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1 Original Article Ewha Med J 2013;36(1):51-57 pissn / eissn 대장암환자의임상양상에따른 EGFR Mutation 의발생빈도 오보영ㆍ이령아ㆍ정순섭ㆍ김광호 이화여자대학교의학전문대학원외과학교실 Clinical Relevance of EGFR Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Patients Bo-Young Oh, Ryung-Ah Lee, Soon-Sup Chung, Kwang Ho Kim Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Objectives: The EGFR plays an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression of colorectal cancer, and leads to the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. The use of anti-egfr-targeted therapy has increased for patients with colorectal cancer, but patients with EGFR mutations will be resistant to anti-egfr-targeted therapy. The identification of gene mutations is critical in cancer treatment; therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the incidences of EGFR mutations in colorectal cancer patients in Korea. Methods: We reviewed 58 colorectal cancer patients who underwent operations between 2003 and 2006, retrospectively. We analyzed their EGFR mutations in 4 loci by DNA sequencing. In addition, we analyzed the correlation between the presence of EGFR mutation and patients clinicopathologic features. Results: Of the 58 patients, 35 patients were male and 23 were female. Their mean age was 63.28±11.18 years. Two patients (3.45%) were diagnosed as stage Tis, 7 patients (12.07%) had stage I, 24 patients (41.38%) had stage II, 20 patients (34.48%) had stage III, and 5 patients (8.62%) had stage IV. As a result of mutational analysis, EGFR mutations on exon 20 were detected in 13 patients (22.41%, G A transitions). EGFR mutations on exon 18, 19 and 21 were not detected. EGFR mutation increased in the earlier stage and the absence of lymph node metastasis (P=0.028). Conclusion: The incidence of EGFR mutation in Korean colorectal cancer patients is 22.41%. In addition, EGFR mutation significantly increased in the earlier stage and the absence of lymph node metastasis. (Ewha Med J 2013;36(1):51-57) Key Words: Colorectal cancer; EGFR; Mutation 서론 대장암은전세계적으로가장흔하게발생하는악 Corresponding author: Kwang Ho Kim, Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Mok-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: eastgate@ewha.ac.kr This article is the Korean version of "Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in colorectal cancer patients.". Secondary publication (J Korean Soc Coloproctol 2011,27: doi: / jksc ). 성종양의하나로 [1,2] 매년약 50만명의환자가새로발생하고있으며 [3] 서구에서암으로인한사망원인중세번째를기록하고있다 [1,3]. 한국에서도이와비슷한양상을보이고있어 2008년에발표된한국중앙암등록본부 (Korea Central Cancer Registry) 자료에의하면대장암의발생률및사망률은각각 3위와 4위를차지하고있다. 진단시약 70 80% 에서수술적완치가가능하지만약 50% 의환자에서전이가발생하는것으로보고되고있다 [1,4]. 따라서환자의생존율향상을위해수술적치료외에전신적항암요법이널리 51

