ฐ’์„๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜์˜ Data์™€์ฒจ๋ถ€์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š”๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ๋“ฑ์„๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ์ž๋ฃŒ์ด๋‹ค. Service Utilities P์˜์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜, kg/cm 2 /100m Header Branch ์ตœ๋Œ€์†๋„, m/sec Header Branch ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์ˆ˜๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณผ์ˆœํ™˜๋ƒ‰์žฅ์ˆ˜๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณผ์ˆœํ™˜ํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ์™€์‹์ˆ˜๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์˜๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณผ์ˆœํ™˜๋น—๋ฌผ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜ Line H/E ์—์„œ์˜์ฆ๊ธฐ์‘์ถ• 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.15 0.0025-0.40 0.60 0.40 0.50 0.40 0.01 0.05 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 1.2-3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 0.9 0.9

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide.- Criteria. Service Utilities Operating Kg/cm 2 g P์˜์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜, kg/cm 2 /100m Header Branch ์ตœ๋Œ€์†๋„, m/sec Header Branch ์ŠคํŒ€ 0~5 5~15 15~40 40~100 0.03~0.08 0.08~0.14 0.14~0.23 0.23~0.38 0.08~0.20 0.20~0.34 0.34~0.58 0.58~0.94 50 60 60 60 30 40 40 40 Instrument Air 0~10 0.10 0.25 50 40 Plant Air Over 10 0~10 0.15 0.10 0.40 0.25 40 50 30 - Nitrogen Over 10 0~5 0.15 0.019~0.05 0.40 0.05~0.15 50 60-40 Fuel gas 5~15 15~40 0.05~0.086 0.086~0.14 0.12~0.21 0.21~0.35 60 60 40 30

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide.- Criteria. Utility two-phase line sizing Service Utilities Two-phase Average density P์˜์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜, kg/cm 2 /100m Header Branch ์ตœ๋Œ€์†๋„, m/sec Header Branch ์ŠคํŒ€ 1 ~ 3 3 ~ 10 10 ~ 30 30 ~ 100 Total ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค = P(max.25%) + Branch P (Max. 50%) + Trap P (min.25%) 18 ~ 25 13 ~ 18 9 ~ 13 6 ~ 9 30 ~ 40 20 ~ 30 14 ~ 20 10 ~14

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide.- Criteria. Max Velocity For Corrosive Or Erosive Services Service Definition Piping Material Max.Velocity (ft/sec) Caustic Solutions involving NaOH, KOH & water mixtures of these solutions and hydrocarbons in which the caustic is more than 5% of the mixture by volume Carbon steel 4 Concentrated H 2 SO 4 Water solutions of 80% to 100% concentration by weight & mixtures of these solutions with hydrocarbons in which the acid is 5% or more of the mixture by volume 4 Phenoilc water Solutions of 1% or more by volume 3 Wet phenolic vapor Carbolic acid 60 Aqueous amine solution MEA, DEA 6 Salt water Includes brackish waters (>1000 ppm chlorides) 6 CO2-rich amine liquid Stainless steel 10 Salt water Cement pipe or coal tar enamel-lined 15 Liquids in general Plastic pipe or 10 Liquids with suspended solids rubber-lined min.3

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide.- Criteria. ๋ฐฐ๊ด€ Hydraulic ๊ณ„์‚ฐ Criteria. 1. Hydraulic Calculation์‹œ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ์œ„์น˜์˜๋†’์ด์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜๋†’์ด์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„์ธ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2. ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์—์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ์ข… Instrument๋ฐ Equipment์—๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์„ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. 3. Gauge ์••๋ ฅ๊ณผ์ ˆ๋Œ€์••๋ ฅ์—๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ Define์ดํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. 4. Strainer์˜์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค Charts

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide.- Viscosity ์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ํ๋ฅผ๋•Œ๊ทธ์—๋Œ€ํ•ด์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š”๋‚ด๋ถ€๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋ ฅ. ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ๋„์™€๋™์ ๋„๊ฐ€์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„ t ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ์˜๋™์ ๋„ = t ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ์˜์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ๋„ t ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ์˜๋ฐ€๋„ * ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ์„์œ ์ œํ’ˆ์—๊ด€ํ•ด์ ๋„๋ผํ•˜๋ฉด๋™์ ๋„๋ฅผ๋งํ•จ. 1. cst(kinetic Viscosity) : ๋™์ ๋„๋ฅผ C.G.S ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ๊ฒƒ์„ Stoke๋ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ๊ทธ 1/100์„์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ Centistokes(cSt) ๋กœ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ์ธก์ •์˜จ๋„๋Š” I.S.O(International Organization for Standards) ์ ๋„๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์—์˜ํ•ด 40, 100 ์ด๋ฉฐ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ณต์šฉ. 2. E (Engler Viscosity) : 200cc Sample์˜์œ ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ 20 ์˜๋ฌผ์˜์œ ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜๋น„๋กœ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ๊ฐ’. ์ธก์ •์˜จ๋„๋Š” 20, 50, 100 ๋กœ์„œ์ฃผ๋กœ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ชฝ์—์„œ์‚ฌ์šฉ. 3. SUS or SSU(Saybolt Universal Viscosity) : 60cc์˜์œคํ™œ์œ  Sample์ด์œ ์ถœํ•˜๋Š”์‹œ๊ฐ„ ( ์ดˆ ) ์„์ธก์ •. ์ธก์ •์˜จ๋„๋Š” 100, 130, 210 ๋กœ์„œ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ์‚ฌ์šฉ. 4. Redwood Viscosity - Redwood #1 : 50cc์˜ Sample์ด์œ ์ถœํ•˜๋Š”์‹œ๊ฐ„์„๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ์ธก์ •์˜จ๋„๋Š”์ผ๋ณธ์—์„  30, 50, 80, 100 ์ด๊ณ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„  70 (21 ), 140 (60 ), 212 (100 ) ์ž„. -. Redwood #2 : 50cc์˜ Sample์ด 0 ์—์„œ์œ ์ถœํ•˜๋Š”์‹œ๊ฐ„์„์ธก์ •.

