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1 증례 이지은김용방정혜영김지연손영민 a 가톨릭대학교의과대학신경과학교실, 성균관대학교의과대학삼성서울병원신경과 a Essential Cryoglobulinemia Presenting as Polyneuropathy and Cerebral Infarction Jee Eun Lee, MD, Yong Bang Kim, MD, Hye Young Jung, MD, Ji Yeon Kim, MD, Young-Min Shon, MD a Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea a Cryoglobulinemia is a rare medical condition defined by presence of cryoglobulins in serum and it may cause hyperviscosity syndrome or systemic vasculitis in variable organs including the skin, joints, liver, kidneys, lungs and nervous system. A vasculitic polyneuropathy or mononeuritis multiplex commonly occurs. However, central nervous system complications of cryoglobulinemia including stroke, encephalopathy and seizures are rarely reported. We represent a case of essential cryoglobulinemic vasculitis manifested as a sensorimotor polyneuropathy combined with an acute ischemic stroke attack. J Korean Neurol Assoc 34(2): , 2016 Key Words: Cryoglobulinemia, Polyneuropathy, Cerebral infarction 한랭글로불린 (cryoglobulin) 은 37 C 이하의저온에서냉각하면침전을일으키고다시온도를상승시키면가역적으로용해되는혈청단백질로혈중내에서증가된경우한랭글로불린혈증 (cryoglobulinemia) 이라칭한다. 1 한랭글로불린혈증은드문질환이며, 림프구증식질환, C형간염과같은만성감염질환, 자가면역질환, 악성종양등과밀접한관련이있다고알려져있다. 반면에발생원인을명확히알수없는특발성 (idiopathic) 혹은본태성 (essential) 인경우도있다. 한랭글로불린혈증은과점도증후군 (hyperviscosity syndrome) 이나전신혈관염을일으키며, 피부, 신장, 말초신경및중추신경, 폐, 간, 심장과위장관등다양한장기에침범하여증상을나타낸다. 1,2 Received September 28, 2015 Revised December 1, 2015 Accepted December 1, 2015 Address for correspondence: Young-Min Shon, MD Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea Tel: Fax: sonogung@gmail.com 신경학적합병증으로는주로다발성신경병증, 다발홑신경염 (mononeuritis multiplex) 등과같은말초신경질환이흔히발생하며, 이미이에대한국내증례보고가있지만, 3 한랭글로불린혈증에동반된중추신경계침범은매우드물어국내에서는아직보고가없다. 이에저자들은최근축삭형감각운동다발신경병증및뇌경색증이함께발현된본태성한랭글로불린혈증증례를경험하여이를문헌고찰과함께보고하고자한다. 증례 73세여자가내원전일발생한갑작스런구음장애, 삼킴곤란, 양측얼굴마비증상과좌측상하지위약감이악화되어 2015년 1월본원신경과를방문하였다. 3년전부터간헐적인미열과함께양측하지원위부에갈색자색반이발생했다가없어지는양상이반복되었다. 방문 1년전부터원인없이식사를못하고설사하면서체중이급격히감소했고이와비슷한시기에양측손과발의지속적인저린느낌, 감각저하, 통증이점진적으로진행하면서근력저하가비대칭적으로나타났는데, 주로좌측손이심한편이었다. 그후양측하지와우측상지원위부의근력저하도수개월에걸쳐서서히 J Korean Neurol Assoc Volume 34 No. 2,

