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1 DOI: /trd ISSN: (Print)/ (Online) Tuberc Respir Dis 2010;68: CopyrightC2010. The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases. All rights reserved. 제 1 기비소세포폐암에서 APT1 발현의임상적의미 Original Article 1 연세대학교의과대학내과학교실, 2 한림대학교의과대학춘천성심병원내과학교실신정아 1, 이창률 2, 변민광 1, 장윤수 1, 김세규 1, 장준 1, 안철민 1, 김형중 1 The Clinical and Pathologic Features according to Expression of Acyl Protein Thioesterase-1 (APT1) in Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Jung Ar Shin, M.D. 1, Chang Ryul Lee, M.D. 2, Min Kwang Byun, M.D. 1, Yoon Soo Chang, M.D. 1, Se Kyu Kim, M.D. 1, Joon Chang, M.D. 1, Chul Min Ahn, M.D. 1, Hyung Jung Kim, M.D. 1 Department of Internal Medicine, 1 Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 2 Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea Background: Acyl protein thioesterase-1 (APT1) is a cytosolic protein that may function in the depalmitoylation of numerous proteins, including the Ras family. However, the clinical role of depalmitoyl thioesterase in human cancer is not known. We evaluated the APT1 expression in lung cancer tissue and its clinicopathological findings according APT1 expression pattern. Methods: APT1 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in the tumor tissue from 79 patients, who had undergone curative surgical removal of the primary lesion; all patients had been diagnosed with stage I non-small cell lung cancer between 1993 and 2004, at Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Results: The APT1 expression was seen in 50 out of 79 (63.3%) cases. The positive APT1 expression was significantly related with histologic subtype and T stage, but was not influenced by differentiation. The positive APT1 expression was not significantly related to patient age, gender, or smoking history. The median follow-up duration was 10.0 years; the 5-year survival rate was 71.0%. The positive APT1 expression group showed significantly worse overall survival and worse disease-free survival without statistical significance. Conclusion: We conclude that positive APT1 expression in stage I lung cancer after surgery is closely associated with overall survival. To evaluate APT1 as a prognostic marker in lung cancer, comprehensive studies on advanced stage cases are needed. Key Words: Acyl protein thioesterase; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Biological Markers 서 비소세포폐암은전체폐암의 75 80% 를차지하며외과적절제와항암약물요법, 방사선요법을통한적극적인치료에도불구하고여전히전세계적으로가장흔한암사 Address for correspondence: Hyung Jung Kim, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 712, Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul , Korea Phone: , Fax: khj57@yuhs.ac Received: Mar. 9, 2010 Accepted: Mar. 31, 2010 론 망의원인이다 1. 특히근치적절제술을받은 1기비소세포폐암환자의 20%, 2기의 30% 이상이재발하는것으로알려져있다 2. 이러한사실들을바탕으로병기나조직학적유형이외에폐암의예후를예측하고나아가치료계획을결정할수있는생물학적지표들에대한연구가이루어지고있다. 단백에팔미틴산염기를붙이는단백아실트랜스퍼레이즈 (protein acyl transferase, PAT) 는여러종류가밝혀져있지만팔미틴산염기를떼서분리된단백을세포질로이동하게하는탈팔미틴산화타이오이스터효소 (thioesterase) 는포유류에서는세가지종류밖에밝혀져있지않 212

