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1 대한화상학회지제 16 권제 1 호 58 Journal of Korean Burn Society Vol. 16, No. 1, 58-63, 2013 돼지의화상및피부결손모델에서상처치유과정의비교 정성필ㆍ황태식 1 ㆍ송근정 2 ㆍ신명하 1 ㆍ이성준 3 연세대학교의과대학응급의학교실, 1 베스티안부산병원화상센터, 2 성균관대학교의과대학응급의학교실, 3 베스티안중앙연구소 Comparison of Wound Healing Process between Burn and Skin Defect in a Porcine Model Sung Phil Chung, M.D., Tae Sik Hwang, M.D. 1, Keun Jeong Song, M.D. 2, Myung Ha Shin, M.D. 1 and Sung-jun Lee 3 Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 1 Burn Center, Bestian Busan Hospital, Busan, 2 Department of Emergency Medicine, Seongkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, 3 Bestian Research Center, Deajeon, Korea Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop porcine full thickness skin wound healing model of thermal burn and skin defect and to compare wound healing process between them. Methods: Twelve thermal burns and 12 skin defect wounds were created on the back of 3 domestic pigs. A round shaped heated electric iron was contacted for 30 seconds to develop full thickness burn. Appropriate dressings were applied for 30 days after wounding. Full thickness skin biopsies were obtained for histologic analysis by a pathologist. The amount of wound discharge, the surface area of each wound, and wound culture results were compared between skin defect and burn wound. Results: Of 12 burn wound sections, 7 (58%) were identified to full thickness dermal injury. Complete wound reepithelialization was seen between postburn days 21 and 28 in both wounds. The initial wound area was smaller in burn than skin defect (P<0.001, 14.4±0.8 cm 2 vs 22.8±3.4 cm 2 ). The wound area of both burn and skin defect was slightly increased for 9 days after wounding and rapidly decreased after that time. The linear advancement length of wound edge was significantly slower in burn (P=0.009, 1.06±0.28 vs 1.48±0.42 cm). The amount of wound discharge was greater in skin defect than burn (P=0.002, 35.1±8.3 vs 49.5±11.2 g). Conclusion: We developed a porcine model of both thermal burn and skin defect. Time for complete reepithelialization was similar but the linear advancement length of wound edge was slower in burn than skin defect wound. (J Korean Burn 책임저자 : 황태식, 부산시북구화명동 , 베스티안부산병원화상센터 Tel: , Fax: emhwang1@hanmail.net Soc 2013;16:58-63) Key Words: Burns, Wound healing, Wound epithelialization, Animal model 서 화상이나외상에의한피부결손창상을치유하기위해거즈를이용한전통적인드레싱방법에서부터 hydrofiber, hydrocolloid, 폼드레싱등의다양한방법들이사용되고있다. 