2 이지은김용방정혜영김지연손영민 A B C Figure 1. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain showed acute ischemic lesions in both basal ganglia (lenticulostriate arterial territories) with T2 hyperintensities. (A) T2 weighted image (B) diffusion weighted image (C) apparent diffusion coefficient image. 진행하였다. 고혈압병력이있었으나잘조절되고있었고, 이외당뇨, 간염, 자가면역질환, 암, 음주, 약물남용, 최근예방접종에대한병력과가족력은없었다. 초기신경학적진찰에서구음장애, 삼킴장애, 양측중추성얼굴마비가있었고, 다른뇌신경침범징후는없었다. 양측사지의원위부위약 (Medical Research Council [MRC] grade 3-4) 이관찰되었고, 특히비대칭적으로좌측상하지원위부위약이더심하였다. 근위축은비대칭적으로좌측상지의원위부에서심하게나타났으며, 부축을받지않고짧은거리만걸을수있을정도였다. 감각신경검사에서양측상하지의원위부를중심으로, 양측무릎과손목이하부위의통증, 온도, 진동감각저하가관찰되었다. 건반사는사지모두에서감소되었고, 바빈스키징후는보이지않았다. 뇌MRI에서양측기저핵, 양측대뇌부챗살 (corona radiate), 우측뇌섬엽피질 (insular cortex) 에급성기뇌경색병변이관찰되었다 (Fig. 1). MRA, 경두개초음파, 경동맥초음파에서이와관련된두개내큰동맥질환 (large artery disease) 이나목동맥질환은관찰되지않았고, 심장초음파와 24시간심전도검사에서부정맥, 심장성색전증 (cardiogenic embolism) 과관련된증거는확인되지않았다. 사지의신경전도검사에서축삭형감각운동다발신경병 (axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy) 소견이관찰되었다. 특징적으로양측척골신경, 정중신경, 경골신경에서운동신경의말단잠복기지연이나전도속도감소보다는운동신경의복합근활동전위가크게감소하였다. 감각신경검사에서도감각신경활동전위가소실되거나진폭의감소가뚜렷하게관찰되었다. 근전도검사에서는좌측 abductor pollicis brevis, first dorsal interossei, flexor carpi radilais, deltoid, medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior muscles에서탈신경전위 (denervation potential) 와다상형운동단위전위 (polyphasic motor unit potential) 가관찰되었다 (Table 1). 혈액검사에서혈색소감소, 백혈구및혈소판의증가가관찰되었고, C반응단백질및적혈구침강속도가상승하였다. 소변검사에서단백뇨, 혈뇨, 미세알부민뇨가관찰되었고, 낮은혈청 C3, C4 수치를보였다. 이외간기능, 신장기능, 전해질, 혈당, 지질및혈액응고검사, 항핵항체 (ANA, ANCA), 루푸스항응고항체, 류마티스인자, 갑상선기능검사, 비타민 B12, 엽산검사는정상이었다. 또한사람면역결핍바이러스 (HIV), B형및 C형간염바이러스검사는정상혹은음성반응이었다. 한랭글로불린은양성반응을보였고, 다발성골수종관련이상혈청단백의증가소견은관찰되지않았다. 혈관염과연관된신경병증이의심되어다수의자색반 (Fig. 2A) 이발생한우측종아리에서피부조직검사를시행하였다. 조직내혈관주위에서염증세포의침윤이관찰되었고, 혈관내피세포의부종과중성구의침착이관찰되어백혈구파괴성혈관염 (leukocytoclastic vasculitis) 에합당하는소견이었다 (Fig. 2B). 만성 C형간염이나이외관련질환을동반하지않은본태성한랭글로불린혈증으로진단하였고, 전신적인혈관염으로발현하여다양한장기를침범한결과축삭형감각운동다발신경병, 급성기뇌경색, 사구체신염이발생된것으로판단하였다. 환자는고용량스테로이드정맥주사치료후경구스테로이드제를지속적으로복용하면서자색반, 양측상하지의감각이상은빠른호전을보였으며, 퇴원 6개월후부터근력도상당히회복된양상 ( 좌측상지근위부 : MRC grade 4+, 좌측상지원위부 : grade 4) 을보였다. 134 대한신경과학회지제 34 권제 2 호, 2016

