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1 wm wz 3«5ByÁ 01 9 pp. 313 ~ 30 w w œw mw w x A Parametric Study on Tensile Stress of a Hybrid Floating Structure System Ÿ Á Á Á Zi, GoangseupÁLee, Seung-JungÁKwak, Yeon-MinÁJeong Youn Ju Abstract A hybrid floating structure system combined with pontoon and semi-submersible type modules is proposed. This new system can reduce tensile forces of bottom slabs which could cause fatal damage of concrete floating structures. We performed a parametric study on the dimensions of this new system and investigate the sensitivity of the parameters to the behavior. In order to investigate various cases efficiently, we developed a simple two-step static analysis method for the fluid-structure interaction. An optimum system is derived from the investigation of the analysis results, weights and drafts of the hybrid structure. This study shows that introducing this new system to concrete floating structures is an effective way to reduce the tensile force of the bottm slab of such a floating structure. Also, it was found that when the length of the semi-submersible module is about 15%, the behavior would be optimal in the considered case. Keywords: very large floating structures(vlfs), container terminals, equivalent static analysis, preflexion snx gj p w w w w k d w l w. l y w» w l w y g w, w mw. m z w ƒ w w, w k l y ƒ y w., l gj p w w ùkû, w ¼ 15% w. w : x w, fl l, ƒ w, v v 1. ³ ƒ y š zá y ƒ ƒw ü w fl w. w w» z w 00 ¾ ƒ w» w ü 56 km ¼ w ƒ w w ù, ü w w ƒ x sy k, y š ù y š. ù w ƒ w w ƒ w w š. w x w ƒ wš w ƒ w z» š fl l w ƒ üá y š (ISSC, 006; Pham Wnag, 010; Wang, 007; Watanabe, 004; Zijian, 007; y, 005; Ÿ, 008). p fl w, fl w œ z» k š w w ƒ w z fl l w ƒ š (KAIST, 009). z Áš w zy œw Áœw ( g-zi@korea.ac.kr) z Áš w zy œw ( fincher7vn@korea.ac.kr) š w zy œw ( kwakym@korea.ac.kr) z Áw» v Áœw ( yjjeong@kict.re.kr) 3«5By

2 fl l w p w w v w w w w w š ƒ v w, z w» w y w» x š. w x w s xk w ƒ, w w m ƒ w e 1) (, gill cells) w l(pham Wnag, 010; Wang, 006; Wang, 007) g w» w wš w ƒ ã š. w gj p w fl l gj p wš w ƒ ƒwš (Keppel, 007; Ÿ, 008; Kwak, 011). gj p fl l w, w w, û» (LaNier, 005; œ, 008). w w û gj p p w» w v p gj p k v. p y w w w w w. w ³ w w w ü w j, w en»w. z ¼ e w k w w x w w. snx w w x ƒwš p w.. x snx (Kwak, 011) x š f ƒsqx snx gj p fl l qš 5.4 m, q 100 m 480 m j» x snx, j» y j w, w 1, (Kwak, 011). w w 3 w w. snx gj p fl l w ƒ j w. w w ³ w» w v p j» ƒƒ ƒvw. ƒ ƒ j, ƒ ƒ jš, ƒ ƒ»w» y w j» y y jš, w z w v w. 3. w w l š w w l» s nx x w xk, 3. b œ ¼ L j snx ww w. 3 ü w m ƒ w, w ƒ w. 4 mw 1. y ƒ. j» y ƒ 1) w w m ƒ w gill cell w, ƒ mw ƒ w ( ) w. 314 wm wz

