Soonchunhyang Medical Science 17(2): , December 2011 pissn: I eissn: ORIGINAL ARTICLE 주관적이명환자에서이명재훈련치료의임상적적용 송재준 1, 이병돈 2, 박

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Soonchunhyang Medical Science 17(2): , December 2011 pissn: I eissn: ORIGINAL ARTICLE 주관적이명환자에서이명재훈련치료의임상적적용 송재준 1, 이병돈 2, 박"

Transcription

1 Soonchunhyang Medical Science 17(2): , December 2011 pissn: I eissn: ORIGINAL ARTICLE 주관적이명환자에서이명재훈련치료의임상적적용 송재준 1, 이병돈 2, 박무균 2 1 동국대학교일산병원이비인후 - 두경부외과, 2 순천향대학교부천병원이비인후 - 두경부외과 Clinical Application of Tinnitus Retraining Therapy on Subjective Tinnitus Jae-Jun Song 1, Byung Don Lee 2, Moo Kyun Park 2 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongkuk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongkuk University College of Medicine, Goyang; 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea Objective: Subjective tinnitus is heard only by the patient and is usually considered to have no acoustic source. Treatments of subjective tinnitus include medication, Tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT), psychological treatment, and electrical suppression. TRT is one of the most effective treatment for subjective tinnitus. However, TRT is not commonly done in Korea. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TRT on subjective tinnitus. Methods: A case-control study was conducted between March 2010 and October A total of 148 patients who were diagnosed as subjective tinnitus were included in this study. In TRT group, TRT was given with hearing aids or sound generator and medications. The result of Tinnitus was evaluated by tinnitus handicap inventory (THI), visual analogue scale (VAS) and tinnitogram. Results: At 3 months, TRT group showed significantly improvement at 15.2± 14.2 of THI, 8.1± 2.1 by emotional score of THI, and 18.1± 15.5 by length of noticeable time. Conclusion: TRT group showed better result than medication group according to THI and VAS. TRT showed good effect on emotional score of THI and length of noticeable time. However, TRT needs more time and effort of physician. Keywords: Tinnitus; Tinnitus retraining therapy; Sound therapy 서론이명이란외부의자극이없는데도소리를느끼는것 (the sensation of sound without external stimulation) 으로이과영역에서가장흔하게접하는증상중의하나이다 [1]. 정상인의 95% 이상에서일생에한번이상이명을경험하며전체인구의 17% 가이명증으로불편함을겪고이중 5% 정도가병원을찾을정도로심한이명증을느낀다고한다 [1]. 이러한이명이자주발생하고일상생활에지장을받는경우임상적으로도문제가있을수있어전문의의진찰과치료가필요하다. 타각적이명의경우, 적절한진단과정을통해원인을확인할수 있으며이경우이를치료하며이명을치료할수있다. 하지만이명의대다수를차지하는자각적이명의경우, 검사상난청과외유모세포의이상등이관찰되지만그외의검사상특이소견이없는경우가많고치료될수없는질병으로인식되고있다. 이명의치료방법에는약물치료, 이명재훈련치료 (tinnitus retraining theraphy), 상담 (counseling) 및생체되먹임치료 (biofeedback), 수술, 두개내자기장요법 (trancranial magnetic stimulation) 등이있다 [2]. 본글에서는자각적이명의치료방법중가장치료효과가우수하고널리사용되고있는이명재훈련치료의치료효과에대해약물치료와비교하여알아보고자한다 [3]. Correspondence to: Moo Kyun Park Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunyang University College of Medicine, 1174 Jung-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon , Korea Tel: , Fax: , aseptic@schmc.ac.kr Received: Nov. 10, 2011 / Accepted after revision: Dec. 5, Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (

2 주관적이명환자에서이명재훈련치료의임상적적용 송재준외 대상및방법 1. 대상 2010 년 3월부터 2011 년 10월까지이명을주증상으로순천향대학교부천병원이명클리닉을방문한 20세이상의환자를대상으로후향적으로분석하였다. 문진및이학적검사, 청력검사, 방사선검사등을시행하여급성외이및중이질환, 중추성질환, 소뇌교각병변등객관적이명혹은특정원인에의한이명으로진단된경우와청각과민증, 6분법상 40 db 이상의난청이동반되는경우는제외하였으며설문지를완료하지못하였거나 3개월이후추적관찰을하지못하였던경우도제외하였다. 주관적이명으로분류된환자군중이명재훈련치료를받은군과약물치료를받은군으로나누어치료효과를분석하였다. 본연구는순천향대학교부천병원기관심의윤리위원회 (Institutional Review Bo ard) 의승인후진행되었다. 2. 방법고막내시경을통해중이상태를기록하였고이명에대한청각학적검사를위해순음및어음청력검사를시행하여난청의유무를확인하였으며, 임피던스청력검사, 이음향방사, 청성뇌간유발반응검사를실시하여후미로성병변을감별진단하였으며, 이명도검사를시행하여이명의크기, 주파수를파악하였다. 한국어번역판이명불편감척도 (tinnitus handicap inventory, THI) 를이용하여이명에의한주관적인불편감을점수화하여측정하였다 [4,5]. THI는총 25 문항으로, 기능하위척도, 정서하위척도, 재앙화하위척도로구성되어있으며, 각각의항목은 0점 ( 아니다 ), 2점 ( 가끔그렇다 ), 4점 ( 그렇다 ) 으로점수를기록하게하여총점을구한후 0-16 점은정상, 점은경도, 38-56점은중등도, 58 점이상은이명에의해심한장애를가지는것으로판정한다 [4]. 이명의크기, 불편감, 삶의미치는영향에대하여는 10점단위의 visual analog scale (VAS) 로표현하게하여점수를구하였다. 하루중이명이느껴지는시간의비율은최근 1개월간의이명의지속시간이하루에차지하는비율을기준으로하였다. 이명의치료는이명재훈련치료와대중적인요법으로말초혈액순환개선제인 Sarpogrelate (Anplag, 300 mg/t; Yuhan, Seoul, Korea) 과항불안제제인 Alprazolam (Alpram, 0.25 mg/t; Whanin Pharm Co., Seoul, Korea) 을사용하였다. 이명재훈련치료로이명에대한상담을시행후소리치료로이명이어느정도생활에지장을주지만청각학적이상이없는경우, 이명에대한상담과환경음을사용하도록하였다. 3. 이명재훈련치료이명재훈련치료는크게지도상담과소리치료로이루어졌다. 1) 지도상담상담은각각의환자에따라변화가있지만다음과같은 8가지의기본적인내용을포함하였다 [6]. (1) 청각계의기본해부와기능에대한교육 (2) 이명검사결과에대한설명 (3) 자극신호를받아들이는인식에대한기본설명 ( 신호강도대비의역할포함 ) (4) 뇌의기본기능과뇌의다른시스템과의상호작용 (5) 기본개념이환자에게적용되어이명과청각과민이발생한과정 (6) 습관화의개념과적용에대한설명 (7) 향후제시된치료법, 소리치료의역할과이용에대한설명 (8) 환자의질문에대한답변 ( 이명발생의신경생리학적모델에근거한답변 ) 2) 소리치료주관적인이명의강도를약화시켜뇌에서이명의습관화를유도하기위해환경음, 소리발생기 (sound generator) 를이용하였다. 우선조용한환경을피하고 24시간소리를충분히듣도록하였다. 특히자연의소리 (nature sounds) 를듣도록하였다. 소리발생기는이명을부드럽게해주며배경음을높여이명과배경음의차이를줄여줄수있는도구로필요시사용을적극권하였다. 4. 통계적분석이명재훈련치료군과약물치료군의성별, 연령, 이명의유병기간, 방향, 소리의양상, 동반된증상, 악화요인등에대해기술적분석을실시하였으며이명이생활에미치는불편함, 주관적불편감, 이명불편감의척도, 이명도의크기, 청각학적검사등에대해비교분석하였다. SPSS ver (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 프로그램을이용하여정규분포를보인변수에대해서는 Paired sample T- test를, 정규분포를보이지않은변수에대해서는 Wilcoxon s rank sum test를이용하였으며, 이산형변수의경우, χ 2 -test, Fisher s exact test를이용하여각군을비교하였다. 통계적유의수준은 0.05 이하로하였다. 결과 1. 일반적특성이명재훈련치료군은총 26명, 약물치료군은총 102명이었다 (Table 1). 양군의성별, 나이분포및치료전청력과이명불편감척도, VAS 척도를이용한이명의강도, 하루중느껴지는시간의비율은통계적으로유의하지않았다 (P= 0.78). Soonchunhyang Medical Science 17(2):

3 Song JJ, et al. Tinnitus and Tinnitus Retraining Therapy Table 1. Demographic data for the patients in tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) and medication groups Group TRT Medication P-value Cases Sex (male:female) 20:23 53: Age (yr) 42.7± ± Onset (day) 22.99± ± Hearing (db) 24.7± ± Tinnitogram Pitch (khz) 5.31± ± Loudness (db) 6.51± ± THI (total) 35.22± ± VAS Functional 17.0± ± Emotional 16.83± ± Catastrophic 6.26± ± Loudness (1-10) 6.65± ± Noticeable time (%) 67.09± ± Values are presented as number or mean± SD. Hearing level is the pure tone average of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 khz using the 4-dimensional method. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. THI, tinnitus handicap inventory; VAS, visual analogue scale. 2. 이명재훈련치료의효과 3 개월치료후의이명치료효과분석결과, 이명불편감척도의 개선은이명재훈련치료군에서약물치료군에비해높게나타났 다 (Table 2). 상대적으로정서하위척도의개선효과가약물치료 군에비해높았다 (P = 0.044). VAS 로측정한이명강도의변화는 두군간에유의하게나타나지않았다. 이는이명재훈련치료의경 우좀더많은시간이필요하기때문인것으로생각된다. VAS 로측 정한하루중느껴지는시간의비율은이명재훈련치료군이통계 적으로유의하게낮게나타났다. 고찰 이명재훈련치료란이명을중요하지않은소리로구분하도록청 신경에서대뇌피질로전달되는신경회로망을재편성하고재구성 하여대뇌에서이를인식하지못하거나불편함을느끼지않도록 하는것이다 년 Jastreboff 와 Hazell [7-9] 에의해주창된이명 의치료방법으로현재전세계많은이명클리닉에서널리시행되 고있으며 80% 이상의높은치료효과를보이고있다. 이명재훈련치료는이명이발생하는이유를설명한 Jastreboff 의 신경생리학적모델에바탕을두고있다 [10]. Jastreboff 는그의이론 에서소리가이소골을통해달팽이관으로전달된후외유모세포가 이를전기신호로바꾸어청신경을통해대뇌청각피질로전달되어 소리가인식되는과정중소리가인식되기전대뇌피질하중추신 경계에서여과기와비슷한무의식적인선별과정이있다고주장하 Table 2. Improvement of tinnitus in tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) and medication groups after 3 months treatment Group TRT Medication P-value THI (total) 15.2± ± Functional 11.21± ± Emotional 8.83± ± Catastrophic 4.26± ± VAS Loudness (1-10) 1.65± ± Noticeable time (%) 18.1± ± Values are presented as mean± SD. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. THI, tinnitus handicap inventory; VAS, visual analogue scale. 였다. 청각여과기는소리의의미와중요성에따라음을탐지하고 분리하여중요하지않은소리는대뇌피질로전달하지않고중요한 소리만을대뇌피질로전달하게된다. 소리의여과과정은청각경 로의변연계 (limbic system) 와연결되어있어심리적부담감 ( 스트 레스 ), 공포, 분노와같은정서의영향을받는다. 또한이명은자율 신경계 (autonomic system) 와연결되어상호작용을통해성가심, 불안, 초초와이에따른긴장, 두통, 홍조, 빈맥, 발한, 위장관장애 등의신체반응등이나타날수있다 [11,12]. 이명은이들의반복인학습이일정한조건화된반응회로를형성 하게되어대뇌피질하여과기를통해제거되지않을정도로이명 신호가증가할때느끼게된다. 따라서이렇게이명을호소하는환 자들에게변연계의영향을받아이명을인식하는과정에서이명이 인식되지않도록하는습관화혹은자율신경계와연결되는반응의 습관화를통해이명으로인한자율신경계의영향을차단하는것 이이명재훈련치료의이론적근거이다 [13]. 이명재훈련치료의과정은초기면담과청각검사, 임상검사를 통해이명단계에따른분류와치료가필요하다. 이명재훈련치료 는크게지도상담과소리치료로이루어진다 [1]. 초기면담과적절한검사를통해이명환자를분류하고이에따 라적절한치료방법을선택하는것이중요하다 [13]. 이명의정도가 심하지않은경우, 적절한상담과환경음사용만으로도좋은효과 를얻을수있다. 이명이어느정도생활에지장을주지만청각학적 이상이없는경우, category 1 에해당되며상담과소리발생기의사 용이도움이된다. 난청이동반된 category 2 의경우, 소리치료의 방법으로보청기의사용이필요하다. 청각과민증이동반되거나, 소 음노출후이명이악화되는경우, 탈감작기법을이용한소리발생기 의사용이필요하며이명치료에상당한시간이걸릴수있다 [14,15]. 본연구의경우, 주관적이명환자중청각과민증과난청을동반하 지않은 category 1 환자들을대상으로하였다. 향후이명재훈련 치료군중 category 2, 3, 4 단계환자들에대한분석이필요할것으 로생각된다. 소리치료는배경음의자극을늘려이명신호와대비를줄여청 Soonchunhyang Medical Science 17(2):

