1), Quee Daily indoor and outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration for 30 days were measured in 28 houses with questionnaire of housing characteri

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1 1), Quee Daily indoor and outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration for 30 days were measured in 28 houses with questionnaire of housing characteristics in Brisbane, Australia. Using mass balance equation and regression analysis, penetration factors and source strength factors were calculated. T he penetration factors of 27 houses except one house were between zero and 1, though penetration factor should be between zero and 1 by means of mass balance equation. Relationship between indoor and outdoor concentrations in each 27 house was calculated using regression analysis. According to the obtained linear regression equation, the slope means penetration factor and the intercept means source strength factor. Calculated mean and standard deviation of coefficients of determination (R2) in electric and gas range houses were and , respectively. T he source strength factors were more than zero in 27 houses. Mean and standard deviation of slopes in electric and gas range houses were and , respectively. Mean and standard deviation of intercepts in electric and gas range houses were and , respectively. Air exchange rate and source strength were calculated from penetration factor and source strength factor, respectively. Geometric mean and standard deviation of calculated air exchange rates in 27 houses were 1.1/hr 1.5. Presence of gas range was the most significant factor contributing to indoor NO2 level in house characteristics (p= 0.003). In gas range houses, source strengths ranged from 4.1 to 33.1cm3/hr m3 with a mean 12.7cm3/hr m3 and a standard deviation 9.8. T he source strengths of gas range houses were significantly different from those of electric range houses by t- test (p< 0.001). Key Words : Indoor air quality, Nitrogen dioxide, Mass balance, Air exchange rate, Source strength

2 I. 90% (indoor air quality) (Levy et al., 1998).,.., (SBS: sick building syndrome) (Wood, 1991).,,,,.,,,. (infiltration), (natural ventilation) (mechanical ventilation) (Esmen, 1985).,.,.,.. (NO2) (Moschanddreas Relwani, 1987).,, (Relwani, 1986).,,. (Spicer, 1989). NO2 SO2. (Yamanka, 1984). NO2,., (kerosene),. NO2 (air exchange rate) (Sexton et al., 1983). NO2 NO2 (WHO, 1987). NO2 (Bauer et al., 1986; Mohensin, 1987). (Brisbane) 30 NO NO NO2,

3 NO NO2 (passive sampler). (diffusion) (infiltration) NO2. (5 4 1cm) (15g). triethanolamine NO2 (Yanagisawa Nishmura, 1982). (mass transfer coefficient) 0.10cm/sec (Lee et al., 1992), NO2 photospectrometer (Beckman DU 640). (badge case, spacer) Queensland University of Technology. 30 (protocol) (data- logger), (duplicate measurement)., 3m 2m. 1m,,. 3. (mass balance). (Nazaroff Cass, 1986).,,,.,. dc i dt, = IC o + S - IC i - R V Ci= indoor concentration (ppm), Co= outdoor concentration (ppm), I= air exchange rate (1/hr), S= source strength (cm3/hr m3), R= removal rate (cm3/hr), V= volume of the space (m3). (1) (1) (R) (K, hr-1) (VCi). R = K V C i (2) (2) (1), (1). dc i dt = IC o + S - IC i - K C i (3) ( dc i /dt=0 ), (4).

4 C i = C o I I + K + S I + K (4). (4) (5). C i = ( I I + K ) C o+ S ( I + K ) (5) I/(I+K) A, S/(I+K) B, (5) (6). C i = A C o + B (6) (6) (A) (B). (5), (A) I K (B) S 0 0.,, (6). 30 Ci Co (6) Queensland University of T echnology. NO (T able 1). 3.4, 3.4. ( 10 ) (plaster: 11 ). 12, Pilot light (Spengler et al., 1994) %,. 93%. 2. (duplicate measurement) T able 1. House characteristics in 28 houses House type (single detached house) Number of bedroom (=1 or 2) Attached garage Smoker Gas range Gas water heater Window open Number of house with the house characteristic Number of house without the house characteristic

5 .. NO2 8.5%. 7.1% 11.3% NO ppb, ppb. NO ppb, , 0.41 (T able 2). NO2,,, (Spengler et al., 1994). NO2 (T able 3). NO2 17.0ppb, NO2 9.6ppb. NO , NO2. (6) , 28 0., T able 2. Mean and standard deviation of NO2 concentrations, and ratio of indoor to outdoor concentration for 30 days in total 28 houses Mean (ppb) Standard deviation Minimum Maximum Indoor Outdoor Indoor/outdoor ratio T able 3. House characteristic associated with indoor NO2 concentration Mean indoor NO2 with characteristics (ppb) Mean indoor NO2 without characteristics (ppb) p- value Gas range Attached garage Gas water heater

6 (A: ) (B: ) Fig. 1., NO2. (R2) Fig. 2. Figure 1. Relationship between penetration factor and source strength factor. Figure 2. Relationship between coefficient of determination and source strength.