3 Table 1. Nerve conduction study findings showed asymmetrical anxonal sensorimotor polyneuropathic pattern in a patient with cryoglobulinemic neuropathy Motor nerve Stimulation site CMAP (mv) TL (ms) CV (m/s) Right Left Right Left Right Left Median Wrist 4.6 NR 3.25 NR Antecubital fossa 4.3 NR 7.35 NR 48.8 Axilla 3.8 NR 9.4 NR 58.5 Flatency (ms) 26.5 NR Ulnar Wrist Below elbow Above elbow Axilla 9.8 NR Flatency (ms) Tibial Ankle NR NR NR NR Popliteal fossa NR NR NR NR H reflex (ms) Peroneal Fibular head Popliteal fossa Sensory nerve Stimulation site SNAP (μv) TL (ms) CV (m/s) Right Left Right Left Right Left Median Finger 18.2 NR 1.95 NR 51.3 NR Palm 68.9 NR 1.4 NR 53.6 NR Wrist 16.0 NR 2.7 NR 59.3 NR Elbow Ulnar Finger 25.1 NR 1.45 NR 62.1 NR Wrist 29.5 NR NR Elbow Sural NR 4.8 NR 1.85 NR Superficial peroneal NR NR NR NR NR NR CMAP; compound muscle action potential, TL; terminal latency, CV; conduction velocity, NR; no response, SNAP; sensory nerve action potential. 고찰 한랭글로불린혈증은혈관염과과점도증후군에의한혈행장애를유발함으로써다양한질환을일으키는데, 이와관련된병태생리는 1933년 Wintrobe 와 Buell 4 에의해다발골수종환자에서처음보고되었다. 한랭글로불린혈증의주요임상증상은저온에노출되었을때잘나타나며, 자반증, 관절통, 근위약감등이있으며, 침범된장기에따라다양한양상을보인다. 5 한랭글로불린혈증은특징적인단백의구성에따라세가지아형으로분류된다. 제1형은단클론면역글로불린 (monoclonal immunoglobulin) 만으로구성되고, 제2형은단클론과다클론면역글로불린 (polyclonal immunoglobulin) 이혼합된형태이며, 제3형은다클론면역글로불린만으로구성된다. 제1형은대개림프구증식질환과과 점도증후군과연관이있고, 혈관염, 사구체신염이호발하는제2형은 C형간염과같은만성감염질환에동반되며, 제3형은주로자가면역질환에서관찰된다. 1,2,5 말초신경병증은주로제2, 3형에서관찰되며, 만성 C형간염도관련성이큰것으로알려져있다. 6 하지만원인이명확하지않은말초신경병증환자를조사한결과한랭글로불린혈증이적지않은빈도로관찰되었다는기존의보고도있으며, 7 본태성한랭글로불린혈증의첫증상으로말초신경병증이발현되었던증례역시다수보고된바있다. 8 대부분의환자에서말초신경병증은사지의원위부를주로침범하는아급성, 대칭성, 감각운동성다발신경병증의형태로나타나며, 다발홑신경병을보이기도한다. 초기에는통증과감각증상이주로나타나고, 점차진행되면서근위약과근위축이발생한다. 5,8,9 한랭 J Korean Neurol Assoc Volume 34 No. 2,

4 이지은김용방정혜영김지연손영민 A B Figure 2. The patient shows pitting edema and multiple, brownish hyperpigmentation of her skin, suggesting maculopapular purpuric patches on both lower extremities (A). Light examination of the skin biopsy of patient s right leg. It reveals neutrophilic perivascular infiltration with mild leukocytoclasia, indicating neutrophilic vasculitis (H&E, 200) (B). 글로불린혈증에서면역글로불린복합체와보체가침착되면서주로작은혈관을침범하는혈관염이발생하는데, 신경다발막 (perineural) 과신경내막 (endoneural) 미세혈관염과신경섬유의허혈이발생하면서축삭변성이나탈수초화가진행되어말초신경병이발병한다고추정된다. 5,8,9 병리소견으로원위부신경에서아밀로이드의침착이나염증세포의침윤이없는광범위한축삭변성이관찰되기도하고, 전형적인백혈구파괴성혈관염의형태를보인다. 5,8,9 전기생리학적검사에서는대부분의환자에서감각및운동신경에서활동전위의진폭의감소를보이고, 사지원위부의근전도검사에서운동단위전위의감소와비정상적자발신경전위가관찰되며주로축삭성신경병증을보인다. 6,8,9 본증례에서환자는전형적인사지의감각운동다발신경병증을동반하였고, 한랭글로불린혈증이외의말초신경병증을일으킬수있는다른원인들이배제되었다. 환자의증상, 임상경과, 피부조직검사및전기생리학적검사결과, 스테로이드치료에효과적이었던점등이모두기존의전형적인증례들과비교적잘부합하는것으로판단된다. 