2 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol. 68. No. 4, Apr 다. 그중 Ras 단백에작용하는 Acyl protein thioesterase-1 (APT1) 은라이소포스포라이페이스-1 (lysophospholipase-1, LYPLA1) 로도불리며, 세포질에존재하는단백으로 Ras 단백뿐아니라 G 단백, 내피산화질소합성효소 (endothelial nitric oxide synthase, enos) 등에서팔미틴산염기를떨어뜨리는것으로밝혀져있다 3. 특히 PAT에대해서는대장암을포함한여러종양질환들과그관련성이밝혀져있으나 4 탈팔미틴산화타이오이스터효소에대해서는충분한연구가이루어져있지않은실정이다. 본연구는 Ras 단백의팔미틴산화-탈팔미틴산화균형을조절하는 APT1 을근치적수술을받은 1기비소세포폐암환자 79명의조직에서발현을평가하여 APT1 의발현양상과임상요소들간의상관관계를확인하고예후인자로의의미가있는지알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상환자선정과조사방법 1993년부터 2004년까지연세대학교의과대학강남세브란스병원을방문하여조직학적으로원발성비소세포폐암으로진단받은후근치목적으로절제술을시행받은환자중제1병기비소세포폐암환자 79명을대상으로하였다. 수술전후로재발이발견될때까지항암화학요법이나방사선요법을받은적이없는환자들을대상으로하였다. 2. 면역조직화학염색방법 10% 중성포르말린에고정하여파라핀에포매한조직을 4 μm 두께로박절하여 probe-on 슬라이드에부착하여자일렌으로파라핀을제거한후 100%, 90%, 80% 및 70% 에탄올에연속적으로재수화시키고, 내인성과산화효소작용을차단하기위해 3% 과산화수소수로처리하였으며, 조직의고정과파라핀포매과정에서감추어졌던항원을노출시키고복구하여예민도를높이기위해구연산완충액 (ph 6.0) 에담근후 700 W 마이크로파로 15분간처리하였다. 다클론항체인 rabbit anti-lysophospholipase 1 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) 1:200 희석액을떨어뜨려습윤상태의실온에서 2시간반응시킨후제조회사권고에따라 EnVision TM Detection Systems (Dako Co., Carpinteria, CA, USA) 을이용하여표준화된 avidin-biotin 면역조직화학염색방법으로시행하였다. 발색시약으로 Diaminobenzidine 을사용하였으며 hematoxylin 으로대조염색하였다. 매실험마다 rat liver 조직을양성대조군으로염색하였으며 5, 인접한정상기관지상피를 internal reference 로사용하였다. 면역조직화학염색판정은발현비율과발현강도의합산으로하였고총점 1점이하를 cut-off로책정하였다. 발현비율은염색양성세포의비율에따라 4단계로분류하였다 (0, 양성세포 5% 미만 ; 1+, 양성세포 5 30%; 2+, 양성세포 30 50%; 3+ 양성세포 50% 이상 ). 발현강도는약하게발색되는것을 0점, 중등도로발색되는것을 1점, 강하게발색되는것을 2점으로점수를매겼다. 모든슬라이드는 2명의숙련된병리과의사가이중맹검법 (double blind method) 으로광학현미경 200배하에서여러필드를관찰하여판정하였다. 3. 통계적분석통계처리는 PC용 SPSS version 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 를이용하였다. 임상병리학적인자와 APT1 발현정도와의관련성을평가하기위해 t-test와 chi-square test를이용하였다. 환자들의생존기간산출은 Kaplan-Meier Method 를사용하였으며, 각군간의생존율비교는다른인자와의연관성을배제하고 APT1 과예후와의상관성을확인하기위해 multivariate analyses 를이용하여 Cox proportional hazard model 을이용하였다. Multivariate analysis 에는연령, 성별, ECOG 를포함하였다. p< 0.05일때통계적으로유의하다고판정하였다. 결과 1. 환자들의특성전체환자중 61명 (77.2%) 이남성이었고, 18명 (22.8%) 이여성이었으며, 평균연령은 세 (31 83세) 였다. 39명 (49.4%) 이편평상피세포암이었고, 25명 (31.6%) 은선암, 13명 (16.5%) 은세기관지폐포암종, 2명 (2.5%) 이대세포암이었다. 2. APT1 발현과임상병리학적인자들과의관련성 APT1 은 50명 (63.3%) 에서양성발현이관찰되었다 (Table 1, Figure 1). 모든조직병리학적아형의암에서 APT1 은세포질에서만균질하지않게발현되었고핵내발현은없었다 (Figure 1B, D, E, inset). 환자의나이, 성별이나흡연력은발현양성군과음성군사이에유의한차이가없었으며, 분화도도발현양성군과음성군사이에차이가없었다. 그러나종양의크기를반 213

3 JA Shin et al: The clinical features according to APT1 expression in lung cancer Table 1. Analysis of the patients with stage 1 NSCLC according to the expression status of APT1 Total Negative APT-1 expression Positive p-value Age, yr* 62.86± ± Gender Male Female Smoking Never-smoker Ex/Current smoker (Pack-years)* 49.15± ± Histologic subtypes SCC Adenocarcinoma BAC Large cell carcinoma Grade of differentiation Well Moderate Poor Unclassified TNM stage T1N0M0 (IA) T2N0M0 (IB) Distant metastasis Recurrence Cancer-related death Mean survival time (95% CI), mo Disease-free ( ) ( ) Overall ( ) ( ) Total evaluated NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma; BAC: bronchioloalveolar carcinoma; TNM: tumor-node-metastasis; CI: confidence interval. *Mean±standard deviation, p-value <0.05. 영하는 T 병기에따른 APT1 발현율은 IA 병기 24/29 (82.8%), IB 병기 26/50 (52.0%) 로종양의크기가증가할수록 APT1 양성률이감소하는경향을보였다 (p=0.002, χ 2 test). 또조직병리학적으로 APT1 의발현율은편평상피세포암 16/39 (55.2%), 선암 15/25 (60.0%), 세기관지폐포암종 12/13 (92.1%), 대세포암 0/2 (0.0%) 으로세기관지폐포암종에서유의하게 APT1 발현율이높았다 (p= 0.035, χ 2 test) (Table 1). 3. APT1 발현에따른재발률및생존율의비교전체환자들의중앙생존기간은 9.97년 (95% confidence interval [CI], 년 ) 이었고, 5년생존율은 70.9% 이었다. 25명 (31.6%) 이추적중사망하였으며이중 19명 (24.1%) 이폐암과연관하여사망하였다. 추적중 23명 (29.1%) 이재발하였으며이중 16명 (20.3%) 은원격전이가발견되었다. 비록유의성은없었지만 APT1 양성군에서더많은원격전이 (13/50 [26.0%] vs. 3/29 [10.3%], p=0.081) 와재발 (17/50 [34.0%] vs. 6/23 [26.1%], p= 0.159) 이관찰되었다. 또한무병생존기간도양성군이음성군보다짧았다 ( 개월 [95% CI, 개월 ] vs 개월 [95% CI, 개월 ], p= 0.226). 아울러전체생존기간 (overall survival) 은 APT1 양성군에서음성군에비해유의하게짧았다 (131.69개월[95% 214

4 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol. 68. No. 4, Apr Figure 1. APT1 expression in lung cancer tissues. An adenocarcinoma has no APT1 expression (A), whereas other has strong (B; inset, 400). Also squamous cell carcinoma shows no expression (C) vs. strong expression (D; inset, 400). Most of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (E) and large cell carcinoma (F) has no APT1 expression ( 200) (Immunohistochemistry). 215

5 JA Shin et al: The clinical features according to APT1 expression in lung cancer Figure 2. Survival analysis of stage I lung cancer patients according to APT1 expression. The positive expression of APT1 do not significantly influence disease-free survival (A) but showed worse overall survival (B) of lung cancer patients. CI, 개월 ] vs 개월 [95% CI, 개월 ], p=0.038) (Table 1, Figure 2). 고찰초기병기의비소세포폐암은수술절제로완치를기대할수있으나재발률은여전히높다. 따라서지속적으로예후와관련하여종양의병기와조직학유형의분류가새로이개정되고있으며, 그외에도예후와관련된종양의생물학적표지자의발굴에대한연구가진행되어오고있다. 본연구에서는수술적절제술을받은제1기비소세포폐암환자의종양조직에서면역조직화학염색법을통해 APT1 발현이종양크기와전체생존기간에영향을주는것을관찰할수있었다. APT1 은탈팔미틸산화과정을통해대표적으로 Ras 단백의팔미틸산화-탈팔미틸산화균형을조절하는것으로알려져있다. Ras 와 MAPK 을통한신호전달통로는암형성과정에다양한방식으로관여하는데식도암이나유방암에서는 Ras의유전자증폭및과발현이관련있으며, 악성흑색종이나갑상선유두종의경우는 Ras가아닌 B- raf에의한 MAPK 활성화와관련되며, 난소장액샘암종의경우에는 K-ras 나 B-raf 와무관한 MAPK 활성화와관련되어있다. 폐암에서는 K-ras 의활성돌연변이로인한 MAPK 활성화가 Ras 관련암형성의주요기전으로밝혀졌다 6. K-ras 돌연변이는폐선암에서발견되는 Ras 돌연변이의 90% 를차지하며, 비소세포폐암에서발견되는 K-ras 돌연 변이의 97% 가코돈 12나 13의점돌연변이다 7. MAPK는여러성장인자를포함한다양한신호에반응하여활성화되며, GTP- 의존방식에의해 K-ras와직접적으로작용하며여러통로의조절이상으로세포사멸을유도한다. 암유발성 Ras는세포막뿐만아니라세포질그물과골지체에서도활성화되며, 골지체에서활성화된 Ras의신호전달역시온전한형질전환력을가지면서세포막에서보내는신호전달과비교하여크게차이가없거나 8 지속되는경향을보인다 9. 따라서 APT1 의과발현이단백의팔미틴산화-탈팔미틴산화간의균형을깨뜨려 Ras의지질대국소화와막결합력을떨어뜨리면이로인해 MAPK 활성화가약화될지, 오히려세포질내 APT1의농도가증가하여 Ras의골지체-세포질그물을통한지속적인신호전달이활성화될지에대해서는아직까지뚜렷하게밝혀진바가없다. 기존연구에서 K-ras 돌연변이는폐선암내에서흡연군에서도발견되는한편, 비흡연자의 17 20% 에서도발현되는것으로알려져있다 7. 본연구에서 APT1 의발현은흡연력과상관관계가없었다. 기존의생체외실험에서 K-ras 돌연변이는암형성과정의초기단계에서중요한것으로알려져있으나 10, 본연구에서는 T2 병기보다 T1 병기에서 APT1 발현양성률이높았다. 그러나통계학적인의미를얻지는못했지만 APT1 발현양성군에서원격전이와재발이많이발생하는경향과무병생존기간의감소를보였으며통계학적으로의미있는전체생존기간의감소를보였다. 이런결과는 216