이러한창상치료법들은임상에도입되기전에동물실험을통해효과및안전성을평가받게된다. 또한창상치유과정에대한기전이나이상적인조건에대한연구를위해서는적절한동물모델이필수적이다. 다양한동물을이용하여화상및피부결손모델을만들수있으나, 돼지를이용한모델이가장좋다고알려져있다. 그이유는첫째, 돼지의피부가사람과유사하고둘째, 피부면적이커서개체당많은창상을만들수있으며셋째, 감염에저항력이크다는장점때문이다 1). 국내에서도그동안돼지의화상모델을이용한연구들이보고되었다 2,3). 또한돼지에서전층피부결손에대한창상치유의기전및효과를연구하기위한모델도보고되었다 4). 화상과피부결손은대표적인창상으로서유사한드레싱방법이적용되고있으나창상의치유과정을직접비교한연구는없었다. 저자들은돼지를이용하여전층화상과전층피부결손을만들고창상치유과정을비교함으로써창상치유기전을연구하는표준화된모델을수립하여추가적인연구의기반으로삼고자본연구를시행하였다. 1. 동물 (animal) 론 대상및방법 본연구의실험은 AAALAC International (Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International) 인증기관인삼성생명과학연구소동물실험윤리위원회의검토와승인을거쳤으며, 위원회의실험

2 정성필등 : 돼지의화상및피부결손모델에서상처치유과정의비교 59 동물관리와사용에관한지침을준수하며시행하였다. 2 3개월수령 (25 kg) 의암컷돼지 (mongrel 중형, CV, 국제실험동물센터 ) 3마리를실험에사용하였다. 환경은 18 o C 와 60% 의습도를유지하면서규칙적으로사료를먹이고, 물은자유롭게섭취할수있도록하였다. 12시간주기로점등과소등을반복하였다. 피부및상처부위에추가적인손상을주지않도록모서리가둥근스테인레스울타리로만든우리에격리해서사육하였다. 2. 마취및진통 (anesthesia & analgesic) Zoletil R (Virbac Korea, 대한민국 ) 5 mg/kg와 Rompun R (Xylazine, 바이엘코리아, 한국 ) 1 mg/kg을섞어귀뒤쪽목근육에근주하여마취를유도하였고, 돼지가마취되면체중을측정하고, 수술실로옮겨흡입마취제 Furane R 을사용해서마취를유지하였는데, 흡입마취기를통해마취제와함께 2 3 L/min의산소를함께공급하였고, 흡입마취기연결관사이에 end tidal CO 2 sensor를부착해서값을측정하였다. 수술침대에는온열기가장착되어있어실험진행과정에섭씨 o C를유지했다. 심전도유도 (electrode) 를왼쪽앞발, 오른쪽앞발, 왼쪽뒷발에붙여심전도를모니터링하였고, 중심체온측정을위해입을통해식도위치까지체온측정 probe를삽입하였고, 맥박산소측정기를귀에부착해서산소포화도를측정하였고, 귀에정맥로를확보하고, 생리식염수 (0.9% normal saline R, 중외제약, 한국 ) 를연결하였다. 수술후통증조절을위해서 Metacam (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) 0.2 mg/kg를마취회복중근주하였다. 3. 상처및화상 (wounding) 마취된돼지를엎드린자세로눕히고, 등쪽부위의털을깎은다음베타딘용액 (Povidone R ) 과알코올 (ethyl alcohol) 로소독하였다. 등부위를제외한다른부위는소독포로덮어주변부위로부터의오염을차단하였다. 피부를 blade #15을사용해서 4군데에 4 4 cm 크기로 panniculus carnosus까지전층 ( 두께약 0.8 cm) 으로제거하여전층피부결손을만들었다. 화상은직경 2 cm 크기의원형인두로 o C로 30초간접촉하여유발하였는데, 각각의부위에 3번씩원형화상이겹쳐지도록하였다. 상처와화상배열은위치에따른변수를줄이기위해서로마주보도록하고, 머리쪽에서엉덩이쪽을향해왼쪽, 오른쪽에각각한부위씩 4쌍을만들며, 드레싱과정에삼출액이번지는것을방지하고자같은쪽상처끼리도 4 cm 이상간격을유지하였다. 4. 