한랭글로불린혈증에서동반된경련, 뇌병증, 뇌경색, 척수병증등중추신경계침범에대한보고는매우드물다. 1,2,5 이중가장비교적빈번하게발생하는뇌경색은한랭글로불린혈증에동반되는혈액의과점도, 혈소판기능이상과응고장애, 면역글로불린복합체와보체침착에의한혈관염에의해발생하며, 1,2 Serena 등 10 이다발성뇌경색증과혈관성치매가발병한한랭글로불린혈증환자의뇌를부검하여다수의작은뇌동맥혈관과신경혈관 (vasa nervorum) 에서혈관염병리소견을확인하고보고한예가있다. 본증례에서관찰된양측기저핵에동시발생한급성기뇌경색병변은정확한원인을밝힐수는없으나, 병변의발생위치가좌우양측에대칭적 이며, 다른심인성혹은죽상동맥경화성유발요인이발견되지않은점등을종합해보면, 이환자에서발병한뇌경색증이한랭글로불린혈증과밀접한연관성이있다고생각한다. 결론적으로, 저자들은다발성신경병증및뇌경색증으로발현한첫본태성한랭글로불린혈증증례를경험하였다. 국내에서한랭글로불린혈증관련신경계침범에대한보고가드물지만 C형간염유병률이높은것을감안하면한랭글로불린혈증관련증례가드물지않을것으로생각한다. 면밀한임상관찰을통해서향후에는더많은한랭글로불린혈증환자들을발견할수있을것이다. REFERENCES 1. Ramos-Casals M, Stone JH, Cid MC. The cryoglobulinaemias. Lancet 2012;379: Terrier B, Cacoub P. Cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: an update. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013;25: Sang-Soo Lee, Myung-Ja Song, Ho-Seong Han, Dong-Ick Shin, Sung-Hyun Lee. A Case of Essential Cryoglobulinemic Neuropathy. J Korean Neurol Assoc 2007;25: Wintrobe MM, Buell MV. Hypoproteinemia associated with multiple myeloma. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1933;52: Ghetie D, Mehraban N, Sibley CH. Cold hard facts of cryoglobulinemia: updates on clinical features and treatment advances. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2015;41: Nemni R. Peripheral neuropathy in hepatitis C virus infection with and without cryoglobulinemia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74: Gemignani F, Melli G, Inglese C, Marbini A. Cryoglobulinemia is a frequent cause of peripheral neuropathy in undiagnosed referral patients. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2002;7: Gemignani F, Brindani F, Alfieri S, Giuberti T, Allegri I, Ferrari C, et al. Clinical spectrum of cryoglobulinaemic neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg 136 대한신경과학회지제 34 권제 2 호, 2016

5 Psychiatry 2005;76: Garcia-Bragado F, Fernandez JM, Navarro C, Villar M, Bonaventura I. Peripheral neuropathy in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Arch Neurol 1988;45: Serena M, Biscaro R, Moretto G, Recchia E. Peripheral and central nervous system involvement in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia: a case report. Clinical Neuropathology 1991;10: J Korean Neurol Assoc Volume 34 No. 2,

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