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1 Kor J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2008;32(4): 치성기원의치성각화낭종및양성종양, 악성종양에서의 VEGF(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) 의발현에관한연구 황대용, 이재훈 * 단국대학교치과대학구강외과학교실 ABSTRACT Study on expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Odontogenic Keratocyst & Benign Odontogenic Tumors & Ameloblastic Carcinoma Dae Yong Hwang, Jae Hoon Lee * Dept. of OMFS. College of Dentistry, Dankook University Angiogenesis is a process with a coordinated sequence of endothelial cell division, selective degradation of vascular basement membranes, and surrounding extracellular matrix with migration of theses cells that result in a new capillary growth from preexisting vessels. These processes are controlled by numerous different molecules. Among these, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor(VEGF) is an endothelial cell-specific mitogen with a potent ability to induce microvessel permeability and angiogenesis. In this study, tissue samples of odontogenic keratocyst(10 cases), ameloblastoma(10 cases), adenomatoid odontogenic tumor(10 cases), calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor(10 cases), ameloblastic carcinoma(2 cases) were obtained, and all specimen were routinely fixed in 10% formalin and embedded. Serial 5μm thick sections were cut from paraffin blocks. And the immunohistochemical staining, characteristics of VEGF about the cyst & tumor were observed & obtaned the results from this study. We presume that the growth of cyst is depends on not a differentiation but an epithelium & connective tissue. But, in odontogenic tumor, we presumed that the growth of tumor is influenced on inflammation & surrounding stimulus & vascular growth and supply. Therefore, it should be suggested that study on the growth of tumor and vascularity must be carrying out in this immunohistochemical study. Key words : VEGF expression, Odontogenic tumor I. 서론 혈관신생 (angiogenesis) 은내피세포의분열, 혈관기저막의선택적퇴화, 새로운모세혈관성장을유도하는세포들의이주및주위의세포외기질에의해조절되는일련의연속적인과정이다. 다시말해, 혈관신생은배아발생 (embryogenesis), 창상치유, 염증및종양증식과같은병적인과정과생리적과정에서중요한역할을담당한다. 이러한과정들은다양한 * Correspondence : Jae-Hoon Lee, Department of OMFS, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Chung Chungnam, Cheonan, Anseo dong. Tel: , lee2001@dankook.ac.kr 221 싸이토카인등에의해조절되는데, 이중혈관내피성장인자 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; VEGF) 는혈관신생과혈관투과성 (vascular permeability) 을증가시키는강력한자극인자로, 혈관내피세포에서만특수하게유사분열을시키는촉진물질 (mitogen) 로알려져있다 1). 1983년 Senger 2) 에의해, 동일한구조를가진 34-42kDad의단백질두개 (homodimeric) 로구성된이량체가피부에서혈관투과성을증가시킴을처음으로확인할수있었다. 그때부터이량체는 VPF(Vascular permeability factor) 로불리기시작되었으며, 1989년여러조사자들에의해이량체가내피를

2 성장시키는물질임을강조해 VEGF로명명되기시작했다 3). 보통 VEGF는내피세포들, 섬유아세포, 평활근세포, 대식세포에의해생성된다 4). VEGF family 는크게 7개의종류로분류되는데, VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E, VEGF-F, placenta growth factor(pigf) 가이에속한다. VEGF family 의 member 들은다양한물리적, 생물학적특성을가지며특정한타이로신카이나아제수용체 (tyrosine kinase receptor ; VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3) 를통해작용한다. VEGFR-3 수용체및이의결합물질들 (ligands) 인 VEGF-C 와 VEGF-D 는임파관생성 (lymphagiogenesis) 과관련이있는반면, PIGF 는동맥형성 (arteriogenesis) 과연결된다. 1945년 Algire 등 5) 에의한쥐를대상으로한연구에서, 종양성장은풍부한혈류공급과관련이있다고밝혀졌다. 그후신체내다른부위에대해서종양의증식및혈관신생에대한연구는꾸준히이루어져왔다. 최근구강내치성낭종및종양발생시혈관신생및혈관투과성에대한연구가진행되기시작했으나, 혈관신생과밀접한 VEGF의연구는활발히보고되지않고있다. VEGF 발현과미세혈관밀도 (MVD) 의관계에대해 Hiroyuki 등 6) 의보고에의하면 VEGF 발현은치배에서보다법랑모세포종양들에서높게나타나며, 이를통해치성상피의악성변이혹은종양신생 (oncogenesis) 은혈관신생을매개로하여촉진된다고추론할수있었다. 하지만치성기원의낭종및다른치성종양들과의비교에대한연구는아직부족한실정이다. 이에본연구에서는치성각화낭종, 양성및악성종양에서의 VEGF의발현을알아보기위해면역조직화학적연구를시행하였으며, 이를통해낭종및종양의증식에있어 VEGF 의역할을확인하고임상적치료에도움이되고자하였다. II. 연구재료및방법 1. 조직표본단국대학교치과대학구강악안면외과에서각각치성각화낭종, 선양치성종양, 석회화상피성치성종양및법랑모세포종으로진단된 10례와, 법랑모세포암종으로진단되어진 2 례를택한후외과적표본을다음과같이처리하였다. 표본은 10% 중성포르말린으로고정, 탈수후파라핀포매하였 다. 5μm 두께의절편을 silane-coated slide 에부착하여 1 장은헤마톡실린및에오진염색을하였으며, 다른한장은 VEGF에대한면역조직화학적염색을시행하였다. 2. 면역조직화학적염색 5μm 두께의조직절편슬라이드를 60 C에서 1시간부란시킨후 100%, 95%, 80% 및 70% 의에탄올에담근후증류수로수화하였다. 항원회복을위해 1mM EDTA, ph 8.0에 20분간 steamer로처리하고 20분간실온에서식혔다 7,8). 그후 endogenous peroxidase(hydrogen peroxidase) 의작용을제거하기위하여 3% 과산화수소로 10~15분간처리한후 PBS(phosphate buffered saline) 로 4회 5분씩수세하고, 비특이적면역반응을방지하기위하여 Ultra V block 을가해실온에서 5분간두었다. 본연구에이용된일차항체는생쥐에서얻은 VEGF에대한단클론성항체인 VEGF Ab-7(MS-1467-P0, Labvision, U.S.A.) 이었다. 일차항체를적용실온에서 1시간동안반응시켰으며그후 PBS(phosphate buffered saline) 로 4회 5 분씩수세하고 UltraVision ONE HRP Polymer 를실온에서 30분작용시켰다. 그후 PBS(phosphate buffered saline) 로 4회 5분씩수세한후 DAB 로 3~5 분간발색하고수세하였으며헤마톡실린으로 3초간대조염색한후탈수및투명과정을거쳐 permount 로봉입후검경하였다. 3. 평가방법 VEGF의면역조직화학적검사현미경을 40배율로적용후, 염색표본중가장진하게염색된부위를확인하였다. 그후가장진하게염색된부위를 200배율로다시확대해서관찰하였다. 이를토대로전체상피세포에대한양성반응을보이는세포의수를 counting 해아래의백분율로표시하였다. {( 염색된세포의수 ) / ( 전체상피세포의수 )} 100 (%) 또한, 염색정도를 intensity 에따라 3가지 group으로분류하였다. Intensity : No(-)/Slight(±)/Moderate(+)/Strong(++) (slight : less than 10% of epithelial or neoplastic cells, moderate : 10~20% of epithelial or neoplastic cells, strong : more than 20% of epithelial or neoplastic cells) 222

3 III. 연구결과전체표본에대한 VEGF의면역조직화학적검사결과는 Table 1과같았으며, 각각의표본검사는아래와같았다. 1) OKC( 치성각화낭종 ) 의 Anti-VEGF 반응검사결과 Anti-VEGF 로염색하였을때거의모든표본에서음성에가까운반응을나타내었다. 평균 1.1%, 범위 0~2.5% 로낮은발현강도를보인반면, 염증세포의침윤이있는경우에는평균 5.1% 로염증세포의침윤이없는경우에비해상대적으로높은수치를나타내었다 (Fig. 1A, Table 2). 2) Ameloblastoma( 법랑모세포종 ) 의 Anti-VEGF 반응검사결과 Anti-VEGF 로염색하였을때모든표본에서중등도의양성반응을나타내었다. 평균 16.3%, 범위 11.3~18.0% 의발현강도를보였다. 그러나염증세포의침윤이있는경우평균 21.2%, 범위 17.2~23.6% 로상대적으로높은수치를나타내었다 (Fig. 1B, Table 3). 또한조직병리학적분류를한결과, 여포형 (Follicular) 법랑모세포종에서는평균 18.1%, 범위 16.3~19.6% 로높은반응을보인반면, 극세포형 (Acanthomatous) 및층판 (Plexiform) 법랑모세포종에서는각각평균 12.3%, 11.9%, 범위 10.4~14.5%, 9.5~13.1 로낮은반응을보였다. 