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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 17, No. 12 pp , ISSN / eissn 김강은 1, 이봉구 2*, 최성주 3 1 한국생산기술연구원극한제조기술그룹, 2 영남이공대학교기계계열, 3 한국기술교육대학교기계공학부 Modal Analysis of an Ultrasonic Tool Horn for RFID TAG Micro-pattern Forming Kang-Eun Kim 1, Bong-Gu Lee 2*, Sung-Ju Choi 3 1 Ultimate Manufacturing Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology 2 Division of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University College 3 Division of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Technology Education 요약본논문에서는유한요소법 (FEM) 시뮬레이션을사용하여초음파미세패턴성형에사용되는초음파공구혼을이론적연구와유한요소해석을통하여조사하였다. 이방법은 FEM 해석으로얻어진초기설계추정치에기초한다. 초음파미세패턴성형에필요한고유주파수와공구혼의공진주파수를유한요소해석을통하여예측하였다. ANSYS S/W를이용한 FEM 분석은초음파혼의진동모드형상의최적설계기술로공진주파수를예측하기위해사용하였다. 초음파진동자에전원이공급되면, 초음파진동자에공급된전기에너지가기계적인운동에너지로변환되어진동이발생하게된다. 초음파공구혼의종진동에너지를이용하여절연시트위에 RFID TAG 패턴성형을하게된다. 초음파진동을이용한마이크로단위의형상정밀도향상을위해서는공구혼의종진동모드만을이용하여성형해야한다. 본연구에서는초음파마이크로패턴성형에필요한공구혼의고유진동수및진동모드를갖는설계변수를고찰하고, 유한요소해석결과를바탕으로공구혼을제작함으로써마이크로패턴성형에응용하고자한다. 유한요소해석결과를바탕으로 RFID TAG 의미세패턴성형을위한초음파공구혼의최적설계및제작에반영하였다. Abstract In this paper, the theoretical research and simulation using the Finite Element Method (FEM) to design and form a micro-pattern for an ultrasonic horn is described. The present method is based on an initial design estimate obtained by FEM analysis. The natural and resonant frequencies required for the ultrasonic tool horn used for forming the fine pattern were predicted by finite element analysis. FEM analysis using ANSYS S/W was used to predict the resonant frequency for the optimum technical design of the ultrasonic horn vibration mode shape. When electrical power is supplied to the ultrasonic transducer, it is converted into mechanical movement energy, leading to vibration. The RFID TAG becomes the pattern formed on the insulating sheet by using the longitudinal vibration energy of the ultrasonic tool horn. The FEM analysis result is then incorporated into the optimal design and manufacturing of the ultrasonic tool horn. Keywords : FEM analysis, Miro-pattern Forming, Modal analysis. RFID TAG, Ultrasonic Tool Horn, 1. 서론 최근, 정보기술의급속한진보에따라다양한전자제품의수요가증가하고있는추세이며디지털전자기기의 초소형화, 고집적화, 저비용화, 다기능화, 그리고경량화의경향이두드러지고있다. 이러한경향에발맞추어빠른신호처리가가능한고성능반도체칩의개발과칩과칩또는칩과다른주변장치들간의상호신호전달을 * Corresponding Author : Bong-Gu Lee(Yeungnam University College) Tel: positive@ync.ac.kr Received October 31, 2016 Revised (1st November 22, 2016, 2nd December 7, 2016) Accepted December 8, 2016 Published December 31,