3 표 각 모듈의 기본 제원 폰툰형 모듈 구분 10 m 10 m 10 m 10 m 모듈의 평면 크기 0.65 m 0.65 m 상부슬래브 두께 0.65 m 0.65 m 하부슬래브 두께 0.65 m 외벽 두께 0.30 m 격벽 두께 *위 제원은 본 분석을 위한 기본 제원이며 매개변수 분석을 위 해서 본 제원에서 일정 수준의 변동폭이 고려되었다. 1. 그림 시스템 개요 3. 각 모듈 군은 각각의 흘수를 회복하기 위해 부유구조체 외 면에서 침강 성향을, 중앙부에서는 부상 성향을 갖게 되며, 이때 발생하는 전체 구조계 부모멘트를 이용하여 하부 슬래 브에 압축력을 도입시킨다(그림 4(c)). 그림 5에 도시된 바와 같이 컨테이너 야드에 65.6 kn/ m, 에이프런에 19.6 kn/m 의 상재하중이 재하되는 480 m 480 m 14 m 규모를 갖는 부유식 컨테이너 터미널에 본 시스템을 도입하였으며, 각 모듈 군을 구성하는 모듈 제원은 표 1과 같다. 대상 컨테이너 터미널은 연안에 설치되는 것 으로 가정하였으며, 한 방향으로 입사하는 설계파고 5.4 m, 설계파장 100 m의 파랑을 고려하였다. 그림 하이브리드 모듈 접합을 이용한 하부슬래브 압축응력 도입 시스템 4. 결합시 하부슬래브에 사전 압축력을 도입시킬 수 있는 구조적 인 특징을 가진다. 기본적으로 그 형태적 특성 상, 반 잠수식 모듈은 폰툰형 모듈에 비해 큰 흘수를 갖기 때문에(그림 4(a)) 두 모듈 군을 하나의 부유구조체로 구성하기 위해 밸러스트 를 이용하여 폰툰형 모듈의 중량을 증적하고 흘수를 일치시 킨 뒤(그림 4(b)), 각 모듈을 접합시킨다. 이 후, 밸러스트를 제거하면 중량 복귀에 따라 부유구조체의 흘수가 일부 회복 되는데, 이때의 흘수는 반 잠수식 모듈의 고유 흘수보다 작 고 폰툰형 모듈의 고유 흘수보다 큰 값을 가진다. 여기서 4. 유체-구조체 상호작용을 고려한 등가 정적 해석기법 본 시스템을 구성하는 각 모듈의 평면 크기는 10 m 10 m로써, 모듈 내 발생하는 단면력을 유한요소 해석기법을 통 해 산출하기 위해서는 이보다 작은 크기의 요소로 구성된 유탄성해석(hydroelastic analysis)이 필요하다. m 단위 요 소 분할 시, 대상 부유구조체의 유탄성 해석에 소요되는 시 간은 CPU 3.0 GHz, 4.0GB RAM 사양을 사용할 때, 약 17시간이 소요된다(삼성중공업, 008; 지광습 등, 010). 그 러므로 다양한 시스템 제원에 대한 매개변수 연구를 수행해 야 하는 본 연구 특성상, 유탄성 해석은 적합하지 않은 것 으로 판단된다. 최근 연구(삼성중공업, 008; 지광습 등, 010)에 따르면 구조체 크기가 설계 대상 파장보다 매우 큰 경우에는 유탄 성해석에 의한 결과와 파고의 높이를 등가의 하중으로 치환 한 결과 간에 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 파악되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 그림 6과 같이 두 단계로 단순화된 해석기법 을 채택하였다: (1) 파고의 높이를 등가의 하중으로 치환한 탄성지지 판 해석을 통해 상재하중 및 해양 환경하중에 의 해 유발되는 응력을 산정하고, () 각 모듈의 상부 또는 하 부 슬래브의 응력은 국부적인 슬래브 해석으로 산정하였다. 부유구조체의 거동을 전체 구조계와 국부 모듈단위의 거동 그림 등가 정적 해석 개념 그림 대상 부유구조체 평면 제원 제 권제 호 3 5B 년 월

4 7. w 8. ù w w, ƒ g w w. 4.1 w w w w ƒ q ƒ v e yw. w ƒ w ƒ w. 7 w w w w. q w» p j q e ƒ ƒ ½(sagging) q w y½(hogging) q w ww. w qš š w š w., fl w, w š w. w w. 4(c) w (L ) œ (b ) w ¼ j ƒ, (1) ùký. E b, L = ρgda L ρgda», F b, ρ w,, L g ƒ, d, A L s j», A œ w s j» ƒƒ w., j» (d) j w (ρgda ) t x, ƒq s w w w. w w (1) š w ½ q k p, y½ q k p wš k Áw w. š w Á p e ƒq ü w, w ƒ wš w w. 4. w 8 w w, snx Á w, œ w ƒƒ wš w ww w ƒ w. Áw w w ƒ wù z w, œ š w. snx Áw š w. w mw Áw w w g w q w, w q w. 5. mw l (L ) œ j»(b ) y j 9 w w ƒ ƒ w mw wš w ³ snx w. 9, t w 9. w w w 316 wm wz