드레싱 (dressing) 피부결손과화상은멸균생리식염수를적신거즈를사용해서삼출액이나이물질을닦아내고, 상처부위에는첫째날부터마지막날까지 mupirocin ( 뉴젠팜, 한국 ) 을도포하고, 그위에드레싱재료를선택해서사용하였고, 화상부위에는첫째날은 mupirocin, 둘째날부터가피가형성되어있는동안에는 mafede (mefenamic acetate, 한국유니팜, 한국 ), 가피절제술을시행한후에는다시 mupirocin을도포하고, 선택한드레싱재료를사용하였다. 피부결손과화상을유발하고삼출액양은많은일주일동안은매일드레싱을하였고, 2주차에는삼출액이줄어들어 2일에한번, 3주차부터는일주일에 2번시행하였다. 드레싱을하는과정에도위에설명한마취와진통방법을동일하게시행하였다. 드레싱재료는 nylon #3.0으로일차봉합을해서고정하고, 주변에 Op-site (Smith & Nephew, Hull, UK) 를붙여삼출액의누출을방지했고, 전체적으로다시 hypafix (BSN medical, Hamburg, Germany) 를붙였고, 마지막은 Pehahaft (Paul Hartman, Heidenheim, Germany) 로마무리하였다. 일차드레싱 (primary dressing) 재료로는 Mepitel One (Moelnlycke Healthcare, Goeteborg, Sweden), Aquacel Ag (Convatec, London, UK), Aquacel (Convatec, London, UK), Acticoat (Smith & Nephew, Hull, UK) 중에서선택하였고, 이차드레싱 (second dressing) 재료로는 Mepilex (Moelnlycke Healthcare, Goeteborg, Sweden), Mepilex Ag (Moelnlycke Healthcare, Goeteborg, Sweden), Versivas XC (Convatec, London, UK), DuoDerm CGF (Convatec, London, UK) 중에서선택하였는데, 상처바닥의상태와삼출액양을근거로선택하였다. 4개의화상중두부위는화상후 2일째 blade #15를사용해서가피절제술을시행하였고, 나머지두부위는화상후 7일째가피절제술을시행하였다. 상처의치료및관찰은수상후 30일간시행하였다. 5. 자료수집및분석상처와화상에드레싱재료를적용하기전에저울로무게를측정하고, 다음드레싱을하기위해재료를제거한후삼출액이포함된재료의무게를동일저울로측정하여드레싱재료에포함되어있는삼출액양을측정하였다. 카메라로상처와화상부위에대한촬영을하는데, 6 6 cm 크기의기준틀을대고촬영하였고, 기준틀안의전체면적에서상처부위 pixel 수를 Image Pro Plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Inc., Silver Spring, MD) 으로계산해서피부재상피화에따른상처크기감소정도를측정하였다. 수술 14일째 cotton swab 방법으로균배양검사를실시하는데, Trypticase soy agar (TSA), Sabouraud dextrose agar

3 60 (SDA) 배지를 사용하여 colony count를 시행하였다. 조직 대한화상학회지 Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013 경우에 통계적 유의성이 있다고 해석하였다. 검사 기구(punch biopsy 4 mm, Kai medical, Japan)를 사 용해서 조직 생검을 시행하였고, Hematoxylin & Eosin 결 과 (H&E) 염색을 통해 재상피화 정도를 확인하였다. 조직의 관찰 및 판독은 병리과 전문의에 의해 시행되었다. 3마리의 돼지에 각각 4개씩 총 12개의 화상과 12개의 전층 화상과 피부결손의 삼출액 양 및 wound edge의 linear 피부결손을 유발하였다(Fig. 1). 화상 유발 다음날 12개의 advancement 값은 t test로 비교하였다. 배양검사 결과의 화상 부위의 깊이를 조직학적으로 확인한 결과 7군데에서 비교는 chi square test를 이용하였다. P 값이 0.05 미만인 전층 화상, 나머지 5군데는 진피층이 2/3 가량 침범된 부분 Fig. 1. Photography of burn and skin defect wound at day 0 (left) and at day 28 (right). Fig. 2. Hematoxylin-eosin stained sections ( 100) of burn and skin defect wounds at 8, 15, 21, and 28 days after wounding. Reepithelialization was complete in 28 days (C: control, D: skin defect, B: burn).