4 주관적이명환자에서이명재훈련치료의임상적적용 송재준외 각계내의비정상적인이득을감소시켜서대뇌가이명을덜느끼게한다. 또한환자가느끼는주관적인이명의강도를약화시켜뇌에서이명의습관화를유도한다. 이명재훈련치료에서사용되는소리치료의방법에는환경음, 보청기, 소리발생기등이있다 [16,17]. 우선조용한환경을피하고 24시간소리를충분히듣는것이중요하다. 특히조용하기쉬운밤시간에사용하는것이중요하다. 이를위해무엇이든소리를낼수있는것은모두이용될수있다. 예를들면, 여름철에선풍기돌아가는소리, 에어컨소리, 컴퓨터팬소리, 창문밖에서들려오는바람소리, 차지나가는소리, 물흐르는소리, 비오는소리, 냉장고소리, 환기구소리, 자연으로부터의소리등매우다양한소리들을활용할수있다. 하지만단순히 TV나라디오를켜두거나음악을듣는것보다는자연의소리를듣는것이좋다 [1]. 자연의소리에는파도소리, 시냇물소리, 빗물소리, 바람소리, 새소리등이있다. 자연의소리는우리가이미익숙한소리로대부분자연에소리에대한거부감이없으며쉽게무시하는경향이있다. 환경음의사용은무의식의범위에서사용될수있으며따라서밤에잠을자는중에도사용할수있다 [6]. 소리발생기는이명을부드럽게해주며배경음을높여이명과배경음의차이를줄여줄수있다. 또는흥미를유발하는소리를주어이명에대한주의를줄여줄수도있다. 난청이동반된환자에서보청기는가장흔하게사용되며중요한소리치료의방법이다. 과거즉각적인이명의차단효과로인하여소리차폐기 (masking device) 가사용되었으나현재는반동현상 (rebound phenomenon) 및이명재훈련치료에방해가되는것이알려져잘사용되고있지않다 [16,18,19]. 소리발생기에서발생하는소리는지속적이면서정서적으로중립적인소리이며소리차폐기와는달리백색잡음을사용한다. 소리발생기는하루 6시간이상씩꾸준히사용하는것이중요하며양측으로사용한다. 환경음과달리수면중에하는것은도움이되지않는다. 소리발생기를통해환자의이명신호의강도가최소화되도록하나소리발생기의소리가이명을차폐하지않도록한다. 왜냐하면소리발생기의소리강도를높임에따라이명습관화는효과적이지만이명이차폐되면습관화시켜야할이명신호가대뇌로전달되는것을방해하여이명의습관화가일어나지않기때문이다. 소리발생기의소리가환자를성가시게하거나불편감을새롭게유발해서는안된다 [20]. 환자에게불쾌감을줄경우변연계와자율신경계를자극하게되고오히려이명이활성화될수있다. 또한소리의강도는환자의청각역치와는가깝지않도록해야한다. 청력역치와가까운소리는이명강도감소효과가작게나타난다 [13]. 이명재훈련치료는 6개월이상의시간을요하는경우도많으며환자에게상당한인내심을요구하는과정이므로세심한상담과함께적절한추적관찰은이명재훈련치료의중요한부분중의하나이다. 본연구의경우, 약물치료군과의비교를위해치료 3개월후 의결과를분석하였으나향후적절한치료결과의판정을위해 6 개 월이후의결과판정에대한분석이필요할것으로보인다. 이명재훈련치료는연구결과는 80% 의높은치료성공률을보 이고있다. 이는약물치료나다른치료에비하여매우높은수치이 다. 하지만이명재훈련치료의경우, 고도난청으로소리치료를병 행하기어렵거나지시적상담이어려운환자들에게는적용에제한 이있다. 또한장기간의경과관찰이필요하여환자들이포기하는 경우가있어지속적으로환자를격려하고안내하는것이필요하다 [15]. 이명재훈련치료에필요한상담을위해환자 1 명당 1 시간이 상의상담이필요하며지속적인환자관리가필요하고현재의료보 험체계상적절한수가를신청하기가어려운우리나라의의료환경 에서현실적으로모든이명환자에게이명재훈련치료를하기는 쉽지가않다. 하지만, 이명으로고통받는환자에게이명의기전과 습관화에대한기본개념을설명하는것으로도큰도움이될수있 으며, 고령화로점점이명환자가많아지는현실에서이비인후과의 사로서이명재훈련치료에대해이해하고설명할수있어야하겠 다 [14,21]. 이명재훈련치료는약물치료에비해우수한치료효과를보이 는치료이며특히이명의정서적측면과하루중느껴지는시간의 감소에효과적이었다. 이명재훈련치료는치료자의노력과시간이 많이소요되나치료자가이명재훈련치료의개념과원리를이해하 고지속적이고적극적인상담과소리치료를겸한경우, 치료효과 가우수하며환자의만족도가높은치료방법으로이비인후과영 역에서적극적으로이용해야할이명의치료방법이다. REFERENCES 1. Snow JB. Tinnitus:theory and management. Hamilton: BC Decker Inc.; Seidman MD, Standring RT, Dornhoffer JL. Tinnitus: current understanding and contemporary management. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010;18: Hoare DJ, Kowalkowski VL, Kang S, Hall DA. Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials examining tinnitus management. Laryngoscope 2011;121: Newman CW, Jacobson GP, Spitzer JB. Development of the tinnitus handicap inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;122: Kim JH, Lee SY, Kim CH, Lim SL, Shin JN, Chung WH, et al. Reliability and validity of a Korean adaptation of the tinnitus handicap inventory. Korean J Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2002;45: Jastreboff PJ, Hazell JWP. Tinnitus retraining therapy: implementing the neurophysicological model. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Jastreboff PJ, Hazell JW. A neurophysiological approach to tinnitus: clinical implications. Br J Audiol 1993;27: Jastreboff PJ. Tinnitus retraining therapy. Prog Brain Res 2007;166: Jastreboff PJ. Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus): mechanisms of generation and perception. Neurosci Res 1990;8: Soonchunhyang Medical Science 17(2):