2 위한전자패키지 (Electronic package) 기술의발전또한요구되고있다. 그리고정보화사회가다양성과독창성을추구하면서급속하게발달함에따라사물에부착된센서를통하여정보를습득하고관리하는무선인식기술인 RFID/USN(Ubiquitous Sensor Network) 에대한연구가활발하게진행되고있다. RFID/USN의무선인식기술은바코드나스마트카드와같은기존인식장치보다많은기능을가지고있고, 전송율과전력효율등의우수한연구가선행되고있어다양한분야에서구현되고있다. 이와같은기술의실용화대응방안으로 RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) 기술이제안되었다 [1]. RFID는사물에대한정보를담고있는 TAG와그정보를판독하는리더시스템으로구분되며, TAG는안테나와 TAG 칩등으로구성된다. 원거리에서전자기파를이용하는 UHF 대역 TAG 안테나는공진주파수파장에의해서크기가제약되며, 기존다이폴형태의상용 TAG 안테나는약 15cm(λ/2) 의크기를가진다. 따라서 RFID 가다양한분야에서응용되기위해서는무엇보다안테나의소형화가이루어져야한다. 최근소형안테나에대한많은연구가진행되었음에도불구하고, 대부분의소형안테나는복잡한구조를가지고있기때문에생산단가가저렴해야되는 TAG 안테나로활용하기에는많은문제점이존재한다 [2-4]. RFID 시스템에서안테나는 RFID TAG와 RFID Reader 사이에서 Data와 Energy를주고받는역할을하기때문에 RFID 기술전체의성능을좌우하는핵심요소로발전하고있다. 기존미세패턴의 RFID TAG 안테나제조방식을살펴보면동도금과에칭을통한방식과인쇄전자방식이있지만고가의장비와복잡한공정으로인하여제조단가가높고환경유해물질의배출로인하여정부에서는규제를강력히하고있는실정이다. 일반적으로현재널리사용되고있는 13.56MHz RFID TAG 안테나의미세패턴은크게카드형태, 직사각형, 원형등수많은미세패턴들이있다. 이러한 13.56MHz RFID TAG 안테나의미세패턴을구현하기위한많은연구들이진행되었고, 형태별, 기능별로상당한부분에대해서도상용화가이루어지고있는상황이다 [5,6]. 따라서, 본연구에서는 13.56MHz RFID TAG 안테나의미세패턴성형이가능한초음파미세패턴제조시스템을개발하고, 초음파종진동을이용하여고분자필름과같은절연시트층에 RFID TAG 안테나를압입성형해서 ONE-Sheet Inlay 형태의미세패턴성형공정을이용한 RFID TAG 안테나를제조할수있는초음파미세패턴성형기술을개발하고자한다. 즉초음파종진동을이용하여미세패턴성형기술에필요한공구혼의공진설계와 ANSYS를이용하여공구혼의고유진동수와진동모드를갖는초음파공구혼의설계변수를고찰하고해석결과를반영하여공구혼을제작함으로써미세패턴성형에응용하고자한다. 2. 초음파공구혼의설계및해석 2.1 스텝형혼설계 스텝혼의일반적인진동방정식은식 (2.1) 과같다. (2.1) 여기서, : 봉의밀도 ( kg / m3 ), : 봉의단면적 ( mm3 ) : 변위 ( mm ), : 시간 (sec), : 탄성계수 ( MPa ) Fig.1의스텝형혼의경우식 (2.1) 의일반해는식 (2.2) 와같다. (2.2) 경계조건은대단면으로부터 의위치에 x축의원점을잡으면 Fig. 1. Step horn design (2.3) 653

3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 12 호, 2016 이때다음과같은공진조건식은식 (2.4) 와같이만들어진다. (2.4) 일때, x=0의점이진동의절점이되기때문에공진조건이되어다음식이얻어진다. (2.5) 입력직선부의길이는반파장공진에의하여 로한다. 입력단에서의구동진폭을 이라하고제1직선부, 제2직선부및공구부에서의진폭은다음과같이된다. 형상에의해결정되며진동출력면에서우수한성능과효율적인에너지전달을위해더욱정확하고정밀한설계가요구된다. Fig.2는초음파미세패턴용공구혼의설계과정을나타낸것으로, 유한요소법을바탕으로실제가공한용착공구혼의성능은해석결과와어느정도차이가발생하기때문에정확하게용착공구혼을조정하기위해수정가공을하고성능을평가하는과정을여러번반복한다. 