45-3대지.5최병두

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1 Contexts of Inflow and Socio-spatial Characteristics of Immigrant Workers in Japan: Focusing on the Case of Hiroshima Prefecture Byung-Doo Choi* Dong-Suk Lee** 1980 Abstract Facing reconfiguration of world economic order in the process of globalization and changes in domestic economic and social conditions, Japan has experienced a rapid inflow of foreign immigrants and hence a restructuring of labor market and ethic and cultural mixture. This paper explores contexts of inflow and social and spatial characteristics of immigrant workers in Japan. Uneven regional development on the global level and shifting to flexible accumulation regime, depletion of previously underutilized labor resource, better-educated youth and shrinking and aging of Japanese populace on the national level can be pointed out as important elements of immigration contexts. This paper also explains the hierarchizaton of labor market and differentiation of spatial distribution of immigrant workers in Japan in terms of visa condition and nationality. In particular, focusing on the case of Hiroshima prefecture, this paper analyzes residential differentiation of immigrants according to their nationality. Finally, it finds out some problems which immigrant workers have confronted in Hiroshima region. : Japan, foreign immigrants, immigrant worker, labor market, Hiroshima, immigrant s problems 2007 (KRF B00024). (Professor, Dept. of Geography Education, Daegu University), bdchoi@daegu.ac.kr (Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University), dslee@ hiroshima-u.ac.jp 390

2 (Onuki, 2004) (Jo, 2009; Choi, 2009c) (MIAC of Japan, 2006) (Jo, 2004; Yamanaka, 2008)

3 (older comer, (new comer, (Table 1) 1989 Table 1. Estimated number of foreign workers in Japan (excluding special and orderly permanent residents) Holder of the status of 67,983 95, ,616 87,996 98, , , ,726 residents for working Technical intern, trainees etc. 3,260 5,054 6,418 6,558 8,624 12,144 19,634 23,334 Undesignated activities 10,935 39,299 33,499 32,366 30,366 32,486 38,003 46,966 of foreign students Japanese descendants 71, , , , , , , ,458 Illegal working 106, , , , , , , ,697 Total 260, , , , , , , , Holder of the status of 154, , , , , , , ,785 residents for working Technical intern, trainees etc. 29,749 37,831 46,445 53,503 63,310 87,324 97, ,488 Undesignated activities 59,435 65,535 83,340 98, ,406 96, , ,671 of foreign students Japanese descendants 233, , , , , , , ,409 Illegal working 232, , , , , , , ,785 Total 709, , , , , , , ,138 Source: Seol, 2005 and Iguchi, 2008,

4 (Jeon, 2007) (Findlay and Jones, 1998, 92; Kim, 2006, 436)

5 (Overbeek, 2002; Choi, 2009b) 1980 (Jo and Choi, 2002, 288) (Tsuda and Cornelius, 2004, 447-8) (Jo and Choi, 2002) (Tsuda and Cornelius, 2004) 1970 (Kim, 2003) D 3K (Douglass and Roberts, 2000, 19-20)

6 (Iguchi, 2009) ) (Iguchi, 2008) (Table 2) (Tsuda and Cornelius, 2004, ) (Seol, 2005, 203) Table 2. Change in labour market size of foreign workers in Japan. (unit: 10 thousand person, %) Total labour force (A) 6,384 6,578 6,645 6,711 6,793 6,766 6,689 6,642 6,657 6,679 Foreign labour (B) Ratio of foreign labour (B/A*100) Source: Kim, T.-Y., 2006 and Iguchi,

7 Table (Table 3) (Choi, 2009a) (Seol, 2005, 210) 3 Table 3. Types of employment of foreign workers in Japan (2003). Number (10,000) Type of employment Research Factory of Restaurants, Construction, Factory of institute of small & services, port work, large firm large firm medium firm retail, etc. etc. High-skilled (profes sional and technical) Japanese descendants 23 - Technical trainees Undesignated activities Illegal working 21 - Notes: large, some, small Source: Nikkei Business ( ). 396

8 (Zainichi gaikokujin) (Jo and Choi, 2002, 288) (JITCO: Japan International Training Cooperation Organization) Figure 1. Immigration process of technical intern trainees. (Source: Okumura, 2008) 397