5 Song JJ, et al. Tinnitus and Tinnitus Retraining Therapy 10. Jastreboff PJ, Hazell JW, Graham RL. Neurophysiological model of tinnitus: dependence of the minimal masking level on treatment outcome. Hear Res 1994;80: Jastreboff PJ, Gray WC, Gold SL. Neurophysiological approach to tinnitus patients. Am J Otol 1996;17: Jastreboff PJ, Sasaki CT. An animal model of tinnitus: a decade of development. Am J Otol 1994;15: Jastreboff PJ, Jastreboff MM. Tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) as a method for treatment of tinnitus and hyperacusis patients. J Am Acad Audiol 2000;11: Bauer CA, Brozoski TJ. Effect of tinnitus retraining therapy on the loudness and annoyance of tinnitus: a controlled trial. Ear Hear 2011;32: Herraiz C, Hernandez FJ, Toledano A, Aparicio JM. Tinnitus retraining therapy: prognosis factors. Am J Otolaryngol 2007;28: Hobson J, Chisholm E, El Refaie A. Sound therapy (masking) in the management of tinnitus in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(12): CD Fukuda S, Miyashita T, Inamoto R, Mori N. Tinnitus retraining therapy using portable music players. Auris Nasus Larynx 2011;38: Henry JA, Schechter MA, Zaugg TL, Griest S, Jastreboff PJ, Vernon JA, et al. Outcomes of clinical trial: tinnitus masking versus tinnitus retraining therapy. J Am Acad Audiol 2006;17: Henry JA, Schechter MA, Zaugg TL, Griest S, Jastreboff PJ, Vernon JA, et al. Clinical trial to compare tinnitus masking and tinnitus retraining therapy. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2006;(556): Jastreboff PJ, Jastreboff MM. Tinnitus retraining therapy for patients with tinnitus and decreased sound tolerance. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2003; 36: Fioretti A, Eibenstein A, Fusetti M. New trends in tinnitus management. Open Neurol J 2011;5: Soonchunhyang Medical Science 17(2):

Otology Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2017;60(5): / pissn / eissn Th

Otology Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2017;60(5): / pissn / eissn Th Otology Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 217;6():29-14 / pissn 292-89 / eissn 292-629 https://doi.org/.3342/kjorl-hns.216.17139 The Effect of Different Counselors on Treatment Outcome of Tinnitus

More information

012임수진

012임수진 Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar

More information

Lumbar spine

Lumbar spine Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical

More information

황지웅

황지웅 Comparison of Laparoscopy and Exploration in the Distal Pancreatectomy BACKGROUND: To determine the benefits of laparoscopic surgery compared with exploration, the clinical outcomes of open and laparoscopic