5 t. ƒ š (G.1)+(L.1) snx (G.1)+(L.) 5.1 w (G.)+(L.3) snx (G.)+(L.4) 5. (L.5) 5.3 ww. š w w. w (L ) 10~100 m 1~9 m œ s ¼ (b ) ƒ 90ƒ w, ƒ 14 m w 9 ƒ w. w ù» w w q w j ƒ sww. 5.1 (L ) œ s ¼ (b ) y w 10 w.»» e(reference level) w snx w w. q q w q w ƒ j q w š w. 10(a) w, 10(b) snx w. ƒ(l ) ƒw, œ s ¼ (b )ƒ w ƒw.» e ƒw. (L ) ƒ ƒ w w p ƒ» w. œ s ¼ (b ) ƒ w œ w ƒ» w. 5. w 11 ½ k q w w w w ƒ w w. 11(a) (b) ƒƒ snx w w. (L ) w s j. œ s ¼ (b ) w w b ƒw. L w ƒ j ƒ. w v v z w w», w w» w. (L )ƒ 10 m, v v z mw j w, 3MPa w. œ s ¼ (b ) ƒ œ j»» w, w k w. snx L y ƒ w, b z û y.» e w 5MPa ƒ w q œ. 3 b ƒ w w q w 10. : (a), (b) snx 11. w : (a), (b) snx 3«5By

6 판단된다. 6. 부유구조체의 중량 및 흘수를 고려한 제원 선택 하이브리드 부유구조체의 중량은 반잠수식 모듈 적용구간 의 중량 및 크기에 좌우된다. 중공 크기(b )가 작은 경우는 반 잠수식 모듈 도입의 적용 범위(L )의 증가에 따라 부유구 조체의 중량은 감소하며, 중공 크기(b )가 큰 모듈 도입 시 에는 격벽의 부피 때문에 적용 범위(L ) 증가에 따라 부유구 조체의 중량이 증가한다. 본 연구대상 부유구조체의 제원변 화에 따른 중량과 흘수의 산출 결과는 그림 14, 15와 같다. 표 1과 같은 구성 모듈 제원 상, 본 시스템 도입 시 매개 변수 연구를 수행한 대부분의 시스템 제원에서 폰툰형 부유 구조체보다 큰 중량을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 하이브리드 부유구조체의 흘수는 구조체 중량과 반 잠수식 모듈 도입에 따른 부력 상실량에 비례하여 증가하며, 모든 경우에서 폰툰형 부유구조체보다 큰 흘수를 갖는 것으로 나 타났다. 여기서 반 잠수식 모듈의 중공부 폭 길이(b )가 짧 을수록, 또한 그 적용 범위(L )가 클수록 부유구조체 내 유 입되는 해수와 부력 상실량이 증가하여 큰 흘수를 갖게 되 지만 그만큼 반 잠수식 모듈 군의 자중이 감소하여 흘수의 그림 1. 외벽의 최대 인장응력 이 기준치보다 감소하였다. 하지만, 반잠수식 모듈의 설치 범 위 L 가 증가할수록 외벽의 응력은 점진적으로 증가하는 경 향을 보이고 있다. 이는 상대적으로 낮은 부력을 가지는 반 잠수식 모듈이 조합됨에 따라 흘수가 증가하고 이에 따라 작용 수압이 증가하는 것에 기인한다. 최대 인장응력 관점의 하이브리드 부유구조체 성능 상부 슬래브, 하부 슬래브 및 외벽의 발생 인장응력을 전 반적으로 평가하기 위해 각 최대 인장응력 값을 제곱하여 합한 후 제곱근을 취하여 대표값을 도출하였다. 부위별 응력 의 중요성을 감안해서 서로 다른 가중치를 부여할 수도 있 겠으나 현단계의 가중치 선택은 다분히 자의적이므로 동일 한 가중치를 적용하였다. 즉, 5.4 σ = σtop + σbot + σwall () σ 는 최대인장응력의 대표값, σ 는 상부 슬래브에 발생하는 최대 인장응력, σ 는 하부 슬래브에 발생하는 최대 인장응 력, σ 은 외벽에 발생하는 최대 인장응력이다. 상대적으로 중요성이 낮은 외벽의 응력을 제외하는 것도 가능하다. 앞서 언급했듯이 식 ()의 제곱평균은 편의적으로 선택된 대표값 이며 기타 다른 형태의 표현도 가능하다. 반 잠수식 모듈군과 폰툰형 모듈군으로 구성된 본 하이브 리드 구조체의 최대 발생응력을 각 모듈군 별로 정리하면 그림 13과 같다. 반 잠수식 모듈부분과 폰두 모듈 군에서 모두 기본 폰툰형 부유구조체보다 최대 인장응력이 작은 제 원의 조합은 흘수 초과 모델을 제외한 61개 모델 중 13개 인 것으로 확인되었다. 전반적으로 반 잠수식 모듈의 적용범 위(L )가 증가할수록, 반 잠수식 모듈의 중공부 폭 길이(b ) 가 감소할수록 상부슬래브에 발생하는 인장력이 증가하여 그 조합 결과가 불리한 것으로 확인되었다. 본 논문에서 고려하 는 480 m 길이의 초대형 부유구조체는 양 끝단에서 40 m 이하 전체 길이 대비 약 15% 정도의 반잠수식 모듈을 설 치하면 하부 슬래브의 응력상태를 개선할 수 있는 것으로 top bot wall 그림 14. 중량 산출 결과 그림 13. 그림 15. 흘수 산출 결과 최대 인장응력 조합에 의한 하이브리드 부유 구조체의 거동 318 대한토목학회논문집