4 정성필등 : 돼지의화상및피부결손모델에서상처치유과정의비교 61 Fig. 3. Comparison of wound area between burn and skin defect (error bar means standard deviation). 층화상이었다. 조직학적으로완전한재상피화는상처유발후 21과 28일사이에이루어졌으며연속적인조직검사소견은 Fig. 2와같다. 유발된화상의평균면적은 14.4±0.8 cm 2, 피부결손의면적은 22.8±3.4 cm 2 로피부결손이넓었다 (P<0.001). 상처치유과정이진행되면서상처크기가감소하였는데, 상처의면적은처음 9일간은처음상처에비해면적이넓어지는양상을보이다가이후급격히감소되었다. 치유된상처의궤적 (%) 을시간에따라비교하면 Fig. 3과같다. Gilman의공식을이용하여구한 wound edge의 linear advancement 값은화상 1.06±0.28 cm, 상처 1.48±0.42 cm으로화상의치유속도가의미있게느렸다 (P=0.009). 드레싱에묻은삼출액의무게의합은화상이 35.1±8.3 g, 피부결손이 49.5±11.2 g으로피부결손에서더많았다 (P= 0.002). 상처표면균배양검사결과는박테리아배지 (TSA) 의경우화상 75%, 피부결손 66.7% 에서매우많음 (TNTC) 으로나왔고, 진균배지 (SDA) 의경우화상 8.3%, 피부결손 33.3% 에서매우많음 (TNTC) 으로나와통계적인차이는없었다 (P=0.132). 고 저자들은돼지모델에서접촉성화상과피부결손을유발하였으며한달동안치유과정을관찰하였다. 재상피화에소요되는기간은유사하였으나, 화상에비해피부결손에서상처둘레의평균이동속도가빨랐으며, 삼출액의양이많았다. 상처치유과정을연구하기위한동물모델은매우다양한형태가알려져있다. 먼저상피 (epidermis) 의치유모델 찰 로는 tape abrasion 방법, dermatome을이용한방법, suction을이용한방법등이있다 5). 전층피부상처는 panniculus carnosus 전까지피부층을제거하는모델이사용된다 4,6). 화상의경우에는깊이를조절하기가어렵기때문에, 이상적인화상모델은깊이를예측할수있는균일한화상을쉽고안전하게만들어내는것이다. 먼저화상을유발하는방법에는저자들이사용한것처럼가열된물체를접촉시키는방식을많이사용한다. 끓는물을이용하면다루기가힘들고연구자가화상을입을위험이있기때문이다. Cuttle 등 7) 은아래가막으로제작된병에끓는불을담아피부에접촉시켜화상을유발하는방법을고안하기도하였다. 또한 radiant heat을이용하여화상을유발하는모델도소개되었다 8). 저자들은전기인두를사용한접촉성화상모델을사용하였는데똑같이 30초씩접촉을시켰지만접촉과정에서인두의온도가변할수있어서 60% (7/12개) 에서만전층화상이유발되었다. 본연구의경우처음유발한화상은모두전층화상이었던것을고려하면화상을유발한후인두가달구어질충분한기간을두고다음화상을유발하는것이바람직할것으로생각된다. 접촉화상을유발하는방식은일정한온도의물에담가둔금속물체를일정한시간동안중력에의하여접촉시키는형태가일반적이다. 하지만이방법도접촉표면의온도를균일하게유지시키지는못한다고알려져있다. 금속물체를끓는물에담그더라도표면온도가 o C 밖에올라가지않기때문이다. 또한끓는물에포함된공기방울이금속에달라붙어 (cold spot) 부위별로온도차이가발생하게되어접촉부위전체가균일한깊이의화상이유발되지않는다. Gaines 등 9) 은물대신 polyethylene glycol과물을 80:20으로혼합한액체를끓이면 o C까지금속표면의온도를올려균일한깊이의화상을유발할수있다고보고하였다. 접촉에의한화상을유발할때접촉면의압력도화상의깊이를결정하는중요한인자로작용한다 10). Gaines 등 9) 은금속물체의무게만으로압력을가하는것보다스프링으로일정한압력을가할수있는장비를사용하면균일한깊이의화상을유발할수있다고보고하였다. 본연구의경우압력을측정하지않았으므로같은압력이가해졌다고볼수는없지만한명의연구자가동일한방법으로화상을유발하였다. 화상의깊이는시간에따라진행하기도한다. 부분층 (partial thickness) 화상은많은경우처음며칠동안에전층 (full thickness) 화상으로진행된다. Singer 등 11) 은 80도로가열된알루미늄바를 20 30초접촉시키면화상 1시간후