More information

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung

More information

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770> 대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실

More information

( )Jkstro011.hwp

( )Jkstro011.hwp 비인강암의방사선치료결과및생존율에관한예후인자분석 2005 2 1 2005 3 28. :, Tel: 053)250-7665, Fax: 053)250-7984 E-mail: jhkim@dsmc.or.kr 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 Carcinoma of the nasopharynx treated by radiotherapy

More information

386-390.hwp

386-390.hwp 386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon

More information

12이문규

12이문규 Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental

More information

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ 2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,

More information

04조남훈

04조남훈 Received : 2011. 11. 16 Reviewed : 2011. 11. 25 Accpeted : 2011. 12. 5 A Case Report of Prescribing Yanghyeolgeopung-tang(yangxuequfeng-tang) to Two Patients with Cervical Disc Herniation and Headache

More information

자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr

자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr Original Article pissn 1738-2637 J Korean Soc Radiol 2012;67(2):129-134 The Survey of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quality according to in Korea 1 자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 1 Hyun-Hae

More information

1..

1.. Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :

More information

A 617

A 617 Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -

More information

노영남

노영남 Purpose: Delayed massive hemorrhages from pseudoaneurysm rupture of the peripancreatic large arteries, after pancreaticoduodenectomy, are fatal. We reviewed the clinical course and outcome of bleeding

More information

歯1.PDF

歯1.PDF 200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)

More information

( )Kju269.hwp

( )Kju269.hwp 만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 3~30 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2016. 01. 08 2016. 01. 09 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT

More information

590호(01-11)

590호(01-11) T H E K O R E A N D O C T O R S W E E K L Y www.docdocdoc.co.kr I N S I D E 38 3 5 6 7 10 13 28 29 30 31 38 41 42 2 Advertisement Government & Medicine 3 Government & Medicine 4 Government & Medicine Government

More information

. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, ( )

. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, ( ) . 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ,. (, 2011),, 1980 5 49.9%, 4 (20.3%). 1985, 5 (39.0%), 4 (25.3%).

More information

- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α

More information

기관고유연구사업결과보고

기관고유연구사업결과보고 기관고유연구사업결과보고 작성요령 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 1 2/3 2 1 0 2 3 52 0 31 83 12 6 3 21 593 404 304 1,301 4 3 1 8 159 191 116 466 6 11 (`1: (1: 16 33 44 106

More information

인문사회과학기술융합학회

인문사회과학기술융합학회 Vol.5, No.5, October (2015), pp.471-479 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2015.10.50 스마트온실을 위한 가상 외부기상측정시스템 개발 한새론 1), 이재수 2), 홍영기 3), 김국환 4), 김성기 5), 김상철 6) Development of Virtual Ambient Weather Measurement

More information

975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호

975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호 Focused Issue of This Month Gyu Cheol an, MD Department of Otolaryngology ead & Neck Surgery, Gachon University of College Medicine E - mail : han@gilhospital.com Won-o Jung, MD Department of Otolaryngology

More information

A Lee et al. ASR Table 1. Patients characteristic Group Age Gender (male/female) PTA threshold (R/L) Tinnitus laterality (R/L/both) Tinnitus frequency

A Lee et al. ASR Table 1. Patients characteristic Group Age Gender (male/female) PTA threshold (R/L) Tinnitus laterality (R/L/both) Tinnitus frequency ASR ISSN 1738-9399 / Copyright 2016 Korean Academy of Audiology / Audiol Speech Res 2016;12(1):24-29 RESEARCH PAPER The Effects of Bifrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined with Conventional

More information

Table 1. Distribution by site and stage of laryngeal cancer Supraglottic Glottic Transglottic Total Stage Total 20

Table 1. Distribution by site and stage of laryngeal cancer Supraglottic Glottic Transglottic Total Stage Total 20 KISEP Head and Neck Korean J Otolaryngol 1999;42:1284-9 후두암수술환자에대한치료성적 송달원 김희준 정현수 김영한 안재현 이복수 박선호 Treatment Result in Laryngeal Cancer Patients Submitted to Surgical Treatment Dal Won Song, MD, Hee Jun

More information

(

( 317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,

More information

Sheu HM, et al., British J Dermatol 1997; 136: Kao JS, et al., J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:

Sheu HM, et al., British J Dermatol 1997; 136: Kao JS, et al., J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120: Sheu HM, et al., British J Dermatol 1997; 136:884-890 Kao JS, et al., J Invest Dermatol 03; 1:446-464 1 10 0 3 Day Normal MLE Lotion Lotion MLE Cream Cream 80 7 70 6 3 Day Normal MLE Lotion Lotion MLE

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: IPA * Analysis of Perc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI:   IPA * Analysis of Perc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.45-72 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.2.201806.45 IPA * Analysis of Perception and Needs on Teaching Competencies of Faculty

More information

:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( )

:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( ) :,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α=.83.91.,.,,..,,,.,. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ..,.,.,. Bandura(1997),.,,,,., (,,, 2009), (,,,, 2014).?.,,,.. Bandura (1995) (Resiliency

More information

54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, I. 1.,,,,,,, (, 1998). 14.2% 16.2% (, ), OECD (, ) % (, )., 2, 3. 3

54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, I. 1.,,,,,,, (, 1998). 14.2% 16.2% (, ), OECD (, ) % (, )., 2, 3. 3 27 2, 53-70, 2009. (Nursing Home) * ** (Nursing Home). 5 50 5 2 1,,,,, SPSS t.,,,,,,,. :,, : 2009/08/27 : 2009/09/24 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: hjkim@daelim.ac.kr) 54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. I. 1.,,,,,,, (,