3) AOT( 선양치성종양 ) 의 Anti-VEGF 반응검사결과 Anti-VEGF 로염색하였을때모든표본에서중등도의양성반응을나타내었다. 도관의발달정도에따라발현강도에차이를보였는데, 도관구조가잘발달된경우평균 12.1%, 범위 10.9~14.2% 를나타냈으나도관구조가잘발달되지않은경우평균 10.1%, 범위 9.1~11.0% 로상대적으로낮은수치를나타내었다 (Fig. 1C, D, Table 4). 4) CEOT( 석회화상피성치성종양 ) 의 Anti-VEGF 반응검사결과 Anti-VEGF 로염색하였을때모든표본에서중등도의양성반응을나타내었다. 평균 11.9%, 범위 9.9~13.5% 로선양치성종양에비해상대적으로약간낮은수치를보였다 (Fig. 1E). 5) Ameloblastic Carcinoma( 법랑모세포암종 ) 의 Anti- VEGF 반응검사결과 Anti-VEGF 로염색하였을때모든표본에서강한양성반응을나타내었다. 평균 27.2%, 범위 23.9~30.5% 로다른양성종양들에비해상대적으로높은발현을보였다 (Fig. 1F). Table 1. Results of VEGF Staining Intensity of OKC, Ameloblastoma, AOT, CEOT, Ameloblastic Carcinoma Intensity Mean(%) OKC ± 1.1 Ameloblastoma AOT CEOT Ameloblastic Carcinoma (OKC : Odontogenic Keratocyst, AOT : Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor, CEOT : Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor) Table 2. Results of VEGF Staining of OKC Mean (%) Range (%) SN Noninflammation OKC 1.1 0~2.5 2 Inflammation OKC ~6.5 8 (OKC : Odontogenic Keratocyst, SN : Sample Number) Table 3. Results of VEGF Staining of Ameloblastoma Noninflammation Ameloblastoma Inflammation Ameloblastoma (SN : Sample Number) Mean(%) Range(%) SN ~ ~ Table 4. Results of VEGF Staining of AOT Mean(%) Range(%) SN Well developed catheter structure ~ Not-well developed catheter structure ~ (AOT : Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor, SN : Sample Number) 223

4 A B C D E F Fig. 1. A: Microscopic View of OKC(VEGF, 200). B: Microscopic View of Ameloblastoma(VEGF, 200). C: Microscopic View of well developed catheter structure of AOT(VEGF, 200). D: Microscopic View of not well developed catheter structure of AOT(VEGF, 200). E: Microscopic View of CEOT(VEGF, 200). F: Microscopic View of Ameloblastic Carcinoma(VEGF, 200). IV. 총괄및고찰치성상피는생리적조건하에서치아발육, 악골의종양및낭종발생과관련이있다 11). 가장빈도가높은치근단낭종 (Periapical cyst) 은치주인대에있는 Malassez 상피잔사로부터기원하며피질골성변연을보인다. Periapical cyst 의성장과혈관증식에대해조사한 Filippo 등 1) 은염증성세포침윤이많을수록 VEGF의발현도가증가하며 Periapical cyst의증식에도영향을미친다고보고했다. 그러나낭종의성장과염증침윤정도및혈관증식의관계에대한추가적인연구보고는되고있지않다. 치성각화낭종 (Odontogenic Keratocyst; OKC) 에서의 VEGF에대한발현양상을관찰한본연구를통해, 염증성세포가많은 OKC 일수록 VEGF의발현정도가높음을확인할수가있었다. 심각한염증상태는상피파괴의증가와일치하였으며, 이를통해상피의상태가낭종의기능적상태 (functional status) 에영향을미칠수있다고생각되었다. 따라서상피층의두께는염증의정도및낭종성장의다양한단계와연관이있을수있다고판단된다. 아마도다른혈관성장인자및사이토카인 (cytokine) 에대한추가적인연구를통해, 낭종성장과신생혈관생성과정의관계에대해보다잘이해될수있을것이라고사료된다. 종양은성장양상, 침윤성및전이가능성등에의해양성종양과악성종양으로나뉜다 9,10). 그중양성종양은조직학적으로기원조직이이상증식하는특성을가지며, 암으로서지칭되는악성종양은불규칙하고빠른성장을하다가주위의정상조직을파괴하며확산하는특성을지닌다. 여러문헌에의하면 VEGF는새롭게증식하는혈관상 (vascular bed) 에서부터내피세포증식, 이주및특화성 (specilization) 을유도하며많은유형의종양에서혈관생성의촉진인자로작용한다 12~14). 따라서 VEGF는구강내종양형성및편평세포암종에대한연구의주제로서간주되어왔다. 그러나구강내종양형성과침습적인암종의진행에있어 VEGF의역할은아직도논란의대상이되고있다 15). Carlile, Sato 등 16,17) 에의하면혈관신생은종양의성장과전이에필수적인요소로서이중 VEGF는혈관내피세포에직접작용하며그로인해미세혈관투과성, 혈관신생및세포증식을유도하는헤파린결합성장인자로활동할수있게 224