초음파용착공구혼은통상반파장의공명체로그재질은일반적으로개념적으로는공구혼에서도파동의전파로이해하여공구혼의무게에영향이없는것같으나무게가무거운경우에는공구혼의부피도커지며, 이는내부파동전판손실이커진다는것을의미한다. 또한공구혼의단면비가줄어들지않을경우에는이로인하여출력단의진폭이원하는만큼나오지않는경우가많다. (2.6) 2.2 RFID TAG 성형용초음파용착공구혼설계초음파용착에사용되는혼의재질은금속부재의재료와혼의무게에따라선택되어야하며, 강도와경도가혼재료선택의중요한변수가된다. 모재의재질이혼보다경도가강하게되면성형에사용되는혼도같이가공이되기때문에모재의재질보다경도가높은재료를선택하는것이바람직하다. 혼은수지를용착할수있는진폭을얻도록진동을증폭시키고, 진동자에서발생한진동에너지를용재에전달한다. 따라서초음파혼의출력단에서혼의입력면과출력면사이의거리가파장의 1/2일때진동자출력단의진폭이최대가되고, 혼의길이도반파장길이가된다. 초음파공구혼의주요기능은사용자가가공에필요한수준의진폭을얻을수있도록진동을증폭하고진동자에서발생한진동에너지를용재에전달하는역할을한다. 초음파공구혼은최대로증폭된진폭으로미세패턴에필요한진동에너지를전달하는역할로미세패턴공구의치수와형상은작업물의크기와 Fig. 2. Flowchart for the tool horn design 본연구에서는공구혼의재료로 STD-11를사용하였다. 그리고편각코일와이어를용착하기위해가진주파수를 60kHz 대역을사용하였으며, 실험에사용된공구혼은 Table 1의물성치를나타내고있다. 654

4 Table 1. The material properties of the tool horn Material STD-11 (60kHz) Density(kg/m 3 ) 7,700 Modulus of Elasticity(GPa) 190 Poisson s Ratio 0.27 또한, 큰진폭을얻기위해서는강도가강한재료의 끝을가늘게만들어이것을진동자와결합하고, 진동에 너지를소면적으로집중시켜야한다. 따라서혼의형상 이스텝형일때출력측에서진폭확대율이가장크기 때문에혼의형상은 Fig. 3과같이설계하였다. 반파장 길이에서의최대진폭을가지기때문에편각코일와이어 를어느위치에서도일정하게가압할수있도록원형의 출력단모양으로설계하였다. 혼의직경은압전소자 (PZT) 의 지름을 고려하여 60kHz 공구혼의 경우는 Ø15mm로설계하였다. 상치수를결정하였으며, 혼의스텝부분에서발생하는응력집중을최소화시키기위하여 R값을 9mm로주었으며, 혼의형상변수에따라혼의고유진동수가변화하므로, 가진주파수인 60kHz의고유진동수를찾기위해모드해석을하여혼의고유진동수와진동모드를유한요소법을이용하여시뮬레이션하였다. 3. 초음파용착혼의진동해석본연구에사용된액츄에이터공구혼은원통형스텝형혼으로공구혼입력단에는압전세라믹 (PZT) 을적층시키고볼트로고정한 BLT(Bolt Langevin Transducer) 를사용하였다. 적층형구조를갖는원통형압전액츄에이터에공구혼을가진할때가진주파수는액츄에이터의길이방향모드의고유진동수를이용하게된다. 이론적인파동방정식을통해구한공구혼모델의고유진동수인 60kHz를판단하기위해설계된스텝형혼을 Dim.(mm) L1 L2 D1 D2 R output 8mm Fig. 3. Step horn design dimensions Fig. 3에서와같이원통형툴혼의지름은 28mm이며 60kHz 공진의길이의경우도공진길이보다조금길게 56mm로제작하여종진동모드를발생시키는최적의초음파공구혼의설계치수를 Fig. 3에제시하였다. 부스터와체결되기위해혼의시작부에 M6의나사부를가지도록설계되었으며, 혼의출력측의팁은혼의전체길이의끝부분에위치하게하여최대진폭을발생하도록설계하였다. 1차원파동방정식을이용하여계산된혼의형 60kHz Nodes 22,309 Elements 12,767 Fig. 4. Horn for finite element analysis model 솔리드웍스에서 3D 모델링한후상용유한요소해석 S/W인 ANSYS Workbench S/W를사용하여모드해석 (Modal analysis) 과조화응답 (Harmonic Response) 해석을하였다. Fig.4에모드해석을수행하기위한스텝형공구혼의유한요소해석모델을도시하였고, 초음파용착에적합한출력단에서진폭의균일도와증폭도가일정하도록하였다. 유한요소모델은해석의신뢰도를높이기위해 3차원사면체요소 (Tetrahedron element) 를사 655