6 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol. 68. No. 4, Apr APT1 이종양의성장, 침습및전이에영향을줄것으로생각되며, 유의한결과를얻기위하여많은증례와다양한설계의연구가필요할것으로생각한다. K-ras 돌연변이는세기관지폐포암종을포함하여폐선암에서는 15 30% 까지발견되는데비해다른조직학적아형에서는거의발견되지않는다. 특히세기관지폐포암종의경우, 비점액형의 6 14%, 점액형의 67 76% 까지도 K-ras 돌연변이가관찰된다 11,12. 본연구에서는다른조직학적아형에비해특히세기관지폐포암종 12/13 (92.3%) 에서 APT1 이발현되었으며, K-ras 돌연변이를포함한세기관지폐포암종의암형성에특히 APT1 이연관될것으로추정된다. 그러나다른조직학적아형보다상대적으로양호한것으로알려진세기관지폐포암종에서와, T2 병기보다 T1 병기에서더높은빈도의 APT1 의발현에도불구하고 APT1 양성군은전체생존기간의감소등불량한예후를보였다. 이는세기관지폐포암종의환자수가적어적은빈도의재발과사망에도상대적으로높은비율을차지하게된것이하나의이유일것으로추정된다. 더의미있는결과를얻기위해서는더많은환자군에서의연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 또한폐편평상피세포암의 16/39 (55.3%) 에서도 APT1 의발현이관찰되는점을볼때, APT1 이폐암의암형성과정에관여하는것이비단돌연변이형의 Ras뿐만아니라, 야생형의 Ras나 enos 등암형성과정에관여할수있는다른 APT 의기질들과도관련성이있을가능성을시사한다. APT1 과폐암의암형성과정에대한깊이있는연구를위해서는 Ras, enos 등후보단백과의이중염색과, 환자의 K-ras 돌연변이상태확인등을통해 APT1 과의연관성을밝히는것이필요하겠다. 본연구는암조직에서의 APT1 의발현양상과그임상적의미를찾고자한첫연구이나증례수가충분하지않고제1병기에서만관찰한결과로암형성과정에서진행, 침습및전이과정에서의역할을평가하는데한계가있다고생각된다. 참고문헌 1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, CA Cancer J Clin 2009;59: Subotic D, Mandaric D, Radosavljevic G, Stojsic J, Gajic M, Ercegovac M. Relapse in resected lung cancer revisited: does intensified follow up really matter? A prospective study. World J Surg Oncol 2009;7: Wang A, Dennis EA. Mammalian lysophospholipases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999;1439: Baekkeskov S, Kanaani J. Palmitoylation cycles and regulation of protein function (Review). Mol Membr Biol 2009;26: Sugimoto H, Hayashi H, Yamashita S. Purification, cdna cloning, and regulation of lysophospholipase from rat liver. J Biol Chem 1996;271: Molina JR, Adjei AA. The Ras/Raf/MAPK Pathway. J Thorac Oncol 2006;1: Riely GJ, Marks J, Pao W. KRAS Mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009;6: Quatela SE, Philips MR. Ras signaling on the Golgi. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2006;18: Chiu VK, Bivona T, Hach A, Sajous JB, Silletti J, Wiener H, et al. Ras signalling on the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi. Nat Cell Biol 2002;4: Johnson L, Mercer K, Greenbaum D, Bronson RT, Crowley D, Tuveson DA, et al. Somatic activation of the K-ras oncogene causes early onset lung cancer in mice. Nature 2001;410: Sakuma Y, Matsukuma S, Yoshihara M, Nakamura Y, Noda K, Nakayama H, et al. Distinctive evaluation of nonmucinous and mucinous subtypes of bronchioloalveolar carcinomas in EGFR and K-ras gene-mutation analyses for Japanese lung adenocarcinomas: confirmation of the correlations with histologic subtypes and gene mutations. Am J Clin Pathol 2007;128: Marchetti A, Martella C, Felicioni L, Barassi F, Salvatore S, Chella A, et al. EGFR mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer: analysis of a large series of cases and development of a rapid and sensitive method for diagnostic screening with potential implications on pharmacologic treatment. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:

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