THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 26, no. 12, Dec 형 배열하는 형태로 시작하였다. 1936년에 Chireix 는 다 이폴 소자를 원형

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1 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Dec.; 26(12), ISSN (Print)ISSN X (Online) Study on Pattern Synthesis of Conformal Phased Array Antenna (Invited Paper) 박동철 권오혁 류홍균 이규송 Dong-Chul ParkOh-Hyuk KwonHong-Kyun RyuKyu-Song Lee 요약 Enhanced Adaptive Genetic Algorithm(EAGA) , 2 18.,,. MATLAB MWS(Microwave Studio),, Abstract This paper describes the pattern synthesis method of two kinds of conformal array antenna using the Enhanced Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (EAGA). One is the 1 16 conformal array antenna on a curved cylindrical metallic surface with quadratic function, and the other is the 18-element conformal arrary antenna on a metallic surface obtained by the rotation of a quadratic function curve around the axis. The active element pattern is utilized in the pattern synthesis. Especially for the case of the rotated-type conformal array antenna the transformed active element pattern obtained from the Euler s angle rotation of the active element pattern of the planar concentric array is utilized, which reduces the synthesis time a lot. To verify the validity of the proposed synthesis method the MATLAB results are compared with the MWS results. Furthermore, for the case of 1 16 conformal array antenna the measured results are compared with the MATLAB synthesized results. Key words: Enhanced Adaptive Genetic Algorithm, Conformal Array Antenna, Pattern Synthesis, Active Element Pattern. 서론,, [1]., [2]. (UD ED). (Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University) *(Agency for Defense Development) Manuscript received October 8, 2015 ; Revised November 26, 2015 ; Accepted December 2, (ID No I) Corresponding Author: Dong-Chul Park ( dcpark@cnu.ac.kr) c Copyright The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. All Rights Reserved. 1031