5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 12 호, 2016 용하였으며, 60kHz 유한요소로생성된모델을 Fig.4에나타내었다. 경계조건은공구혼이진동자및증폭장치와체결되어있으나체결된부위에서변위량 ( 진폭 ) 이동일한점을고려하였으며, 초음파용착에사용되는종진동모드를고려하여 Fig.5와같이 X축축방향에대하여자유상태 (Free) 로, Y축과 Z축방향은고정된 (Fixed) 형태로해석을수행하여가진주파수가각각 60kHz에근접하고, 진폭이최대가되는종진동모드를찾아혼의형상을설계하도록하였다. (e)5th mode:23,019hz (f)6th mode:30,132hz (g)7th mode:32,641hz (h)8th mode:33,532hz Fig. 5. Boundary conditions for modal analysis Fig.6은 60kHz의공구혼에서발생하는다양한진동모드와고유진동수를가지는혼의모드해석결과이다. Table 2는수치해석의결과를진동모드별고유주파수를결과이다. (i)9th mode:35,873hz (j)10th mode:51,548hz (k)11th mode:52,252hz (l)12th mode:60,811hz (a)1st mode:4954.2hz (b)2nd mode:5129.1hz (m)13th mode: 76,494Hz (n)14th mode: 80,869Hz (c)3rd mode:13,412hz (d)4th mode:13,450hz Fig. 6. Step horn vibration mode shapes (60 khz ) 656

6 Table 2. Tool horn frequency and vibration mode Horn Mode 60kHz tool horn vibration mode Longitudinal Longitudinal 3 13,412 Longitudinal+twist 4 13,450 Longitudinal+twist 5 23,019 transverse 6 30,132 Longitudinal 7 32,641 twist 8 33,532 twist 9 35,873 transverse 10 51,548 twist 11 52,252 twist 12 60,811 Longitudinal(4 5 μm ) 13 76,494 transverse 14 80,869 twist 모드해석의결과, Fig. 6와같이 1, 2, 6, 12차모드에 서종진동모드가발생하였고, 본연구에서초음파진동 을이용한미세패턴성형을위한공구혼의고유주파수가 60kHz이므로 12차모드인 60,811Hz의고유주파수가나 타나고있음을해석을결과를통하여확인할수있다. 60,811Hz의각각의고유주파수가발생하는경우에공구 혼의출력단에서최대진폭이나타나고있음을확인할 수있다. 최적설계한혼의입력면을 60kHz로가진했을 때출력단부분에서진폭변화를보기위해혼의양끝 면의나사구멍에실린더구속을지정하고, 진동에너지 입력부에혼의입력면에전달되는부스터출력면에기 계적인힘을설정하여하모닉해석을하였다. Fig. 7은 진동해석으로얻은공구혼의길이로설계된혼의입력 면에가진주파수인 60kHz의주파수를가진하였을때 출력면의주파수응답을알아보기위해주파수조화응답 (Harmonic Response) 해석을수행하여나타낸그래프이 며, 이는모달 (Modal) 해석결과와동일하게고유진동수 62,500Hz에서초음파용착에필요한공구혼출력단에서 최대진폭을나타나고있음을보여준다. 조화응답해석 결과가진주파수가 60kHz라고해서공구혼의출력단에 60kHz가나와야하는것은아니다. 진동자의파워앰프에 서일정영역내에서는공진이되게되어있어앰프자체 에서도가진주파수를가변할수있게되어있다. 조화응답 (Harmonic Response) 해석을통해나타난주 파수와진폭결과역시 60kHz 부근에서초음파가진에 따른 RAID TAG 미세패턴이이루어지는공구혼의출력 단가장큰진폭의변화를보이면진동함을확인하였다. Fig khz tool horn harmonic vibration response curve 3. 결론 본논문에서는초음파종진동모드를이용한 RFID TAG의초음파미세패턴성형을위한기초연구를수행하였으며, 특히가공에필요한진동특성구현을위한초음파공구혼의설계에관해연구하였다. 초음파공구혼의파동방정식인이론적인접근방법과유한요소해석프로그램인 ANSYS S/W를이용한진동모달해석을병행하여초음파진동을이용한융착에필요한공진주파수인 60kHz와공구혼의출력단에최대진폭이발생시킬수있는스텝형공구혼의형상설계에관한연구를수행하였다. 이론적파동방정식을통해혼의직경은압전소자 (PZT) 의지름을고려하여 60kHz 공구혼의경우는 Ø15mm로설계하였다. Fig. 3에서와같이원통형툴혼의지름은 28mm이며 60kHz 공진의길이의경우도공진길이보다조금길게 56mm로제작하여종진동모드를발생시키는최적의초음파공구혼의설계치수를제시하였다. 수치해석방법을이용한공진설계기법으로개발된 60kHz의종진동모드를이용한공구혼의출력단부분에서형성되는 4 5μm진폭의초음파마찰열은절연시트지와접촉면에서진폭과같은가압깊이에이르면용착이가능한정상상태의온도에도달함을알수있었다. 상기연구결과를토대로향후초음파미세패턴성형을위한공구혼의형상설계에활용할수있을것으로기대된다. References [1] D. W. Engels and S. E. Sarma, The Reader Collision Problem", IEEE International Conference on Systems, 657