More information

< FB5B5BAF1B6F32C20B8F1C2F D34292E687770>

< FB5B5BAF1B6F32C20B8F1C2F D34292E687770> Case Report J Sasang Constitut Med 2014;26(4):379-388 http://dx.doi.org/10.7730/jscm.2014.26.4.379 Abstract A Case Study of Soyangin Patient with Hyperhidrosis Treated Successfully with Hyungbangsabaek-san(

More information

16_이주용_155~163.hwp

16_이주용_155~163.hwp 사상체질의학회지 2008;20(2):155-163 J of Sasang Constitutional Medicine Vol. 20, No. 2, 2008:155-163 http://www.esasang.com 腦 梗 塞 으로 발생한 少 陽 人 半 身 舞 蹈 病 患 者 치험 1례 이주용 이한얼 한경수 안택원 Abstract 대전대학교 한의과대학 사상체질과 A Soyangin

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing

More information

A Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran

More information

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타 RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 20-40대 여성의 외모만족도가 미용관리태도에 미치는 영향 홍수남 1, 김효숙 2 * 1 건국대학교 뷰티사이언스디자인학과, 2 건국대학교 의상디자인과 Effects of Extrinsic Body Satisfaction on Beauty Management Behavior of

More information

서론

서론 - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - - 20 - - 21 - - 22 - - 23 - - 24 - -

More information

Otology Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2018;61(4): / pissn / eissn De

Otology Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2018;61(4): / pissn / eissn De Otology Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2018;61(4):182-92 / pissn 2092-5859 / eissn 2092-6529 https://doi.org/10.3342/kjorl-hns.2017.00696 Development of a Korean-Type Qualitative Case History

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI:   * The Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and

More information

Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2016;59(12): 하는 반면 등 소음 자체를 얼마나 수용할 수 있는지 측정하는 것도 임상적으로 도움을 줄 수 있다 수용소음레벨 은 목표 이야기 와 배경 화자 잡음 을 들려주어 청취

Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2016;59(12): 하는 반면 등 소음 자체를 얼마나 수용할 수 있는지 측정하는 것도 임상적으로 도움을 줄 수 있다 수용소음레벨 은 목표 이야기 와 배경 화자 잡음 을 들려주어 청취 Otology Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2016;59(12):825-30 / pissn 2092-5859 / eissn 2092-6529 https://doi.org/10.3342/kjorl-hns.2016.59.12.825 The Normative Value of Acceptable Noise Level Test

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: : A basic research

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI:   : A basic research Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.379-404 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.379 : A basic research for the after-school forest activities program models:

More information

歯14.양돈규.hwp

歯14.양돈규.hwp : The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003. Vol. 15, No. 3, 615-631. 1 2 3 1,410.,, ( ),., ( 69%),.,, ( ), ( ).,,.., ( ).,. :,,. :, (390-711) 21-1, : 043-649-1362 E-mail : ydk9498@hanmail.net

More information

노인정신의학회보14-1호

노인정신의학회보14-1호 제14권 1호 통권 제23호 www.kagp.or.kr 발행인 : 정인과 / 편집인 : 이동우 / 발행처 : 정인과 (152-703) 서울특별시 구로구 구로동 80번지 고려대학교 구로병원 정신과 / TEL : 02-818-6608 / FAX : 02-852-1937 발행일 : 2008년 4월 30일 / 제 작 : (주)엠엘커뮤니케이션 140-846 서울특별시

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina

More information

김범수

김범수 Analysis of Outcomes after Resection of Sarcomatous Hepatocellular Carcinoma Purpose: Sarcomatous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. Therefore, the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA 27(2), 2007, 96-121 S ij k i POP j a i SEXR j i AGER j i BEDDAT j ij i j S ij S ij POP j SEXR j AGER j BEDDAT j k i a i i i L ij = S ij - S ij ---------- S ij S ij = k i POP j a i SEXR j i AGER j i BEDDAT

More information

44-4대지.07이영희532~

44-4대지.07이영희532~ A Spatial Location Analysis of the First Shops of Foodservice Franchise in Seoul Metropolitan City Younghee Lee* 1 1 (R) 0 16 1 15 64 1 Abstract The foodservice franchise is preferred by the founders who

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: Awareness, Supports

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI:   Awareness, Supports Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.335-363 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.335 Awareness, Supports in Need, and Actual Situation on the Curriculum Reconstruction

More information

달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있

달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있 대한한방부인과학회지 THE JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY VOL.17, NO.2 : 115-122 (2004) 달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 * 북경한의원, ** 윤산부인과의원, *** 최은림산부인과의원, 상지대학교 한의과대학 부인과학교실 ****, 경희대학교 동서의학대학원 김성준 *****, 윤왕준

More information

03-서연옥.hwp

03-서연옥.hwp 농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥

More information

( )Kjhps043.hwp

( )Kjhps043.hwp Difference of Fistula Maturation Degree and Physical Property by the Types of Tube Material: An Experimental Study Sang Koo Kang, M.D. 1, Hee Chul Yu, M.D. 1,4, Woo Sung Moon, M.D. 2,4, Ju Hyoung Lee,

More information

16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm

16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm w wz 16«1y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 1. 2006 x w$btf3fqpsu'psn û w m w Department of Statistics, Chonnam National University Eunsik Park College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University

More information

878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu

878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu 한 국 통 계 학 회 논 문 집 2012, 19권, 6호, 877 884 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2012.19.6.877 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation Applied Biased Coin Design in a Phase Ⅰ Clinical Trial Yu Kim a, Dongjae Kim

More information

KISEP Reviews Korean J Audiol 6(1):9-13, 2002 TEOAE 를이용한신생아청각선별검사의의의 문성균 1 박홍준 2 박기현 1 Significance of Newborn Hearing Screening Program Using TEOAE S

KISEP Reviews Korean J Audiol 6(1):9-13, 2002 TEOAE 를이용한신생아청각선별검사의의의 문성균 1 박홍준 2 박기현 1 Significance of Newborn Hearing Screening Program Using TEOAE S KISEP Reviews Korean J udiol 6(1):9-13, 2002 TEOE 를이용한신생아청각선별검사의의의 문성균 1 박홍준 2 박기현 1 Significance of Newborn Hearing Screening Program Using TEOE Sung-Kyun Moon, M.D. 1, Hong-Joon Park, M.D. 2, Keehyun

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although

More information

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006; ,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).