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide.- NPSH Net Positive Suction Head. ์•ก์ฒด๋Š”์ผ์ •ํ•œ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€์ƒํƒœ์กฐ๊ฑด์—๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ธฐ์ฒด์™€์•ก์ฒด์ƒ์ด์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ์›์‹ฌํŽŒํ”„๊ฐ€์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ์ด์†กํ• ๋•Œ์ž…๊ตฌ์ธก์˜์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์•ก์ฒด์˜ํฌํ™”์ฆ๊ธฐ์••๋ณด๋‹คํด๊ฒฝ์šฐ์•ก์ฒด๋Š”๊ธฐ์ฒด๋กœ๋ณ€ํ•˜์—ฌํŽŒํ•‘์„ํ• ์ˆ˜์—†๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉฐ์ด๋ฅผ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ์ฆ‰ํŽŒํ•‘์„ํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ์„๋ ค๋ฉด์–ด๋Š์ •๋„์˜์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”๊ฐ’์„ NPSHa ์ด๋ผํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋ฉด๋ณ„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์—†์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŽŒํ”„์˜์ž…๊ตฌ์—์„œ Impeller eye ๊นŒ์ง€๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š”์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค๊ฐ’์„ NPSHr ์ด๋ผํ•ด์„. NPSHa > 1.3 x NPSHr or NPSHA > NPSHr+0.5m. NPSHa ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹. P V p NPSHa = ( P-V p - P f )/SG t ) x 10 + H. H P : ํก์ž…์ธก Vessel ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ์˜์šด์ „์••๋ ฅ. V p : ํก์ž…์ธก์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์œ ์ฒด์˜์ฆ๊ธฐ์••. P f : ํก์ž…์ธก์—์„œ์˜์ „์ฒด์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค. H : ํก์ž…์ธก Vessel ๋ฅ˜์™€ Pump ๊นŒ์ง€์˜๋†’์ด์ฐจ์ด. SG t : ํก์ž…์ธก์˜จ๋„์—์„œ์˜๋น„์ค‘๊ฐ’.

Piping Hydraulic Design Guide.- NPSH Example for NPSHa ์‘์ถ•์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 2m3 Vessel์— 98 O C, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์••์กฐ๊ฑดํ•˜์—์„œ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ณ  Vessel๊ณผํŽŒํ”„์˜๋†’์ด๋Š” 3meter ์ด๋‹ค์ด๋ฅผ์›์‹ฌํŽŒํ”„๋กœ์ด์†กํ•˜๊ณ ์žํ• ๋•ŒํŽŒํ”„์˜ NPSHa ๋ฅผ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ผ. < ๊ณ„์‚ฐ > P ( ํก์ž…์ธก Vessel ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ์˜์šด์ „์••๋ ฅ.) = ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์••, ์ฆ‰ 1.0332kg/cm2A. V p ( ํก์ž…์ธก์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์œ ์ฒด์˜์ฆ๊ธฐ์••.) = 98 C ์—์„œ๋ฌผ์˜์ฆ๊ธฐ์•• 0.961kg/cm2A P f ( ํก์ž…์ธก์—์„œ์˜์ „์ฒด์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค.) = ๋ฐฐ๊ด€๋ฐ Strainer ๋ฅผ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ 0.1kg/cm2 ์œผ๋กœ๊ฐ€์ •. H ( ํก์ž…์ธก Vessel ๋ฅ˜์™€ Pump ๊นŒ์ง€์˜๋†’์ด์ฐจ์ด.) = 3 m. SG t : ํก์ž…์ธก์˜จ๋„์—์„œ์˜๋น„์ค‘๊ฐ’. = 98 C ์—์„œ๋ฌผ์˜๋น„์ค‘, 0.958 NPSHa = ( P-V p - P f )/SG t ) x 10 + H. = (1.0332 0.961 0.1 / 0.958) x 10 + 3 = 2.7 meter

PROMA 2000.- Demo Version Hydraulic Calculation Site : http://www.processassociates.com/process/fluid/2faz_xy.htm www.daijin.co.kr Example : Water ๊ธฐ์ค€์œ ๋Ÿ‰ : 30,000 kg/hr, ๋ฐ€๋„ : 998 kg/m3, ๋ฐฐ๊ด€๊ฒฝ : 3 inch, Sch40., ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ : 100m, ์ ๋„ : 1 cp. ์˜จ๋„ : 35 C. 1) Reynolds No, Re = ρud/µ = 998 kg/m3 x 1.75 m/sec x 0.0779m / 0.001 kg/m.sec = 136,052. 2) ์ƒ๊ธฐ Nre ๊ฐ’์„๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ f- factor ํ™•์ธ. = 0.02 3) ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค๊ณ„์‚ฐ. Darcy Equation h f = f m x (L/D) x (V 2 /2g) = 0.02 x 100m / 0.0779 x ( 1.75 2 /2 x 9.8) = 4.0m x 998 kg/m2= 3992 kg/m2 = 0.3992 kg/cm2