7 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 12 호, 2016 Man and Cybernetics, vol. 3, no. 6, October, DOI: [2] K. Finkenzeller. RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification. John Wiley and Sons, 2nd edition, DOI: [3] H. D. Foltz, J. S. McLean, G. Crook, Diskloaded Monopoples with Parallel Strip Elements",, IEEE Trans. Antennas propagal., vol. 46, pp Dec., DOI: [4] J. A. Dobbins, R. L. Rogers, Folded conical helix antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagal., vol. 49, pp , DEC., DOI: [5] K. K. Paek, B. K. Ju, Market and Technology Trends in RFID, Polymer science and technology, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 25, Feb., [6] Huault, G., How Did They Do That? Play Tag With RFID Manufacturers, Retailers, Shipping Companies, and even Government Officials are Either using or Implementing The use of RFID Tags to Better Identify, Track, and Manage Products. We show you how RFID tags work, SMART COMPUTING, vol. 15, no. 4, [7] Y. S. Seo, A Study on Micro Structure Imprinting System using Ultrasonic Vibration Energy, Seoul National University of Science and technology 김강은 (Kang-Eun kim) [ 정회원 ] 이봉구 (Bong-Gu Lee) [ 정회원 ] 2003 년 2 월 : 연세대학교기계공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2009 년 2 월 : 연세대학교기계공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 2000 년 3 월 ~ 2003 년 7 월 : 한국생산기술연구원연구원 2009 년 3 월 ~ 2012 년 2 월 : 대림대학교기계설계교수 2012 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 영남이공대학교기계계열교수 < 관심분야 > 초정밀가공, CAD/CAM, 복합가공 최성주 (Sung-Ju Choi) [ 정회원 ] 1981 년 2 월 : 한양대학교기계공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1987 년 8 월 : 한양대학교기계공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1991 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 한국기술교육대학교기계공학부교수 2003 년 2 월 : 한국기술교육대학교기계공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2016 년 2 월 : 한국기술교육대학교기계공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1998 년 2 월 ~ 현재 : 한국생산기술연구원연구원 < 관심분야 > 제조공정자동화, Virtual Instrument 응용 < 관심분야 > 기계설계, 자동화, 소음진동 658

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