7 5. 27 (5) (6). (5) K 0.8/hr (Wikes et al., 1996; Wade III et al., 1975; Ryan et al., 1983; T raynor et al., 1982). (5) /hr Lognormal (Wilson et al., 1996). 30 NO2 6.9cm3/hr m3 8.1., NO2 12.7cm3/hr m3, cm3/hr m3, 2.6 (T able 4). NO2 (p< 0.001).. (Brisbane) 30 NO2 (Boston) (Ryan et al., 1988). (autoregression)., NO2. (Levy et al., 1998), 93%. NO2. NO2., NO2. Sexton (1983) NO2 NO2 60% 40%. NO2 65% 56%.,. (Fig. 2). Fig. 2,.,.. T able 4. Calculated source strengths for 30 days in each electric and gas range house Mean (cm3/hr m3) Standard deviation Minimum Maximum Electronic (16 houses) Gas (11 houses)

8 (5) K( ). K, I (Monte Carlo) (Smith, 1994)., I 0.5ACH 3ACH, K 0.8/h 3/h., K (5) I.,, NO2 0.8/hr. NO2,.. (5), , NO2,.. V NO2.,,,.,.,, NO (duplicate measurement). NO2 8.5%. 7.1% 11.3% NO ppb, ppb. NO ppb, ppb. 0.85, NO2 (p=0.003). NO2 17.0ppb, 9.6ppb. 4. (R2).,. 5.,. 0 1, ,

9 /hr NO2 6.9cm3/hr m NO cm3/hr m3, 9.8. NO2 (p< 0.001). Korea- Australia Fellowship,. RE FE RE NCE S Levy JI, Lee K, Spengler JD, Yanagisawa Y, Bischof W, Braathen O, Chung Y, Coward S, Gutschmidt K, Jin K, Korenaga T, Ohkoda Y, Pastuszka J, Patil RS, Qing X, Raizenne M, Romieu I, Salonen R, Sega K, Seifert B, Shah S, T orres E, Yoon D, Zhang X. Impact of residential nitrogen dioxide exposure on personal exposure: An international study. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 1998; 48: Wood JE. An Engineering approach to controlling indoor air quality. Environmental Health Perspectives 1991; 95: Sexton K, Letz R, Spengler D. Estimating human exposure to nitrogen dioxide: an indoor/outdoor medeling approach. Environmental Research 1983; 32: World Health Organization (WHO), Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. European Series No. 23. WHO: Copenhagen, Denmark:WHO;p.1987; Bauer MA, Utell MJ, Morrow PE, Speers DM, Gibb HP Inhalation of 0.3 ppm nitrogen dioxide potentiates exercise- induced bronchospasm in asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: Mohensin V. Airway responses to nitrogen dioxide in asthmatic subjects. J T oxicol & Environ Health 1987; 22: Esmen NA. T he status of indoor air pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives 1985; 62: Moschandreas DJ and Relwani SM. Emission rates from range top- burner assessment of measurement methods. Atmospheric Environment 1987; 21: Relwani SM, Moschandreas DJ, Billick IH Effects of operational factors on pollutant emission rates from residential gas appliances. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 1986; 36: Spicer CW, Coutant RW, Ward GF, Joseph DW. Rates and mechanisms of NO2 removal from indoor air by residential materials. Environmental International 1989; 15: Yamanaka S. Decay rates of nitrogen oxides in a typical Japanese living room. Environ Sci T ech 1984; 18: Yanagisawa Y and Nishmura H. A badge- type personal sampler for measurement of personal exposures to NO2 and NO in ambient air. Environment International 1982; 8: Lee K, Yanagisawa Y, Spengler JD, Billick IH Wind velocity effects of sampling rate of NO2 badge. J Expos Anal Environ Epi 1992; 2: Nazaroff WW and Cass GR. Mathematical

10 modeling of chemically reactive pollutants in indoor air. Environ Sci T echnol 1986; 20: Spengler JD, Schwab M, Ryan PB, Colome S, Wilson AL, Billick IH, Becker EJ. Personal exposure to nitrogen- dioxide in the Los- Angeles basin. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 1994; Smith RL. Use of Monte Carlo simulation for human exposure assessment at a Superfund site. Risk Analysis 1994; 14(4): Wikes CR, Koontz MD, Billick IH. Analysis of sampling strategies for estimating annual average indoor NO2 concentrations in residence with gas appliance. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 1996; 46: Wade III WA, Cote WA, Yocom JE. A study of indoor air quality. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 1975; 25(9): Ryan PB, Spengler JD. Letz R. T he effects of kerosene heaters on indoor pollutant concentrations: a monitoring and modeling study. Atmospheric Environment 1983; 17: T raynor GW, Apte MG, Dillworth JF, Hollowell CD, Sterling EM. T he effects of ventilation on residential air pollution due to emissions from a gas- fired range. Environment International 1982; 8: Wilson AL, Colome SD, T ian Y, Becker EW, Baker PE, Behrens DW, Billick IH, Garrison CA California residential air exchange rates and residence volumes. J Expos Anal Environ Epi 1996; 6(3): Ryan PB, Soczek ML, Spengler JD, Billick IH. T he Boston residential NO2 characterization study I. Preliminary evaluation of the survey methodology. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 1988; 38:

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EMF Health Effect 2003 10 20 21-29 2-10 - - ( ) area spot measurement - - 1 (Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern