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1 대학생의자기효능감과자존감이취업불안감에미치는영향 : 학업스트레스의조절효과를중심으로 장준호 호남대학교경영학부부교수 진춘화 호남대학교경영학부조교수 The Influence of Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem of the College Students on Employment Anxiety: Focus on the Moderating Effect of Academic Stress Jun-Ho Jang a, Chun-Hua Jin b Department of Business Administration, Honam University, South Korea Abstract Received 30 May 2019, Revised 10 June 2019, Accepted 18 June 2019 In this study, we examined the effects of self-efficacy and self-esteem on employment anxiety based on existing prior study and verified the moderating effect of academic stress between self-efficacy and employment anxiety, and moderating effect of academic stress between self-esteem and employment anxiety and the analysis result are as follows. The first result shows that self-efficacy and self-esteem negatively affect employment anxiety. Second, academic stress has not played a role of moderating in the relationship between self-efficacy and employment anxiety. As academic stress increases, employment anxiety increases. However, the regression analysis results confirmed that the academic stress can be an independent variable that explains employment anxiety. Finally, academic stress plays a role of moderating in the relationship between self-esteem and employment anxiety. This means that students with relatively high self-esteem are less likely to have employment anxiety than those who do not, and that increasing academic stress increases the employment anxiety of college students. Keywords: Academic Stress, Employment Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem JEL Classifications: L20, M50, N30, I20 a First Author, jjh4653@honam.ac.kr b Corresponding Author, @honam.ac.kr 2019 Management & Economics Research Institute. All rights reserved.

2 Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019 Ⅰ. 서론, , 1 0.3% 60.9%, , 77.2%,. (SBA) 4 5 ( ),.,.,,. Bandura (1986).,,., (King, 1997).,,,,, (Judge and Bono, 2001).,...,,,,,.,,,, (Kim Ui-Chol and Young-Shin Park, 2001; Lee Jae-Yeon, 2014; Lee Mi-Kyung, 2004; Seo Myung-Ho, 2010; Kim Myung-Ok, 2011; Park Young- Won, 2017; Kum Jeong-Hwa, 2018; Park Yun-Hee, 2017; Cho Gyu-Pan, 2008; Choi Hae-Rim, 1986; Jung Bong-Hyun, 2009; Lee In-Sook, 2011; Yim Yeon-Kyoung, 2017; Kim Yeon-Jung and Eun-Young Son, 2012; Kim

3 대학생의자기효능감과자존감이취업불안감에미치는영향 So-Hee and Jung-Sun Hahn, 2007). Park Yun-Hee (2017) (-), Park Mi-Young and Tae-Hoon Kim (2016). Jeon Min-Ji et al. (2015).., ( )..,. Ⅱ. 이론적배경 1) 불안감,.,,,,,. Beck (1979),, Barlow (2004). Ohman (2008). 2) 취업불안감 Cho Gyu-Pan (2008), Park Young-Woo (1994). Li (2008), Pan and Lu (2006). Zhang (2005),. Zhao and Le (2017),..,

4 Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019,. (self-efficacy) Bandura Bandura,.,,.,,. Bandura (1977),.,. Bandura,,. Bandura ʻ ʼ ʻ ʼ.,,,.,,.,.,. (self-esteem). Branden (1992),,. Coopersmith (1967),,,. Ryu Bu-Yeol (2006)

5 대학생의자기효능감과자존감이취업불안감에미치는영향 ( ),,,.,..,,,, (Park So-Yeon, Jin-Kyung Kim and Taek-Young Lee, 2011).,,.,. 1) 스트레스 (stress).,. Lazarus (1984). Lazarus,,. Selye (1956), Lazarus and Folkman (1984) (Lee Yang-Sook, 2013). Seo Hee-Joo (2003),,. Choi Hae-Rim (1986),., Won Ho-Taek and Soon-Hwa Kim (1985),,,,,,,,,, ) 학업스트레스 Lee Joo-Won (2008),,,,. Bak Byung-Gee and Sun-Mi Park (2012),,

6 Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019., Lee In-Sook (2011). Choi Jae-Hee (2005),., Oh Mi-Hyang and Sung-Moon Chun (1994),.,,,,,. Oh Mi-Hyang and Sung-Moon Chun (1994),,,,,. Ⅲ. 연구방법 1) 연구모형 Fig. 1. Research Model 2) 연구가설의설정 Park Young-Won (2017),. Seo Myung-Ho (2010),, Kim Myung-Ok (2011) 3, 4.,. Kim So-Hee and Jung-Sun Hahn (2007), Kum Jeong-Hwa (2018),,. Park Yun-Hee (2017). Cho Gyu-Pan (2008),. Kim Yeon-Jung and Eun-Young Son (2012). Kim Ui-Chol and Young-Shin Park (2001),

7 대학생의자기효능감과자존감이취업불안감에미치는영향, Lee Jae-Yeon (2014). Lee Mi-Kyung (2004),,.. (-)..,. Choi Hae-Rim (1986), Jung Bong-Hyun (2009). Lee In-Sook (2011) Yim Yeon-Kyoung (2017), Kim Hyon-Dong (2014).. (-)..,. 1) 자기효능감. Oh Ji-Yeon (2016). Oh Ji-Yeon (2016) Cronbach's ɑ ʻ ʼ ʻ ʼ ʻ ʼ ʻ ʼ ʻ ʼ ʻ ʼ ʻ ʼ ʻ ʼ 2) 자존감,. Park Na-Yeon (2018). Cronbach's ɑ ʻ.ʼ, ʻ

8 Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ) 취업불안감,,. Kim Tae-Hee (2015). Kim Tae-Hee (2015) Cronbach's ɑ ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ ) 학업스트레스,,,,. Oh Ji-Yeon (2016). Oh Ji-Yeon (2016) Bak Byung-Gee and Sun-Mi Park (2012), Oh Ji-Yeon (2016) Cronbach's ɑ ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ, ʻ.ʼ 7 5. Ⅳ. 실증분석결과 , 3, %. <Table 1>. 179., 91 (50.8%) 88 (49.2%)

9 대학생의자기효능감과자존감이취업불안감에미치는영향 Table 1. Demographic Characteristics Category Division Frequency % Gender Grade University Table 2. Factor Analysis Result Male student Female student Sophomore Junior Senior Huniversity Juniversity The others 1.6 Component Communality Academic stress Academic stress Academic stress Academic stress Academic stress Academic stress Employment anxiety Employment anxiety Employment anxiety Employment anxiety Employment anxiety Employment anxiety Employment anxiety Self-efficacy Self-efficacy Self-efficacy Self-efficacy Self-efficacy Self-efficacy Self-efficacy Self-esteem Self-esteem Self-esteem Self-esteem Self-esteem Self-esteem Self-esteem Eigenvalue Explained variance Cumulative explained variance Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin.944 Sphericity test of Bartlett (p<.01)

10 Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019 Table 3. Reliability Analysis Result Variable Item Standard Cronbach's Average (removed item) deviation alpha Moderator variable Academic stress 7(1) Independent variable Self-efficacy 7(0) Independent variable Self-esteem 7(0) Dependent variable Employment anxiety 7(0) (60.9%) (25.1%), 2 25 (14.0%). J 98 (54.7%). H 80 (44.7%), 1 (0.6%).. (explanatory factor analysis), (Cronbach's α).,.. 7, 7, 6, 7. <Table 2> <Table 3> KMO 0.944, Bartlett %.. <Table 3>,, , , , , ,,. <Table 4> (-), (-) (-),

11 대학생의자기효능감과자존감이취업불안감에미치는영향 Table 4. Correlation Analysis Result Academic Stress Employment Anxiety Self-Efficacy Self-Esteem Academic Stress 1 Employment Anxiety.632** 1 Self-Efficacy -.529** -.765** 1 Self-Esteem -.384** -.571**.708** 1 Notes: * p.05, **p (-). 1) 자기효능감과자존감이취업불안감에미치는영향. <Table 5> %,. (VIF) , %., 0.162, % %.,. 1, 2., 0.562, ) 학업스트레스조절효과 Aiken and West (1991)., (multicollinearity) Table 5. The Influence of Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem on Employment Anxiety Unstandardized coefficients Standardized coefficients t VIF B Std.Error Beta (Constant) Self-efficacy *** Self-esteem -.299** R-sq(Adj_R).427 (.421) F-value *** Notes: * p.05, **p.01, ***p.001

12 Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019 Table 6. Moderating Effect of Academic Stress : Self-Efficacy and Employment Anxiety 2 Stepwise regression analysis 3 Stepwise regression analysis Unstandardized Standardized Unstandardized Standardized t VIF coefficients coefficients coefficients coefficients t VIF (Constant) 3.489*** Self-efficacy(A) -.586*** *** Academic stress(b).188*** *** A B R-sq(adj-R) R-sq change F for change *** Notes: * p.05, **p.01, ***p.001 (mean centering). (R²)., 1, 2, 3,, ( ). (1) 학업스트레스조절효과 : 자기효능감과취업불안감 (-). 2 3 <Table 6>. 2 ( ) 59.2%,,, ( ) 3 ( ) 59.5% %, 1.269,. 3., 2 3 (+).,,. (2) 학업스트레스조절효과 : 자존감과취업불안감 (-). 2 3 <Table 7>. 2 ( ) 44.5%,,, ( ) 3 ( ) 46.3%. 3

13 대학생의자기효능감과자존감이취업불안감에미치는영향 Table 7. Moderating Effect of Academic Stress : Self-Esteem and Employment Anxiety 2 Stepwise Regression Analysis 3 Stepwise Regression Analysis Unstandardized Standardized Unstandardized Standardized t VIF coefficients coefficients coefficients coefficients t VIF (Constant) 3.489*** Self-Efficacy(A) -.382*** Academic Stress(B).352*** A B.124** R-sq(adj-R) R-sq change F for change *** 5.787** Notes: * p.05, **p.01, ***p %, %., (+).,., % (+).,. Ⅴ. 결론,,. <Table 8>., (-).,., (-).,.,.,., (-) 1 2,...,.

14 Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019 Table 8. Research Theory Analysis Results Study Hypothesis Self-efficacy Employment anxiety Self-Esteem Employment anxiety Self-efficacy Academic stress Employment anxiety Self-Esteem Academic stress Employment anxiety Analysis Result Accepted Accepted Rejected Accepted, 3,.,. 3., 4,.,,.,,.,...,.,.,,,.,,,,,,..,..,.

15 대학생의자기효능감과자존감이취업불안감에미치는영향., K..,.. References Aiken, L. S. and S. G. West (1991), Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions, Newbury Park CA: Sage. Barlow, D. H. (2004), Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic, Guilford press. Bak, Byung-Gee and Sun-Mi Park (2012), Development and Validation of an Academic Stress Scale, Korean Educational Psychology Association, 26(2), Bandura, A. (1977), Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change, Psychological Review, 84(2), Bandura, A. (1986), Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A social cognitive theory, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Beck, A. T. (1979), Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders, Penguin. Branden, A. (1992), Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency, American Psychologist, 37(2), Cho, Gyu-Pan (2008), A Study of Development and Validation of the Job-Seeking Anxiety Test for University Students, Korean Journal of Educational Research, 46(2), Choi, Hae-Rim (1986), Stress of Korean University Students And Cognitive Behavioral Counseling (Doctoral Dissertation), Seoul: The Graduate School Ewha Womans University. Choi, Jae-Hee (2005), A Study of Learning Strategies and Academic Achievement Based on Career Personality Types of Middle School Students: Focused on Their Holland Career Personality Types (Master's Thesis), Seoul: Seoul University of Buddhism. Coopersmith, S. (1967), The Antecedents of Self-Esteem, San Fancisco: W. H. Freeman & Co. Jeon, Min-Ji, Sang-Eun Jung, Sun-Hwa Cho, Eun-Ji Han, Ji-Woo Hyeon and Selo-Hee Kim (2015), The Relationship between Self-Esteem and Employment, Appearance of University Students in Some Regions, Journal of Dental Hygiene Science, 15(4), Judge, T. A. and J. E. Bono (2001), Relationship of Core Self-Evaluations Traits-Self-Esteem, Generalized Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and Emotional Stability-with Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 80. Jung, Bong-Hyun (2009), The Effect of Self-esteem on the Stress of High School Students (Master's Thesis), Seoul: The Graduate School of Konkuk University.

16 Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019 Kim, Hyon-Dong (2014), Investigating Predictors for Job Preferences of College Students: Self-Esteem & Future Career Information, Korean Sociey for The Study of Vocational Education, 33(6), Kim, Myung-Ok (2011), The Relationship Between Career Preparing Behavior and Jobs Seeking Stress in University Students: Morderation Effect of Decision-Making Self-Efficacy (Master's Thesis), Seoul: The Graduate School of Education Ewha Womans University. Kim, So-Hee and Jung-Sun Hahn (2007), Relations Among Learner`s Personality Types, Self-Direction, Attitudes and Self-Efficacy toward Technology, and Achievement in Cyber University, Education Information Media Research, 13(2), Kim, Tae-Hee (2015), A study on the Relationship Among University Student's Communication Competence and employment anxiety, Jobs Seeking Stress (Master's Thesis), Seoul: Kyung Hee University Graduate School of Journalism & Communications. Kim, Ui-Chol and Young-Shin Park (2001), The Stress, Coping and Life-Satisfaction During The Economic Crisis in Korea: With SC Focus on The Role of Social Support and Self Efficacy, Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 6(1), Kim, Yeon-Jung and Eun-Young Son (2012), The Relation of Two Dimensional Typology in Perceived Career Barriers and Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy with College Students' Learning Behavior, Korea Journal of Counseling, 13(5), King, K. A. (1997), Self-Concept and Self-Esteem: A Clarification of Terms, The Journal of School Health, 67(2), Kum, Jeong-Hwa (2018), Effects of Achievement Goal Orientation, Academic Self-efficacy, Academic Achievement and Quality of Life on Academic Stress of Nursing College Students, Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, 8(10), Lazarus, R. and S. Folkman (1984), Stress, Appraisal, and Coping, New York, NY.: Springer Publishing Company. Lee, In-Sook (2011), A Study on Appearance Satisfaction, Self-Esteem, Depression, and Employment Stress among Nursing College Students, Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 13(5), Lee, Jae-Yeon (2014), The moderating effects of career decision self-efficacy on the relation between perfectionism and occupational stress (Master's Thesis), Seoul: konkuk university Graduate School of Education. Lee, Joo-Won (2008), Effect of Self-Resilience and Learning Strategy on Academic Stress: Focused on Metacognitive Strategy (Master's Thesis), Gyeonggi-do, Korea: Graduate School of Ajou University. Lee, Kyung-Oh (2001), The impact of Leisure Activities on Learning Stress: The Case of Middle and High School Students (Master's Thesis), Seoul: Sungkyunkwan University. Lee, Mi-Kyung (2004), A Study on the Employment Stress of College Students and the Self-efficacy of career in Jeollabuk-do (Master's Thesis), Jeollabuk-do, Korea: Hanil University & Presbyterian Theological Seminary. Lee, Yang-Sook (2013), The Effects of Stress and Career Adaptability of University Students

17 대학생의자기효능감과자존감이취업불안감에미치는영향 on Life Satisfaction (Master's Thesis), Gyeonggi-do, Korea: Dankook University. Li, Gui-Fang (2008), A Study on the Relationship Between Self-concept and Career Choice Anxiety of Graduates from Newly-Built Undergraduate Colleges (Master's Thesis), Chongqing, China: Xinan University. Oh, Ji-Yeon (2016), Major Dental Hygiene Student's Academic Stress and The Relationship of College Life: Self-Efficacy, Burnout and Mediating Effect of Social Support (Master's Thesis), Chungcheongnam-do, Korea: Hanseo University. Oh, Mi-Hyang and Sung-Moon Chun (1994), Analysis of Academic Stressors and Symptoms of Juveniles and Effects of Meditation Training on Academic Stress Reduction, Journal of Human Understanding and Counseling, 15(0), 71. Ohman, A. (2008), Fear and anxiety, Handbook of Emotions, Third edition, chapter 44, 709. Pan, Ming and Yi-Jia Lu (2006), A Summary of the Research on employment anxiety of College Students, Neijiang science and technology(1). Park, Mi-young and Tae-Hoon Kim (2016), The relationship between self-esteem, job anxiety and job stress according to characteristics of nursing college students, Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, (10), Park, Na-Yeon (2018), The Effect of Jewelry Using Psycho-Geometry Tests on Self-Esteem and Psychological Stability (Doctoral Dissertation), Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea: Kaya University. Park, So-Yeon, Jin-Kyung Kim and Taek-Young Lee (2011), Effect of Occupational Therapy Volunteering on Self-Esteem and Self-Efficiency in University Students, The Korea Contents Society, (2), Park, Yun-Hee (2017), The Effect of Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy and Career Maturity on the University Students' Job-Seeking Anxiety, The Journal of Career Education Research, 30(2), Park, Young-Woo (1994), A Study on the Choice of Career and Employment Anxiety of College Students (Master's Thesis), Seoul: Konkuk University. Park, Young-Won (2017), The Effect of Hotel Management Students Career Choice Motivations on Employment Preparation Behavior: The Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy (Master's Thesis) Seoul: Graduate School of Sejong University. Ryu, Bu-Yeol (2006), A Study on The Effects of Peer Counselor Training For High School Students on Their Empathic Ability, Prosocial Behavior and Self-Esteem (Doctoral Dissertation), Seoul: Konkuk University. Seo, Hee-Joo (2003), Effect of Coping Method for Academic Stress on Stress Symptoms (Master's Thesis), Daegu, Korea: Daegu Catholic University. Seo, Myung-Ho (2010), A Study of The Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy of University Students (Master's Thesis), Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea: Gyeongsang National University. Won, Ho-Taek and Soon-Hwa Kim (1985), A Study on the Stress Factors of College Students, Journal of student research, 20(1), Yim, Yeon-Kyoung (2017), Impacts of Appearance Satisfaction, Self-esteem, And Career-choice Readiness on Job-Seeking Stress of College Students Majoring in Airline Service (Master's Thesis), Seoul: Sejong University.

18 Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019 Zhang, Xiao-Qin (2005), Predictive Factor Analysis of employment anxiety of University Graduates in Jiangsu (Master's Thesis), Suzhou, China: Graduate School of Suzhou University. Zhao, Yan-Sheng and Wang Le (2017), Effect of College Students' Self-Efficacy on employment anxiety: An Empirical Study Based on Human Capital Regulation, Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics(Social Sciences Edition), 30(1).

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