More information

Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ

Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in University & 2 Kang Won University [Purpose] [Methods]

More information

Jkbcs030(10)( ).hwp

Jkbcs030(10)( ).hwp Treatment of Breast Fibroadenoma with Interstitial Laser Photocoagulation Doo Min Sohn, Hyo Won Lee, Tae Yun Kim, Dan Song, Sung Yong Kim, Chul Wan Lim and Min Hyuk Lee Department of Surgery, College of

More information

untitled

untitled 대한수혈학회지:제권 제호, 0 한 대학병원의 혈액 폐기 분석 김병철ㆍ서영익ㆍ채금란ㆍ신정원ㆍ최태윤 = Abstract = 순천향대학교 의과대학 서울병원 진단검사의학교실 Analysis of Discarded Blood Components at a University Hospital in Korea Byung Chul Kim, Young Ik Seo, Gum Ran

More information

Can032.hwp

Can032.hwp Chromosomal Alterations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines Detected by Comparative Genomic Hybridization Sang Jin Park 1, Mahn Joon Ha, Ph.D. 1, Hugh Chul Kim, M.D. 2 and Hyon Ju Kim, M.D. 1 1 Laboratory

More information

YI Ggodme : The Lives and Diseases of Females during the Latter Half of the Joseon Dynasty as Reconstructed with Cases in Yeoksi Manpil (Stray Notes w

YI Ggodme : The Lives and Diseases of Females during the Latter Half of the Joseon Dynasty as Reconstructed with Cases in Yeoksi Manpil (Stray Notes w 497 의사학 제24권 제2호(통권 제50호) 2015년 8월 Korean J Med Hist 24 ː497-532 Aug 2015 c대한의사학회 http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2015.24.497 pissn 1225-505X, eissn 2093-5609 역시만필( 歷 試 漫 筆 ) 의 사례로 재구성한 조선후기 여성의 삶과 질병

More information

<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770>

<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770> 기혼 여성이 사이버대학에서 상담을 전공하면서 겪는 경험 방기연 (고려사이버대학교 상담심리학과 부교수) * 요 약 본 연구는 기혼 여성의 사이버대학 상담전공 학과 입학에서 졸업까지의 경험을 이해하는 것을 목적으로 한 다. 이를 위해 연구참여자 10명을 대상으로 심층면접을 하고, 합의적 질적 분석 방법으로 분석하였다. 입학 전 에 연구참여자들은 고등교육의 기회를

More information

원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현

원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 지도김석원교수 이논문을석사학위논문으로제출함

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   : Researc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education

More information

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 293~316 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2015. 12. 04 2015. 12. 24 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT

More information

A Study on the Relationships between Self-Differentiation and Adaptability Factors for Senior Dementia Patients Care Givers Department of Social Welfare, Seoul Welfare Graduate University Full-time Lecturer

More information

005송영일

005송영일 Received : 2015. 12. 09 Reviewed : 2015. 12. 16 Accepted : 2015. 12. 16 Sternal Fracture occurred after Thai Massage : A Case Report Young-Il Song, K.M.D. 1, Dong-Eun Kim, K.M.D. 1 1 Department of Rehabilitation

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI:   3 * Effects of 9th Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster

More information

Rheu-suppl hwp

Rheu-suppl hwp Objective: This paper reviews the existing Korean medical and public health, and nursing academy articles on disease-specific and domain-specific quality of life, and provides recommendations for the universally

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: * Review of Research

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   * Review of Research Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.79-102 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.79 * Review of Research Trends on Curriculum for Students with Severe and multiple

More information

레이아웃 1

레이아웃 1 대한위장관기질종양연구회 01 GIST 06 02 11 03 Imatinib 14 04 05 06 07 Sunitinib 32 40 44 48 GIST 6 01 7 GIST Guide book GIST 8 01 9 GIST Guide book GIST (CT) MRI FDG-PET 10 02 11 GIST Guide book 12 02 (Imatinib)

More information

., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, 23 3 (, ) () () 25, (),,,, (,,, 2015b). 1 5,

., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, 23 3 (, ) () () 25, (),,,, (,,, 2015b). 1 5, * 4.,, 3,,, 3,, -., 3, 12, 27, 20. 9,,,,,,,,. 6,,,,,. 5,,,,.. * (2016),. (Corresponding Author): / / 303 Tel: 063-225-4496 / E-mail: jnj1015@jj.ac.kr ., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), 2000. 2015 () 65, 4 51,

More information

Abstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,

More information

???? 1

???? 1 The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2014) 27(1), 13 20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.1.013 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule and SM3 Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial

More information

<35335FBCDBC7D1C1A42DB8E2B8AEBDBAC5CDC0C720C0FCB1E2C0FB20C6AFBCBA20BAD0BCAE2E687770>

<35335FBCDBC7D1C1A42DB8E2B8AEBDBAC5CDC0C720C0FCB1E2C0FB20C6AFBCBA20BAD0BCAE2E687770> Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 15, No. 2 pp. 1051-1058, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2014.15.2.1051 멤리스터의 전기적 특성 분석을 위한 PSPICE 회로 해석 김부강 1, 박호종 2, 박용수 3, 송한정 1*