5 62 대한화상학회지 Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013 에는각각 36% 와 60% 의부분층화상이유발되나치료도중전층화상으로진행되었다고보고하였다. Papp 등 12) 도 100 o C 금속을돼지배쪽에 1초간접촉하면 superficial, 3초는 partial thickness, 9초는 full thickness 화상을유발하는데, 3초의경우 48시간까지, 9초의경우 24시간까지화상의진행이관찰된다고하였다. 본연구의경우에는화상유발후 2일째에첫조직검사를시행하여초기화상이시간이지나면서진행되었는지에대해서는확인하지못하였다. 상처치유의중요한단계중하나로재상피화 (reepithelialization) 가있다. 임상적으로상처부위가말라보이고얇은막으로덮혀있으면재상피화가진행된것으로판단하지만, 재상피화가진행되지않은채 fibrin 막이상피처럼보이는경우도있다고한다. 이처럼재상피화여부를육안적으로평가하는것은정확하지않다고한다. Singer 등 13) 은재상피화에대한육안적인평가가평가자간에는일치도가높을지라도조직학적인평가결과와는일치도가 0.25 정도로낮다고보고하였다. 본연구에서화상후 8일째에는염증세포들의침윤이관찰되기시작하였고, 15일째에는섬유모세포의분화및 angiogenesis가활발히관찰되었다. 상처의둘레부터재상피화가진행되면서상처의면적이감소하였으며, 28일째에는염증세포의침윤은현저히감소되고 epidermis와함께 basal layer의굴곡이관찰되어재상피화가완료되었음을알수있었다. 그러나조직검사시점인 21 과 28일사이에재상피화가완료되었을것으로추정할뿐정확한재상피화완료시점을판단하기는어려웠다. 참고로상피화된부분의면적을측정하는방법으로상처전체를 excision 하여 desmosome 단백질을소화시키는 dispase 에하룻밤담가두면상피층이진피층과분리되어재상피화가완료되지않으면상피가없는부분에구멍이관찰된다고한다 5). 상처치유의또다른중요한과정은수축 (contraction) 에의한상처표면적의감소이다. 저자들은화상과피부결손상처의치유속도를비교하고자상처의면적을측정하였다. 상처의평균면적은수상후 9일까지는오히려증가하는양상을보였으며, 이후빠른속도로감소하는양상을보였다. 저자들은 4 4 cm의피부결손을유발하였으나상처가벌어지는효과로면적은 16 cm 2 보다넓게측정되었다. 화상의경우가피절제술을시행한후에마찬가지로상처가벌어지는효과가관찰되었다. 본연구에서는화상에대해 2일째또는 7일째가피절제술을시행하였기때문에면적으로증가가 9일까지관찰되는결과를가져왔을것으로생각된다. 상처치유속도를측정하기위한여러가지방법이제안되었는데, 상처치유과정을그래프로표시하여궤도 (trajectory) 를비교하거나새로운상처치료방법의예후를 예측하기도한다 14). 절대면적의감소치를비교하는방법은면적이큰상처가빠르게치유되는것처럼보일수있는반면, 면적감소분의 % 를비교하는방법은작은상처가빨리치유되는것처럼보일수있다고한다 15). 이를극복하기위하여제시된방법이 wound edge의 linear advancement 를나타내는 Gilman의공식인데, 상처면적의차이를평균둘레로나눈값으로정의된다 16). 즉, 해당기간동안상처둘레가평균적으로이동한거리를의미한다. 계산결과한달동안화상은 1.06±0.28 cm, 피부결손은 1.48±0.42 cm 이동하여화상의치유속도가느린것으로나타났다 (P= 0.009). 본연구에는몇가지제한점이존재한다. 첫째, 화상과피부결손의치유과정을비교하고자하였으나두상처의면적을동일하게하지못하였다. 대신면적의비교는처음면적을기준으로감소된비율을비교하였다. 화상의표면적이작았지만치유속도가느리고삼출액의양은더적었다. 둘째, 화상유발과정이표준화되지못하였다. 특히전기인두의표면온도를측정하지않았으며일부에서부분층화상이유발된것으로보아인두의온도가일정하게유지되지않았을것으로추정된다. 화상모델에서는유발기구의표면온도를표준화하는것이매우중요하므로이과정에대한보완이필요할것으로생각된다. 셋째, 저자들은상처의삼출액정도, 감염의심소견등에따라드레싱재료를선택해서사용하였으므로모든상처를동일한드레싱을적용하지않았다. 그렇지만치유속도는드레싱방식에따라영향을받을수도있다. 돼지의전층피부결손모델에서 dry, moist 드레싱보다 wet 드레싱환경에서치유속도가빨랐다고한다 6). 결 저자들은돼지를이용하여화상과피부결손모델을만들고창상치유과정을관찰하였다. 상처의면적은처음에면적이넓어지는양상을보이다가 10일이후급격히감소되었으며, 피부결손의치유속도가화상보다빠르고삼출액의양이많은것으로나타났다. 앞으로피부결손및화상모델을이용한상처치유과정및치료효과에대한추가연구가필요하다. 론 REFERENCES 1) Singer AJ, McClain SA. A porcine burn model. Methods Mol Med. 2003;78: ) Park S, Son D, Park K, Han K. A standardized model of

6 정성필등 : 돼지의화상및피부결손모델에서상처치유과정의비교 63 partial thickness burn in domestic pig. J Korean Soc Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;31: ) Son DG, Choi TH, Kwon SY. The change of burn depth within 24 hours after burn in the standardized burn model. J Korean Soc Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;35: ) Kim H, Son D, Choi TH, Jung