2 Ewha Med J Vol. 36, No. 1, 2013 시행되어왔지만, 5-FU를기본으로 oxaliplatin이나 irinotecan과같은약제를병합해서사용하는기존의항암요법만으로는전이성대장암환자의평균생존율이만족할만한수준에이르지는못하였다 [1,4]. 이에기존의항암제에저항성을보이는환자들의치료성적을향상시키기위해새로운치료법에눈을돌리게되었고이러한관점에서대두된것이표적치료이다 [4]. 현재여러표적치료제가개발중에있으며, 특히세포의성장신호전달을표적으로하는약제의연구가활발히진행되고있는데이중대표적인것이 epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 를표적으로하는항암제의개발이다 [5]. EGFR은대장암을포함하는여러악성종양에서발현이증가하는세포표면수용체로세포내신호전달과정을거쳐세포의성장과증식, 전이, 혈관형성, 세포사멸등에영향을주게된다 [4,5]. 현재이러한 EGFR을표적으로하는몇몇약제들이사용되고있으며이는대장암환자들의생존율향상에기여하였다. 하지만 EGFR에 mutation이발생할경우이를표적으로하는치료에저항성을보이게되므로이러한 mutation 발생여부를확인하는것이적절한치료방침을정하는데도움이될것이다. 하지만아직까지대장암환자에서 EGFR mutation의발생률에대한결과가정립되지는않았으며, 특히한국인에대한연구는거의보고되지않은상태이다. 이에본연구에서는한국의대장암환자에서 EGFR mutation의발생률을파악하고, 환자들의임상및조직병리학적특성과 mutation 발생여부와의연관성에대해알아보고자하였다. 방법 본연구는 2003년 1월부터 2006년 12월까지이화여자대학교목동병원외과에서대장암으로수술을받은환자 58명을대상으로후향적으로진행되었다. 대상환자들의성별이나연령의제한은없었으며, 수술전항암치료나방사선치료를시행한경우는연구대상에서제외하였다. 모든대상환자들은수술후조직병리학적으로결장또는직장의원발성선암종으로진단받았으며이들의수술검체를연구대상으로하였다. EGFR의 mutation을평가하기위해 QIAamp DNA Mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) 을이용하여수술검체의동결편조직으로부터통상적인방법으로 DNA 를추출하였다 [6]. EGFR gene의 exon 18 (codon 719), 19 (codon ), 20 (codon 787), 21 (codon 858) 에대한 primer가증폭을위해사용되었다 (Table 1). 10 buffer (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) 2 μl와 MgCl mmol/l, 각 EGFR primer pair 0.3 μm (Roche, Mannheim, Germany), 그리고 250 μmol/l의 deoxynucleotide triphosphates와 2.5 unit의 DNA polymerase (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) 가혼합된용액 20 μl에서 100 ng의 DNA로부터 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 을이용하여 EGFR exon을증폭하였다. 증폭은 94 o C에서 5분간변성시키고이어서 94 o C, 57 o C, 72 o C에서각각 1분씩 30주기를순환시킨후, 마지막으로 72 o C 에서 10분간처리하는과정을거쳤다. 모든 PCR 산물은 QIAgen gel extraction kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) 을이용하여 2% agarose gel로부터정제하였으며 DNA sequencing을위한 template로사용하였다. Sequencing 은정제된각 PCR 산물 20 ng을 BigDye Terminator v3.1 (Applied Biosystem, Foster City, CA) 8 μl와 PCR primer 0.1 μmol/l 이포함된 20 μl의 sequencing 반응용액에서 ABI PRISM 3100 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystem, Foster City, CA) 를이용하여 96 o C에서 10초, 50 o C에서 5초, 60 o C에서 4분간 25주기를순환시킴으로써실행하였다. 데이터는 sequence variation을비교하기위해 Sequencer software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) 를이용하여분석하였다. 또한의무기록을바탕으로각환자들의성별, 연령, 종양표지자및생존기간을포함한임상적특성과병변의위치, 병기, 분화도및림프절전이유무등의조직병리학적특성을파악하였고, 이러한특성과 mutation 여부와의연관성에대해서함께조사하였다. 환자들의임상및조직병리학적특성과 mutation 여부와의연관성은 Person s χ 2 test 및 Fisher s exact test와 Linear by linear association을통해분석하였다. Table 1. Primers used for amplification and sequencing of EGFR genes Amplified fragment Exon 18 Exon 19 Exon 20 Exon 21 *F, forward; R, reverse. Primer sequence F*: 5'-TCCAAATGAGCTGGCAAGTG R : 5'-TCCCAAACACTCAGTGAAACAAA F: 5'-ATGTGGCACCATCTCACAATTGCC R: 5'-CCACACAGCAAAGCAGAAACTCAC F: 5'-CATTCATGCGTCTTCACCTG R: 5'-CATATCCCCATGGCAAACTC F: 5'-GCTCAGAGCCTGGCATGAA R: 5'-CATCCTCCCCTGCATGTGT 52 THE EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL

3 Oh BY, et al: Clinical Relevance of EGFR Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Patients 또한환자들을 mutation이발생한군과발생하지않은군으로분류하여각군의생존기간및무병생존기간을 Kaplan-Meier method를이용하여구하였으며, 두군에대한생존기간의비교는 Log-rank test를이용한 Univariate analysis를통하여시행하였다. 분석에사용한프로그램은윈도우용 SPSS version 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) 이었으며, P값이 0.05 미만일경우를유의하다고판정하였다. 결과 1. 연구대상자들의임상및조직병리학적특성 대상환자들은총 58명으로남성 35명 (60.34%), 여성 23명 (39.66%) 이었으며, 이들의평균연령은 63.28±11.18 세 ( 범위, 36 84세 ) 였다. 수술전시행한 CEA와 CA19 9가정상보다상승한경우는각각 17명 (29.31%), 7 명 (12.07%) 이었다 (Table 2). 이들은모두대장암으로수술치료를받았으며수 Table 2. Patient s clinicopathologic features Total Gender Male Female Mean age (year) CEA (ng/ml) 5 >5 CA19-9 (U/mL) 27 >27 Location Colon Rectum Differentiation Well Moderate Poor LN* metastasis Absent Present Stage Tis I II III IV Variable Number (%) *LN, lymph node; Tis, tumor in situ (60.34) 23 (39.66) 63.28± (70.69) 17 (29.31) 51 (87.93) 7 (12.07) 37 (63.79) 21 (36.21) 8 (13.79) 45 (77.59) 5 (8.62) 33 (56.90) 25 (43.10) 2 (3.45) 7 (12.07) 24 (41.38) 20 (34.48) 5 (8.62) 술후조직병리학적으로결장또는직장의선암종으로진단받았다. 이들의병변이결장에위치한경우는 37명 (63.79%), 직장에위치한경우는 21명 (36.21%) 이었다. 조직병리학적으로세포의분화도가고분화도인경우가 8명 (13.79%), 중등도인경우가 45명 (77.59%) 이었으며저분화도인경우가 5명 (8.62%) 이었다. 림프절전이가발생한경우는 25명 (43.10%) 이었고, 진단시타장기로전이가있었던경우는 5명으로모두간전이가발생한경우였다. 또한조직학적병기는 Tis 2명 (3.45%), 1기 7명 (12.07%), 2기 24명 (41.38%) 이었으며 3기와 4기는각각 20명 (34.48%), 5명 (8.62%) 이었다 (Table 2). 2. EGFR mutation 의발생률 모든검체를대상으로 sequencing을통해 exon 18 (codon 719), 19 (codon ), 20 (codon 787), 21 (codon 858) 에서 EGFR의 mutation을분석하였다. Sequencing 결과 58명의환자중 13명 (22.41%) 에서 exon 20에서의 EGFR mutation이발견되었는데이는 ATG ATA로의 point mutation이일어난경우로 methionine에서 isoleucine으로의아미노산치환이발생하는결과를가져왔다 (Fig. 1). 하지만 exon 18, 19, 21 에서의 mutation은발견되지않았다. 3. 임상및조직병리학적특성과 EGFR mutation과의연관성 대상환자들의임상및조직병리학적특성과 EGFR mutation 여부와의연관성에대해분석하였다. 조직학적병기가 Tis 2기인군과 3기 4기인군으로분류하여각군에서의 EGFR mutation 여부를평가하 Fig. 1. Sequencing results for EGFR mutation. Partial nucleotide sequences of the wild and mutant in exon 20 of the EGFR gene. (A) Forward; transition of G to A (arrow) leading to substitute methionine for isoleucine (B) Reverse; transition of C to T (arrow). THE EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL 53