5 된다. 많은동물연구에서는 VEGF의억제를통해종양의성장을억제할수있다고보고되었으며, 신체내로전이된경우에는 VEGF 발현강도가증가된다고밝혀졌다 18). 또한구강편평상피세포암종의경우 VEGF는 tumor cell 에대해 oncogenes 으로서활동할수있어환자의생존율을현저히감소시킬수있다는연구결과가발표되었다 19). 치성종양의경우이실험에사용된 VEGF 이외에 TGFβ(transforming growth factor) 나 Fibroblast growth factor(fgf) 역시혈관신생인자들로서측정될수있다고밝혀졌다. 그러나치성종양증식과혈관신생의관계에대한연구결과는드물게보고되고있다 20,21). 치성종양중양성에속하는법랑모세포종 (Ameloblastoma) 은국소적인침윤성성장양상을보이는종양이다. 조직학적으로는초기모상기 (cap-stage) 의법랑모세포성분과유사한소견을보인다 22). Hiroyuki 등 6) 에의하면치성상피세포의세포질및치배에비해 Ameloblastoma 에서 VEGF의발현이높게나타났다. 또한치성상피세포가악성변이되었을경우 VEGF 발현이더욱높게나타났는데, 생성된 VEGF 는주로종양세포들에위치했다. 이를통해그들은 paracrine mechanism 이 VEGF의발현정도에영향을미쳤다고추론하였다. 또한그들은 VEGF의발현이미세혈관 (microvascular density) 밀도와도상관관계가있다고밝혔다. 그러나다른양성치성종양과의비교에대한연구결과는더이상보고된바가없다. 본연구에서는 Ameloblastoma 의 VEGF 발현은다른종양들에비해상대적으로높게나타났으며, 조직병리학적분류를한결과여포형법랑모세포종에서다른유형의법랑모세포종보다높은 VEGF 발현을보였는데, 중심부쪽보다변연의원주형세포에서더욱그러하였다. 이를통해혈관성장인자가변연의세포에작용해종양을증식시킴을유추할수있었다. 본연구에서는 Ameloblastoma 의 VEGF 발현이다른양성종양들에서의발현과차이가있음을확인하고자, 선양치성종양 (Adenomatoid Odonto-genic Tumor; AOT) 과석회화상피성치성종양 (Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor; CEOT) 을 Anti-VEGF 염색하였다. AOT 는종양의내부에다양한양의석회화물질이산재되어나타나며, 상악이하악에비해호발빈도가 2배이상높다. 또한종종미맹출치와관련되며관상혹은도관상의구조를보인다. 조직병리학적으로는종양의중심부는필수적 으로경화되어있거나혹은다양한정도의낭종성변화를보인다 23). Labban 24) 은 AOT 의간질내에있는혈관들은 70~90% 가퇴행성변화를보였고, 이로인해이장내피세포및혈관주위결합조직에도영향을끼쳤을것이라고추론했다. 본실험에서 AOT 의 VEGF 발현은 Ameloblastoma 에비해미약했으며, 주로도관의바깥경계에위치하였으며경계가명확하였다. 또한도관상의구조를보인 AOT는그렇지않은 AOT에비해 VEGF의발현정도가높음을확인할수가있었다. 이를통해종양세포의분비작용으로도관구조가바깥쪽을향해증식하며, 또한혈관내피성장인자의발현과종양의증식이밀접한연관관계가있다고생각된다. Pindborg tumor 로도알려진 CEOT 는모든치성종양중 1% 미만의발생을보이는매우희귀한병소로 Ameloblastoma 와유사한임상양상을보인다. 매우느린성장양상을띠나불완전한병소적출후에는국소적재발이된다고보고되어왔다. 핵을관찰한결과변이및유사분열특징 (mitotic figures) 이나타났다. Rapidis 등 25) 에의하면악성변이 (malignant transformation) 를보이는 CEOT 는혈관침습 (vascular invasion) 을보이며경부임파절로확산되기도한다고보고되었다. 본실험에서도혈관침습경향이 CEOT 가 AOT 보다높음을고려해 VEGF의발현역시 CEOT 가 AOT보다높을것이라예상하였다. 그러나 CEOT 에서의 VEGF 발현은 Ameloblastoma 뿐만아니라 AOT 에서의 VEGF 발현정도보다도낮았다. 또한 Yoshida 등 26) 은 AOT 와 CEOT 에서 VEGF가아닌 Hepatocyte growth factor(hgf) 와 TGF-β 로면역조직화학적연구를시행하였다. HGF 는다양한유형의세포에서유사분열, 운동및형태학적기능을가지며 tyrosine kinase 의수용체로서작용한다. 반면, TGF-β 는 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 인 p27kip1 을활성화시켜서세포성장을정체하며세포사멸 (apoptosis) 을유도한다. 면역조직화학적연구결과, 성장능을알려주는 HGF와사멸능을나타내는 TGF-β 의발현은 CEOT 에서보다 AOT 에서높았다. 이에저자는성장능력및세포사멸능이여러인자에의해상호영향을받는다고추론하였으며, VEGF 의발현정도만으로혈관증식이아닌침습경향을판단하는것은어려우며다른여러인자들과의관계확인이선행되어야한다고생각되었다. 악성종양에속하는법랑모세포암종 (Ameloblastic Carcinoma) 은현저한침습적, 국소적임상과정을수반하 225

6 며드물게폐나국소적임파절에전이된다고알려져있다. 이는매우드문종양으로여러학자들에의하면, 조직병리학적관찰시수많은유사분열상과핵의이형성및다형성이관찰된다고한다 27,28). 본실험의결과양성종양들에비해 Ameloblastic Carcinoma 에서의 VEGF의발현은현저히높았으며이를통해종양성장과 VEGF의연관성을확인할수있었다. 암세포는유사분열을통해세포분열및증식을한다. 신생혈관생성은암세포가유사분열및증식후전신에퍼져나가는전이과정에서꼭필요하다 29). 암덩어리가어느정도이상의크기가되면조직의저산소증이발생하며기존의정상혈관만으로는필요한산소및영양분을충분히공급받을수없으므로암조직은새로운혈관을만드는과정을통해조직의영양분을공급하게되며 30) 이과정에서중요한역할을하는것이혈관내피성장인자 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, VEGF) 이다. 