9 5 3 (Figure 1) Table 4 80 (Table 5) 1990 (Shipper, 2002; Jo, 2004) (Figure 2) (Nikkeijin) Table 4. Sector of employment for foreign workers by nationality in Japan. (Unit: person, %) Total Korean Chinese Brazilian Philippine Thailand USA Total number 684, , , ,093 42,492 9,666 22,131 Agriculture, fishery, forest Construction Manufacturing Transport/ communication Wholesale, retail & restaureants Banking, insurance, real estate Service Public service Other Source: Iguchi, Note: according to Population Census

10 Table 5. Characteristics of foreign workers by type in Japan. Legal status Legal Illegal Type of foreigner Zainichi gaikokujin (Korean, Chinese) Nikkeijin (Brazilians, Peruvians Asian workers (Chinese, Filipino, Indonesian, Thai, etc) East Asians (Korean, Filipino, Chinese, Thai, etc) South Asians Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) Social trails and sources of prejudice Blood (born in Japan, different blood) Culture (same blood, born and raised abroad) Similar racial descent and culture Similar racial descent and culture Similar racial descent, but dissimilar culture and skin color Major occupation Restaurants, pachinko, parlors, self-employed Manufacturing with > 20 employees Manufacturing, entertainment Entertainment (fe male), construction, manufacturing (male) with <20 employees Construction, manufacturing with <20 employees Type of legal documentation Permanent resident Long-term resident, spouse or child of a Japanese national Trainee visa, entertainer visa Temporary visitor, entertainer visa, pre-college or college student, Temporary visitor (no visa require ment until 1989) Individual discrimination Certain employment, housing Housing (but most stay in company dorms) Housing, constant suspicion, public baths, hotels(women) Constant suspicion, Institutional support Self-help groups, local government Government agencies (MOL, JICA, local government) - JITCO, local government Christian NGO, women groups: lawers or medical NGO Workers unions, concerned citizens groups, lawyers or medical NGO Source: Shipper, 2002, 43 (excluding Iranian) (Shipper, 2002, 43) Figure 2. Differential upward mobility of workers by nationality in Japan. (Source: Jo, 2004, partly modified) 399

11 /km /km 2 (Figure 3) (Figure 4, Table 6) (Figure 5) (Banasick and Hanham, 2008) Figure 3. Population density by prefecture of Japan. (Source: JAPAN Statistical Information Network) Figure 4. Population change by prefecture of Japan. (Source: Iguchi, 2008) Figure 5. Job loss in manufacturing in Japan. (Source: Banasick & Hanham, 2008) 400

12 Foreign population Total population Year Total Table 6. Registered foreigners in upper 10 prefectures of Japan. (Unit: 1000 person) Tokyo Aichi Osaka Kanagawa Saitama Chiba Shizuoka Hyogo Gifu Ibaraqi Others ,768 12,577 7,255 8,817 8,792 7,054 6,056 3,792 5,591 2,107 2,975 62, ,692 12,838 7,403 8,806 8,917 7,113 6,122 3,800 5,586 2,100 2,964 62,043 Rate of change na na (%) (100) (18.1) (10.3) (9.6) 7.8) (5.5) (5.0) (4.7) (4.6) (2.6) (2.5) (29.3) Rate of , na change Source: Statistics Bureau & Immigration Bureau of Japan ( Kyoto, instead of Gifu, was included in the upper 10 prefectures in 2000, (Table 6) Table 7. Registered foreigners by national in upper 10 prefectures of Japan. Total Tokyo Aichi Osaka Kanagawa Saitama Chiba Shizuoka Hyogo Gifu Ibaraqi Others Total pop. (A) (million) Foreigner (B) (thousand) ratio(b/a)(%) Natio nality (%) Korean Chinese Brazilian Filipinos Peruvian USA Others Source: Immigration Bureau of Japan ( 401

13 Table (Figure 6) Figure 6. Distribution of foreign residents by types in Japan (2006). (Source: Iguchi, 2008) 402

14 Table 8. Correlation coefficients between Japanese labour force and foreigners. Ratio of younger generation Labour participation ratio of 50 years old and over Foreigners in total 0.301** 0.619*** 0.699*** ** Special permanent 0.340** ** ** residents Japanese Brazilians *** 0.504*** 0.410*** 0.474*** Technical Intern *** *** trainees Source: Iguchi, Notes: ** significant at level 0.05; *** significant at level 0.01 Employment population ratio of 50 years old and over Labour participation ratio of female from 25 years old Employment population ratio of 25 years old and over 1990 (Sellek, 2001, 98; Tsuda and Cornelius, (Iguchi, 2009)