7 ƒ s j ùkû. ƒ (L )ƒ ù w q. š w œ s ¼ (b )ƒ 6 m 10 m w w w q. k (L =10 m, b =6 m) w w w y w. ½ y½ q k ƒ w w ¼ w w w 16, 17. w, ½ k w.5 MPa wù y½ k w, v p ¼ e mw ƒ w q ½ 17. y½ w w k snx w m k w l w. l w z l y ƒ m w y w, w. w l, w w l w snx j» w. w ww l snx j» w. l, w ƒ w k w ƒ w z k ùkû. š x œ s 6 m 10 m w q, ½ k w ùkû. 011 w» w l» 01 ( w» ) w» (010047) w. š x y, k», y (005) sn VLFS» w, w wz, w wz, 4«6y, pp œ (008) x k w», š. Ÿ, ½ ³,, v (010) x w» w p, wm wz, 30«3By, pp Ÿ,, ½ ³, v, (008) x w k, wm wz» w z, wm wz,, pp w» (010) gj p p š w y», š. ISSC (006) Report of special committee VI., Very large floating structures, Proceedings of the 16th International Ship and Offshore Structure Congress, Vol., pp KAIST (009) Mobile Floating Harbor for Jump Increased Container Handling Capacity, Report. Keppel O&M (009) Offshore structures in the arctic keppel meets the challenge with new materials and designs, Oil & Gas Eurasia 009, No. 5. Kwak, Y.M., Lee, S.J., Jeong, Y.J., and Zi, G. (011) A parametric study on a concrete floating structure, Proceedings of the 011 World Congress on Advances in structural Engineering and Mechanics, Seoul, Korea. LaNier, M.W., Wernli, M., Easley, R., and Springston, P.S. (005) New technologies proven in precast concrete modular floating pier for U.S. navy. PCI Journal, Pham, D.C. and Wang, C.M. (010) Optimal layout of gill cells for very large floating structures, Journal of structural engineering, Vol. 136, No. 7, pp Wang, C.M., Wu, T.Y., Choo, Y.S., Ang, K.K., Toh, A.C., Mao, W.Y., and Hee, A.M. (006) Minimizing differential deflection in a pontoon-type, very large floating structure via gill cells, Marine structures, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp Wang, C.M., Pham, D.C., and Ang, K.K. (007) Effectiveness and optimal design of gill cells in minimizing differential deflection in circular VLFS, Engineering structures, Vol. 9, No. 8, pp Watanabe, E., Utsunomiya, T., and Wang, C.M. (004) Hydroelastic analysis of pontoon-type VLFS: a literature survey, Engineering Structures, Vol. 6, No., pp Zijian, Y. (007) Very large floating container terminal and optimal layout of gill cells, National University of Singapore, ThesisU ( : / : / : ) 3«5By

8 : w w l e w. t 3. w ³ 480 m 480 m Apron 19.6 kn/m š w Yard 65.6 kn/m q w (h) 35 m 3.0 m qš(h 1/3 ) qš(h D ) 5.4 m HD=1.8H 1/3 q»(t) 5.37 q (L D ) 45.0 m L D =gt /(π)tanh(πh/l D ) 30 wm wz

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