이의사실로추론해볼때, 양성및악성종양에있어세포증식은신생혈관생성이선행되어야하고양성종양보다악성종양에서신생혈관생성요구도는증가된다할수있다. V. 결론본연구는낭종및종양에서 VEGF의역할을확인하고자, 각각치성각화낭종, 선양치성종양, 석회화상피성치성종양및법랑모세포종으로진단된 10례와, 법랑모세포암종으로진단되어진 2례를택한후면역조직화학적염색을시행하여다음과같은결과를얻었다. 1. 치성각화낭종의경우 VEGF의발현이미약했으며이에치성각화낭종의크기성장은 VEGF와무관하였다. 2. 선양치성종양은도관구조가잘발달되었을때, 그렇지않은것에비해강한 VEGF의발현을나타냈으며, 대체로중등도의반응을보였다. 3. 석회화상피성치성종양은도관구조가잘발달된선양치성종양보다는약간미약한중등도의반응을보였으나그렇지않은선양치성종양에비해서는높은중등도의반응을보였다. 4. 법랑모세포종은다른양성종양에비해높은중등도의 VEGF의발현을보였다. 또한, 염증세포의침윤이있는경우보다높은수치를나타내었다. 조직병리학적분류시여포형법랑모세포종에서다른유형의법랑모세포종보다높은 VEGF 발현을보였다. 5. 법랑모세포암종에서는다른양성종양에비해강한 VEGF의반응을보였다. 이상의결과를종합하여볼때, 낭종은혈관의분화가아닌상피및결체조직에의해크게영향을받는것으로생각되며, 종양의경우는염증세포의침윤, 혈관증식및공급구조의발달이종양의증식에영향을미치는것으로생각된다. VI. 참고문헌 1. Filippo G, Michele V, Paolo V et al. : Microvascular endothelial growth factor(vegf) expression in human radicular cysts. American Journal of Dentistry 2006;19: Senger DR : Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid. Science 1983;219: Carvalho JF, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y et al. : Vascular epithelial growth factor in autoimmune diseases. Journal of clinical immunology 2007;27: Plate KH, Warnke PC : Vascular endothelial growth factor. J Neurooncol 1997;35: Algire GH, Chalkley HW : Vascular reactions of normal and malignant tissues in vivo. J Natl Cancer Inst 1945;6: Hiroyuki K, Kousuke O, Kiyoshi O : Association between vascular endothelial growth factor(vegf) expression and tumor angiogenesis in ameloblastomas. J Oral Pathol Med 2002;31: Lyna Z, Helen T, Russell L et al. : Validation of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(anti-vegf) antibodies for immuno-histochemical localization of VEGF in tissue sections: expression of VEGF in the human endometrium. Journal of pathology 1998;185: OʼByrne KJ, Koukourakis MI, Giatromanolaki A et al. : Vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor and an- 226

7 giogenesis in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer research Campaign 2000;82: Kramer IRH, Pindborg JJ, Shear M et al. : Histological typing of odontogenic tumors. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992; Kramer IRH, Pindborg JJ, Shear M et al. : Histological typing of odontogenic tumors. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 1992; ElHajj G, Anneroth G : Odontogenic keratocysts - a retrospective clinical and histologic study. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;25: Johnstone S, Logan RM : Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(vegf) in normal oral mucosa, oral dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;36: Kleinheinz J, Stratmann U, Joos U et al. : VEGFactivated angiogenesis during bone regeneration. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;63: Byun JH, Park BW, Kim JR et al. : Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors after mandibular distraction osteogenesis. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;36: Johnstone S, Logan RM : The role of vascular endothelial growth factor(vegf) in oral dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncology 2006; 42: Carlile J, Harada K, Baillie R et al. : Vascular endothelial growth factor(vegf) expression in oral tissues : possible relevance to angiogenesis, tumor progression and field cancerisation. J Oral Pathol Med 2001;30: Sato J, Segami N, Nishimura M et al. : Relation between the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in synovial tissues and the extent of joint effusion seen on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. British J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003;41: Lalani Z, Wong M, Brey EM et al. : Spatial and temporal localization of FGF-2 and VEGF in healing tooth extraction sockets in a rabbit model. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;63: Tae K, El-Nagar AK, Yoo E et al. : Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel density in head and neck tumorigenesis. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6: Risau W : Mechanism of angiogenesis. Nature 1997;386: Leung DW, Cachianes G : Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science 1989;246: Adebayo ET, Ajike SO, Adekeye EO et al. : A review of 318 Odontogenic tumors in Kaduna, Nigeria. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;63: Takahashi K, Yoshino T, Hashimoto S : Unusually large cystic adenomatoid odontogenic tumor of the maxilla: case report. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001;30: EI-Labban NG, Lee KW : Vascular degeneration in adenomatoid odontogenic tumor : an ultrastructual study. J. Oral Pathol Med 1988;17: Rapidis AD, Stavrianos SD, Lagogiannis G : Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor(ceot) of the mandible: clinical therapeutic conference. J Oral Maxillo Surg 2005;63: Yoshida M, Ooya K : Immunohistochemical detection of hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor-βand their receptors in epithelial odontogenic tumors. J. Oral Pathol Med 2002;31: Akrish S, Buchner A, Shoshani Y et al. : Ameloblastic Carcinoma : Report of a new case, literature review, and comparison to ameloblastoma. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65: Eversole LR : Malignant epithelial odontogenic tumors. Semin Diagn Pathol 1999;16: Moriyama M, Kumagai S, Kawashiri S et al. : Immunohistochemical study of tumor angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncology 1997;33: Dunst J, Stadler P, Becker A et al. : Tumor hypoxia and systemic levels of vascular epithelial growth factor(vegf) in head and neck cancers. Strahlenther Onkol 2001;9:

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