15 (Jo and Choi, 2002, 288; Jo, 2004) (Figure 7) Figure 7. Trends of registered foreigners by nationality in Hiroshima. (Source: Hirroshima prefecture, each year, Statistical Yearbook, Folder1101/Frame1101.htm) 404

16 (Figure 8) (Figure 9) 4 56 Figure 8. Registered foreigner and population composition by regions of Hiroshima. (Source: Hiroshima prefecture, 2006, Statistical Yearbook.; Hiroshima Labor Bureau, 2008) 405

Figure 9. Population and GRDP by regions of Hiroshima prefecture. (Source: Hiroshima prefecture, 2006, Statistical Yearbook) Figure 10. Industrial structure by regions of Hiroshima prefecture.

17 Figure 9. Population and GRDP by regions of Hiroshima prefecture. (Source: Hiroshima prefecture, 2006, Statistical Yearbook) Figure 10. Industrial structure by regions of Hiroshima prefecture. (Source: Hiroshima prefecture, 2006, Statistical Yearbook) Table 9. Correlations between major economic indicators and foreigner by nationality in Hiroshima prefecture. Korean Chinese Brazilian Filipinos Others Total population(2005).974 (.000).959 (.000).651 (.006).993 (.000).945 (.000) GRDP(2005).988 (.000).924 (.000).597 (.012).980 (.000).944 (.000) 1st industry workers.190 (.258).323 (.130).392 (.083).330 (.125).278 (.168) Economic 2nd industry workers.757 (.001).921 (.000).888 (.000).904 (.000).860 (.000) indicator 3rd industry workers.992 (.000).936 (.000).575 (.016).980 (.000).933 (.000) Small firms.996 (.000).917 (.000).519 (.029).967 (.000).919 (.000) Subcontract dispatches.979 (.000).908 (.000).531 (.025).954 (.000).904 (.000) Productivity per person.283 (.163).362 (.102).496 (.036).339 (.118).383 (.088) Korean (.000).483 (.040).950 (.000).917 (.000) Chinese.904 (.000) (.004).950 (.000).958 (.000) Nationality Brazilian.483 (.040).675 (.004) (.002).634 (.007) Filipinos.950 (.000).950 (.000).704 (.002) (.000) Others.917 (.000).958 (.000).634 (.007).940 (.000) Notes: 1. Towns( ) are not conisidered, because of no data. 2. ( ) is the level of significance. (Figure 10) 406

(LQ) Figure 11 (Table 9) 1 2 3 1 Figure 11.

18 (LQ) Figure 11 (Table 9) Figure 11. Location coefficients of registered foreigners by nationality in Hiroshima. (Source: Hiroshima prefecture, 2008, Statistical data (unpublished), Note: No data of towns( ) 5 (Choi, 2009c) 407

19 (Table 10) (Hiroshima Labor Bureau, (Okumura, 2008) 6 Table 10. Foreign worker s claim and treatment in Hiroshima prefecture Workplace requiring treatment of claims Workplace with supervision implementation Violated workplace Issues of claim Overdue wage Unfair dismissal Others Minimum wage Source: Hiroshima Labor Bureau,

20 (Okumura, 2008) (FTA) (EPA) 7) (glocalization) (Okumura, 2008) 1 (Roh and Park, 2009)

22 1 (Seol, 2005, 210) Yang(2009), Jo(2009), Choi(2009c) 6 (Tsuchiya, 2007) 7 (EPA: Economic Partnership Agreement) (FTA) 8 A Shipper(2002) (yakuza) SME JITCO; Iguchi,