More information

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770>

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770> Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 2 : 258~264 Feb. 2015 ID3 알고리즘 기반의 귀납적 추론을 활용한 모바일 OS의 성공과 실패에 대한

More information

Jkbcs032.hwp

Jkbcs032.hwp Clinical Correlation of HER-2/neu Overexpression in Patients with Breast Cancer Sung Yong Kim, Tae Yoon Kim, Jae Jun Kim, Chang Ho Kim, Ok Pyung Song, Min Hyuk Lee, Eui Han Kim 1, and Moo Sik Cho Departments

More information

http://www.kbc.go.kr/pds/2.html Abstract Exploring the Relationship Between the Traditional Media Use and the Internet Use Mee-Eun Kang This study examines the relationship between

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A Research Trend Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   3 * The Effect of H Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.577-601 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.577 3 * The Effect of Home-based Activities Using Traditional Fairy Tales

More information

001-학회지소개(영)

001-학회지소개(영) Review Article Randomization, What is the Proper Method? Jin Ho Hong, M.D., Jae Chul Yoo, M.D. Shoulder & Sports medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Purpose: Among the numerous

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: The Effect of Caree

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI:   The Effect of Caree Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.325-349 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.325 The Effect of Career Preparation Behavior Before and After Major Transitions

More information

±èÇ¥³â

±èÇ¥³â 533 Fig. 1. Dead zone. Nine echoes are positioned 2-10 mm below the scan surface with 1 mm distance. All nine echoes are clearly visualized. 534 Fig. 2. Vertical and horizontal measurement. 10 cm distance

More information

16(2)-7(p ).fm

16(2)-7(p ).fm w wz 16«2y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 2. 2006 ü t xy y w tœ ½ BÁ x BC B y w w w C y w w w Current Status and Expectations of Orphan Drugs in Korea -In point of supplying medicines for the rare

More information

Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy

Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy 2013. 2. 2 대한간암연구학회 7차 심포지움 및 학술대회 Indication and Clinical Outcomes of Metachronous HCC Metastasectomy Shin Hwang Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan

More information

특수교육논총 * ,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. **

특수교육논총 * ,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. ** 특수교육논총 *. 257..,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. ** (eun67@dankook.ac.kr) .,,,,,,,,,, (,, 2014)., (,, 2007)....,,,, (,, 2014).. (2003)...,,, (Baron-Cohen, O Riordan, Stone, Jone, & Plaisted, 1999; Hobson,

More information

<32382DC3BBB0A2C0E5BED6C0DA2E687770>

<32382DC3BBB0A2C0E5BED6C0DA2E687770> 논문접수일 : 2014.12.20 심사일 : 2015.01.06 게재확정일 : 2015.01.27 청각 장애자들을 위한 보급형 휴대폰 액세서리 디자인 프로토타입 개발 Development Prototype of Low-end Mobile Phone Accessory Design for Hearing-impaired Person 주저자 : 윤수인 서경대학교 예술대학

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:3~20 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/27, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] This study aims to comprehensively analyze

More information

Àå¾Ö¿Í°í¿ë ³»Áö

Àå¾Ö¿Í°í¿ë ³»Áö Disability & Employment 55 Disability & Employment 56 57 Disability & Employment 58 59 Disability & Employment 60 61 Disability & Employment 62 63 Disability & Employment 64 65 Disability & Employment

More information

Kaes025.hwp

Kaes025.hwp 고위험군유두상갑상선암환자에대한방사성옥소최대허용선량측정법및치료법의검증 Verification of Measurement Methods and Therapeutic Efficacy of Maximum Permissible Dose of I-131 in High Risk Patients with Differentiated Papillary Thyroid Cancer

More information

슬라이드 1

슬라이드 1 Functional Gain & Real-ear Measurement Hallym University of Graduate Studies Kyoung Won Lee, PhD 보청기평가(hearing aid evaluation) 난청의 보청기의 보청기의 보청기의 재조절및 발생 착용 조절 적합확인 청능훈련 보청기의 조절 및 적합확인 Functional gain

More information

<31372DB9DABAB4C8A32E687770>

<31372DB9DABAB4C8A32E687770> 김경환 박병호 충북대학교 도시공학과 (2010. 5. 27. 접수 / 2011. 11. 23. 채택) Developing the Traffic Severity by Type Kyung-Hwan Kim Byung Ho Park Department of Urban Engineering, Chungbuk National University (Received May

More information

Effects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting Jong-Hwa Lee, Seok-Jin Kim, & Seon-Jin Kim* Seoul National University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results]

More information

ASR ISSN / Audiol Speech Res 2017;13(1):1-8 / REVIEW PAPER Rehabilitation Options for Subjective Ti

ASR ISSN / Audiol Speech Res 2017;13(1):1-8 /   REVIEW PAPER Rehabilitation Options for Subjective Ti ISSN 1738-9399 / Audiol Speech Res 2017;13(1):1-8 / https://doi.org/10.21848/asr.2017.13.1.1 REVIEW PAPER Rehabilitation Options for Subjective Tinnitus Dongchang Kim 1, Jinbae Shin 1, Kyungju Lee 1, In-Ki

More information

Jkbcs016(92-97).hwp

Jkbcs016(92-97).hwp Expression of bcl-2 and Apoptosis and Its Relationship to Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer - A Study with Long Term Follow-up correlated with the survival rate.(journal of Korean

More information