S, Kwon S, Kim J, et al. Evaluation of an amniotic membrane-collagen dermal substitute in the management of full-thickness skin defects in a pig. Arch Plast Surg. 2013;40: ) Paddock HN, Schultz GS, Mast BA. Methods in reepithelialization. A porcine model of partial-thickness wounds. Methods Mol Med. 2003;78: ) Svensjö T, Pomahac B, Yao F, Slama J, Eriksson E. Accelerated healing of full-thickness skin wounds in a wet environment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;106: ) Cuttle L, Kempf M, Phillips GE, Mill J, Hayes MT, Fraser JF, et al. A porcine deep dermal partial thickness burn model with hypertrophic scarring. Burns. 2006;32: ) Gurfinkel R, Singer AJ, Cagnano E, Rosenberg L. Development of a novel animal burn model using radiant heat in rats and swine. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17: )Gaines C, Poranki D, Du W, Clark RA, Van Dyke M. Development of a porcine deep partial thickness burn model. Burns. 2013;39: ) Singer AJ, Taira BR, Anderson R, McClain SA, Rosenberg L. Does pressure matter in creating burns in a porcine model? J Burn Care Res. 2010;31: ) Singer AJ, Hirth D, McClain SA, Crawford L, Lin F, Clark RA. Validation of a vertical progression porcine burn model. J Burn Care Res. 2011;32: ) Papp A, Kiraly K, Härmä M, Lahtinen T, Uusaro A, Alhava E. The progression of burn depth in experimental burns: a histological and methodological study. Burns. 2004;30: ) Singer AJ, Hirth D, McClain SA, Clark RA. Lack of agreement between gross visual and histological assessment of burn reepithelialization in a porcine burn model. J Burn Care Res. 2012;33: ) Robson MC, Hill DP, Woodske ME, Steed DL. Wound healing trajectories as predictors of effectiveness of therapeutic agents. Arch Surg. 2000;135: ) Jessup RL. What is the best method for assessing the rate of wound healing? A comparison of 3 mathematical formulas. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2006;19: ) Gilman TH. Parameter for measurement of wound closure. Wounds. 1990;3:

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untitled 대한화상학회지제 19 권제 2 호 73 Journal of Korean Burn Society Vol. 19, No. 2, 73-81, 2016 ORIGINAL ARTICLE 돼지모델에서상처및화상치유과정의표면온도변화 김승환ㆍ이대로 1 ㆍ송근정 2 ㆍ이성준 3 ㆍ신명하 4 ㆍ오성범 5 ㆍ권인선 6 ㆍ황태식 1 충남대학교의과대학응급의학과, 1 대구파티마병원응급의학과,

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