4 Ewha Med J Vol. 36, No. 1, 2013 Table 3. Relationship between EGFR mutation and the clinicopathologic features Variable Number EGFR* mutation (%) P value Age (year) <60 60 Gender Male Female CEA (ng/ml) 5 >5 CA19-9 (U/mL) 27 >27 Stage Tis ~II III~IV Location Colon Rectum Differentiation Well Moderate Poor LN metastasis Absent Present (26.32) 8 (20.51) 10 (28.57) 3 (13.04) 9 (21.95) 4 (23.53) 12 (23.53) 1 (14.29) 11 (33.33) 2 (8.00) 9 (24.32) 4 (19.05) 0 (0) 12 (26.67) 1 (20.00) 11 (33.33) 2 (8.00) *EGFR, epithelial growth factor receptor; Tis, tumor in situ; LN, lymph node. Fig. 2. Overall survival and disease-free survival according to EGFR status. (A) There was no significant difference between EGFR-wild group and EGFR-mutated group on overall survival (P=0.8118). (B) EGFR mutational status was not associated with any significant influence on disease-free survival (P=0.8388). 였는데 Tis 2기인군의환자는 33명 (56.90%) 으로이중 EGFR mutation이발견된경우는총 11명이었고, 3기 4기인군의환자는 25명 (43.10%) 으로 2명에서 EGFR mutation이발견되었다. 두군간의 mutation 발생여부를비교한결과조직학적병기가낮은경우에 EGFR mutation이유의하게증가되는결과를보였다 54 THE EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL

5 Oh BY, et al: Clinical Relevance of EGFR Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Patients (P=0.028). 마찬가지로림프절전이유무에따라환자들을두군으로분류하였는데, 림프절전이가있는군은 25명 (43.10%), 전이가없는군은 33명 (56.90%) 이었고이들에서 EGFR mutation이발견된경우는각각 2명과 11 명이었다. 이경우역시림프절전이가없는경우에 EGFR mutation이유의하게증가되는결과를보였다 (P=0.028). 하지만이외에성별이나연령, CEA 및 CA19-9, 병변의위치, 분화도등의특성과 EGFR mutation 발생여부와의연관성은유의한결과를보이지않았다 (Table 3). 대상환자들을 EGFR mutation 여부에따라두군으로분류하여각군의생존기간 (overall survival) 및무병생존기간 (disease-free survival) 을구하여결과를분석하였다. EGFR mutation이발생한환자는 13명 (22.41%) 으로이들의평균생존기간은 57.85±5.49개월이었고평균무병생존기간은 56.00±6.47개월이었다. EGFR mutation이발생하지않은군의환자는총 45명 (77.59%) 으로이들의평균생존기간과무병생존기간은각각 56.66±2.79개월과 54.83±3.24개월이었다. 두군의생존기간과무병생존기간을비교한결과 EGFR mutation 여부에따라유의한차이를보이지않았다 (Fig. 2). 고찰 EGFR은 ErbB family의하나로 ErbB1이라고도불리며 [7] tyrosine kinase를포함하는세포막내외에걸쳐있는세포표면수용체로 170 kd의크기이며 1186개의아미노산폴리펩티드사슬로구성되어있다 [8]. ErbB family는서로다른 ligand에의해활성화되는 tyrosine kinase 수용체로 ErbB1 (EGFR, HER1), ErbB2 (HER2), ErbB3 (HER3), ErbB4 (HER4) 로구성되며각각의세포외, 세포막, 세포내도메인을가진다 [4]. 이들의주된 ligand로는 EGF, TGF-α, amphiregulin, betacellulin 등이있으며 [1], 이러한 ligand가도메인에결합하게되면수용체의이합체화와연속적인자동인산화과정을거쳐세포내주된신호전달과정인 Ras/ Raf/MAPK pathway 와 PI3K/Akt pathway를활성화함으로써종양의분화와전이, 혈관신생, 세포사멸등에관여하게된다 [1,9]. EGFR은두경부암, 위암, 대장암, 전립선암, 췌장암, 폐암등과같은여러악성종양에서발현이증가된다고알려져있으며 [10], 특히진행성대장암의경우 65 75% 에서 EGFR의과발현이보고되었다 [1]. EGFR의발현율과환자의예후와의관계에대한여러연구가진행되었으나아직까지정립된결과는없는상태이다. 두경부암, 난소암, 방광암, 식도암의경우 EGFR의발현이환자의생존율감소와관련이있다고보고되고있는데반해, 대장암에서의연관성은아직까지명확하지않다. 대부분의보고에의하면대장암에서 EGFR의발현정도는환자의성별, 종양의위치, 분화도, 연령, 림프절전이등의임상적지표들과특별한관련성이없다고하였다 [11]. 그러나 EGFR의발현정도가대장암의진행정도, 분화도, 림프절전이및재발과연관이있다는보고들도있다 [5]. EGFR을표적으로하는치료는크게두가지로대표할수있는데, ligand가세포외도메인에결합하는것을차단하는단클론항체와세포내신호전달경로를차단하는 tyrosine kinase inhibitor 이다 [1]. 