23 Banasick, S. and Hanham, R., 2008, Regional decline of manufacturing employment in Japan during an era of prolonged stagnation, Regional Studies, 42(4), Choi, B.-D., 2009a, Impacts of immigrant workers on regional economy in S. Korea, Journal of The Korean Association of Regional Geographers, 15(3), (in Korean). Choi, B.-D., 2009b, Multi-cultural space and glocal ethics: From cultural space of transnational capitalism to space of recognition struggle, Journal of The Korean Association of Regional Geographers, 15(5), (in Korean). Choi, B.-D., 2009c, Multicultural co-existence policy and communal activity for supporting foreign immigrants in Japan: (1) Implementation process and regional characteristics, focusing on the cases of Osaka and Hiroshima, The Geographical Journal of Korea, 43(4), (in Korean). Douglass, M. and Roberts, G. S., 2000, Japan in a global age of migration, in Douglass, M. and Roberts, G. S.(eds), Japan and Global Migration: Foreign Workers and the Advent of a Multicultural Society, Routledge, London. Findlay, A. and Jones, H., 1998, Regional economic integration and the emergence of the East Asian international migration system, Geoforum, 29(1), Hiroshima Labor Bureau, 2008, State of Affairs and Problems of Technical Intern Program for Foreign Workers (unpublished materials) (, 2008, ). Iguchi, Y., 2008, New initiatives for reforming migration policy in Japan, org/pdf/ /workshops/w045-29_iguchiyasushi.pdf ( Bonn). Iguchi, Y., 2009, Impact of financial crisis on migration from the perspectives of destination for Asian migrant workers in Japan and other OECD countries, Meetings/Migration09/3.pdf ( ). Jeon, J.-H., 2007, The policy change toward foreigners according to The Globalization of Immigration in Korea: Utilizing Japan s case, Korea and International Politics, 23(3), (in Korean). Jo, H.-M., 2004, The comparison of local policies on foreign immigrants in Japan: A case study in Kanagawa Prefecture, Journal of The Korean Association of Regional Geographers, 10(3), (in Korean). Jo, H.-M., 2009, The problems of the social integration polity: A case study of social tolerance policy in Japan, Journal of The Korean Association of Regional Geographers, 15(4), (in Korean). Jo., H.-M., and Choi, Y.-D., 2002, Influence of labour market policies on immigrant workers choices of residential area, Journal of the Society of Japanese Language and Literature, 19, (in Korean). Kim, H.-J., 2003, The conditions and policies of foreign workers in Korea and Japan, Social Research, 18, (in Korean). Kim, T.-Y., 2006, Globalization of Japan and labor market of East Asia: With the movement of labor force to Japan, Journal of the Society of Japanese Language and Literature, 32, (in Korean). MIAC of Japan (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan), 2006, Report of Research Group on Promoting Multicultural Coexistence: Towards Promotion of Multicultural Coexistence in Local Area (, 2006, : ). Okumura, T., 2008, On labor union for solidarity of foreign workers in Hiroshima (unpublished materials)(, 2008, ~ ). 412

24 Onuki, H., 2004, The myth of homogeneity and the others : Foreign labor migration and globalization in the case of Japan, Paper presented at the 45th Annual Convention of International Studies Association in Montreal. Overbeek, H., 2002, Neoliberalism and the regulation of global labor mobility, The Annals of The American Academy, 581, Roh, J.-Y. and Park, J.-H., 2009, Major issues and prospect on the revision of worker dispatching law in Japan, Information on Overseas Economy, ( ) (in Korean). Sellek, Y., 2001, Migrant Labour in Japan, Palgrave, New York. Seol, D.-H., 2005, Comparative analysis of the foreign labor policy in Japan and Korea, The Korean Journal for Japanese Studies, 21, (in Korean). Shipper, A. W., 2002, The political construction of foreign workers in Japan, Critical Asian Studies, 34(1), The International Office of Hiroshima Prefecture, 2008, Building Community of Multicultural Coexistence (unpublished materials)(, 2008, ). Tsuchiya, S., 2007, State of Affairs of Foreign Workers and Roles of Labor Union (unpublished materials)(, 2007, ). Tsuda, T. and Cornelius, W. A., 2004, Japan: Government policy, immigrant reality, in Cornelius, W. A., Tsuda, T., Martin, P. L., and Hollifield, J. E.(eds), Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, Stanford Univ. Press, California, Yamanaka, K., 2008, Japan as a country of immigration: Two decades after an influx of immigrant workers, in Yamashita, S., Minami, M., Haines, D. W., and Eades, J. S.(eds), Transnational Migration in East Asia: Senri Ethnological Reports, 77, Yang, K.-H., 2009, Japanese Multi-cultural governance and its implications for Korea, Studies on Multicultural Society, 2(1), (in Korean) bdchoi@daegu.ac.kr Correspondence: Byung-Doo Choi, Department of Geography Education, Daegu University, 15 Naeri-ri, Jillryang-up, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, , Korea ( bdchoi@daegu.ac.kr, phone: , fax: ) 413

44-3대지.08류주현c

44-3대지.08류주현c A Comparative Study on the Commuting Regional Type According to the Features of Foreigner Commuting Ju-Hyun Ryu* Abstract The purposes of this study are to identify many implications of commuting regional