현재사용되고있는단클론항체로는 cetuximab, panitumumab 등이있으며 irinotecan이나 oxaliplatin에저항성이있는대장암환자에서이를단독또는병합해서사용할경우효과가있는것으로보고되었다 [1]. 또한 tyrosine kinase inhibitor로는 gefitinib, erlotinib 등이있으며이는주로소세포성폐암환자에서사용되고있으며대장암환자에서는효과가적은것으로알려져있다 [1]. 대장암환자에서주로사용되고있는항암제로는 5-FU, oxaliplatin, irinotecan 등이있으며대장암의발병기전에 EGFR 및 K-ras 에의한신호전달경로가관여함이밝혀짐에따라기존의항암제에저항성을보이면서 EGFR이발현되어있는경우에이를표적으로하는치료가시행되고있다. 하지만이러한약제에저항성을보이는사례가보고됨에따라 [12] 이러한현상에 EGFR의 mutation이관여할것이라는의견이제기되면서이에대한연구를통해이러한 mutation을보이는환자의비율을파악하고이를바탕으로이들에게적합한치료법을개발하고자하는노력이일고있다. EGFR mutation에대한연구는주로소세포성폐암을대상으로진행되어왔으며약 45% 의 mutation이발생한다고보고되고있다 [13]. 지역에따른몇몇연구가진행되었는데그리스에서발표한결과에따르면소세포성폐암환자의 28% 에서 EGFR mutation이발견되었다고하였고 [14], 한국의환자를대상으로한연구에따르면 EGFR mutation의발생률이 15% 라고보고하였다 [15]. 한국에서발표된또다른연구에의하면 24% 로좀더높은발생률을보고하였고, EGFR의 mutation 여부와환자들의연령이나성별, 병기, 분화도 THE EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL 55

6 Ewha Med J Vol. 36, No. 1, 2013 와같은임상병리학적특성과의연관성에대해함께분석하였는데의미있는결과를보이지는않았다 [6]. EGFR mutation에대한여러연구가발표된소세포성폐암과달리대장암에서는 EGFR mutation의발생률에대해서만일부보고되었으며이외에환자들의임상병리학적특성과 mutation과의연관성에대한연구결과는거의없는상태이다 [13,16]. 서구사회에서발표된몇몇연구에따르면대장암환자에서 EGFR mutation의발생률은매우낮게보고되고있는데, 293명을대상으로한 Barber 등의연구에서는 0.34% 의발생률을보고하였고 [16], 30명을대상으로한 Ogino 등의연구에의하면한명 (3.3%) 의환자에서 exon 18에서의 mutation이발생하였다고보고하였다 [17]. 한편일본에서발표된연구에의하면서구사회보다다소높은 mutation 발생률을보이고있는데, Nagahara 등은 33 명의대장암환자중 4명인 12% 에서 EGFR mutation이발생하였다고하였고이는 exon 19와 20에서각각 2명씩발생하였다 [13]. 본연구에서는한국의대장암환자를대상으로 EGFR mutation의발생률에대해조사하였는데 58명의환자중총 13명인 22.4% 에서 mutation 이발생하였으며이는모두 exon 20에서발견되었다. 환자들의조직학적병기가낮고림프절전이가없는경우에 EGFR mutation이유의하게증가하는양상이관찰되었으나, 생존기간과무병생존기간과는유의한연관성을보이지않았다. 이외에성별이나연령, CEA 및 CA19-9, 병변의위치, 분화도와같은임상병리학적특성과 mutation 여부와의연관성에대해서도조사하였으나유의한결과를보이지않았다. 본연구에서는대상환자수가적다는점과후향적연구라는점, 본원의환자들만을대상으로하여연구결과를전체대장암환자에게적용하기어렵다는점, 그리고대상환자들이동일한치료를받지않아 EGFR mutation의여부와임상결과와의상관관계에대해적절한평가를할수없다는점등을제한점으로들수있으나, 대장암환자의 EGFR mutation에대해정립된연구결과가없는현시점에서 EGFR mutation의발생빈도에대해조사하였다는점에서의미가있다고하겠다. 본연구에서한국의대장암환자의 EGFR mutation 의발생률은 22.41% 였으며, 환자의병기가낮은경우와림프절전이가발생하지않은경우에유의하게증가하는결과를보였다. 추후더큰모집단을대상으로하는연구가진행된다면더의미있는결과를얻을수있을것이며, 대장암환자에서표적치료를시행하기전에 EGFR의 mutation 여부를파악하는것이필요할 것으로생각된다. 참고문헌 1. de Castro-Carpeño J, Belda-Iniesta C, Casado Sáenz E, Hernández Agudo E, Feliu Batle J, González Barón M. EGFR and colon cancer: a clinical view. Clin Transl Oncol 2008;10: Ponz-Sarvisé M, Rodríguez J, Viudez A, Chopitea A, Calco A, García-Foncillas J, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in colorectal cancer treatment: What s new? World J Gastroenterol 2007;13: Sameer AS, Chowdhri NA, Abdullah S, Shah ZA, Siddiqi MA. Mutation pattern of K-ras gene in colorectal cancer patients of Kashmir: a report. Indian J Cancer 2009;46: Yun SH. Molecular targeted therapy in colorectal cancer. J Korean Soc Coloproctol 2004;20: Kim HA, Lee RA, Hwang DY, Park SH. The significances of EGFR overexpression in colorectal cancer. J Korean Soc Coloproctol 2005;21: Jang TW, Oak CH, Chang HK, Suo SJ, Jung MH. EGFR and KRAS mutations in patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Korean J Intern Med 2009;24: Hynes NE, Lane HA. ERBB receptors and cancer: the complexity of targeted inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer 2005;5: Carpenter G, Cohen S. Epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem 1990;265: Zhou Y, Li S, Hu YP, Wang J, Hauser J, Conway AN, et al. Blockade of EGFR and ErbB2 by the novel dual EGFR and ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor GW sensitizes human colon carcinoma GEO cells to apoptosis. Cancer Res 2006;66: Kim ES, Khuri FR, Herbst RS. Epidermal growth factor receptor biology (IMC-C225). Curr Opin Oncol 2001;13: McKay JA, Murray LJ, Curran S, Ross VG, Clark C, et al. Evaluation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in colorectal tumours and lymph node metastases. Eur J Cancer 2002;38: Di Fiore F, Blanchard F, Charbonnier F, Le Pessot F, Lamy A, Galais MP, et al. Clinical relevance of KRAS mutation detection in metastatic colorectal cancer treated by Cetuximab plus chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 2007;96: Nagahara H, Mimori K, Ohta M, Utsunomiya T, Inoue H, Barnard GF, et al. Somatic mutations of epidermal growth factor receptor in colorectal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11: Kalikaki A, Koutsopoulos A, Trypaki M, Souglakos J, 56 THE EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL

7 Oh BY, et al: Clinical Relevance of EGFR Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Patients Stathopoulos E, Georgoulias V, et al. Comparison of EGFR and K-RAS gene status between primary tumours and corresponding metastases in NSCLC. Br J Cancer 2008;99: Park SH, Ha SY, Lee JI, Lee H, Sim H, Kim YS, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the clinical outcome in male smokers with squamous cell carcinoma of lung. J Korean Med Sci 2009;24: Barber TD, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE. Somatic mutations of EGFR in colorectal cancers and glioblastomas. N Engl J Med 2004;351: Ogino S, Meyerhardt JA, Cantor M, Brahmandam M, Clark JW, Namgyal C, et al. Molecular alterations in tumors and response to combination chemotherapy with gefitinib for advanced colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11: THE EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL 57

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