2 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 26, no. 12, Dec 형 배열하는 형태로 시작하였다. 1936년에 Chireix 는 다 이폴 소자를 원형으로 배열하여 방위각(azimuth angle) 방 향의 빔 조향 결과를 제시하였으며, 1953년에 Knudsen 은 다이폴 소자가 평면 위에 원형으로 배열되었을 때의 안테나 패턴을 이론적으로 분석하고 결과를 제시함으로 써 적절한 위상이 인가된 안테나는 원하는 방향으로 빔 을 조향할 수 있음을 보였다. 1966년에 Gething 은 120 개의 다이폴 소자를 원형으로 배열하여 지름이 300 m인 HF(High-Frequency) 대역 방향 탐지 안테나를 구현하였 다. 또한, 안테나의 지향성을 증가시키고, 주파수 대역을 확장하기 위해 1980년 Rehnmark 와 1981년 Rahim 은 다 이폴 소자 대신 광대역 지향성 소자를 사용하여 원형 배 열 안테나를 구현하였다. 1990년 이후에는 집적회로 기술이 발전함에 따라 소형 화된 급전 회로를 적용하여 다양한 형태의 컨포멀 배열 안테나를 구현할 수 있게 되었다. 1996년에 Kanno 는 600개의 송수신 모듈을 이용하여 그림 1과 같이 항공기 의 동체와 날개에 적용할 수 있는 컨포멀 안테나를 구현 하였다. 최근에는 방사소자와 급전 회로, 증폭기, 전력 분 배기, 냉각기, 필터 등의 RF 시스템을 단일 시스템으로 구현하는 스마트 스킨(smart skin)의 개념이 등장한 이후 컨포멀 배열 안테나는 더 큰 관심을 받으며 연구되고 있 는 중이다. 현재까지 구현된 컨포멀 안테나의 형태는 주빔의 모양 이나 전자기적 요구에 따라 다르나, 일반적으로 원통형, 구형, 원뿔형 또는 함수화된 곡면을 갖는다. 원통형이나 원형 배열 안테나는 360 의 빔 조향 범위를 가지기 때문 에 초기 이동 통신 시스템의 기지국 안테나와 데이터 통 신용 위성에 사용되었으며, 항공기의 동체 및 앞부 분에서는 주로 일부만 채워진 원통형, 반구형 등의 형태 가 사용되고 있고, 날개에는 함수화된 곡면이 사용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 국내에서는 아직 초기 단계에 있는 최 적화 알고리즘을 통한 컨포멀 배열 안테나의 패턴 합성 방법에 대해 기술하고자 한다. 합성 대상 안테나는 두 가 지로, 각각 항공기의 날개와 동체에 적용할 수 있는 2차 함수 형태의 단일 곡면형 컨포멀 배열 안테나와 항공기 의 앞부분에 적용할 수 있는 2차 함수의 회전체형 컨포멀 [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8],[9] [10],[11] 동체용 안테나 (a) (a) For fuselage application 날개용 안테나 (b) (a) For wing application 항공기용 컨포멀 배열 안테나 그림 1. Fig. 1. Conformal array antennas for an aircraft. 배열 안테나이다. 최적화된 패턴을 합성하기 위해 EAGA (Enhanced Adaptive Genetic Algorithm)을 이용하였다. 컨포멀 배열 안테나의 패턴 합성 이론과 EAGA 알고리즘 의 동작원리를 설명하고, 합성된 패턴, 측정된 패턴, 그리 고 MWS를 통해 구한 패턴을 상호비교하면서 본 연구에 서 제안한 합성 기법의 타당성을 입증하고자 한다. [14] Ⅱ. 컨포멀 배열 안테나의 패턴 합성 이론 일반적으로 위상 배열 안테나는 복사소자를 배열하고, 각각의 복사소자에 인가되는 전류의 진폭과 위상을 조절 하여 원하는 안테나 복사 패턴을 얻는다. 본 절에서는 알 고리즘을 통해 최적화된 패턴을 얻기 위해 먼저 이해해 야 할 배열 안테나의 패턴함수를 살펴보자. 그림 2와 같이 xz 평면에 ( 는 양의 실수)로 [12],[13] 1032 차 함수 곡선 도체 위에 놓은 컨포멀 배열 안테나 의 기하학적 구조 그림 2. 2 Fig. 2. Geometry of a conformal array antenna on the metallic curved surface with quadratic function shape.

3 2 [15].. (wave front), (normal direction) [1].. 3, (1). cos (1),. (1) N (2), 그림 4. Fig. 4. Rotated-type conformal array antenna structure. (3). cos cos (wave number), ( ) z, N. n, M. n 5, [16], 2 2 (2) (3) (4). (5), ( ) ( ) (6) [17]. 그림 3. 2 n Fig. 3. Phase delay of the n-th element on quadratic function surface. (4) cos (5) 1033

4 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 26, no. 12, Dec 그림 5. n Fig. 5. Phase of a circular array on the n-th circle. cos (6) n n m n n m n m n. Enhanced Adaptive Genetic Algorithm(EAGA) GA(Genetic Algorithm) [18]. GA..,. GA Boeringer 그림 6. Enhanced adaptive genetic algorithm Fig. 6. Flow chart of enhanced adaptive genetic algorithm. GA AGA(Adaptive Genetic Algorithm) [19]. AGA GA,. IWO(Invasive Weed Optimization) [20] AGA EAGA(Enhanced Adaptive Genetic Algorithm) [14],[15],. EAGA 6. EAGA,... 비용함수

5 (a) (a) Beam direction (b) (b) Radiation pattern 그림 7. 2 Fig. 7. Two parts in cost function for conformal array antenna with quadratic function shape. (a) (a) Beam direction (b) (b) Radiation pattern. 7 2 [14],[15]. ( ) ( ), (7). Max limit Min limit. (8).,,, (9).. (7) max m ax max m in (8) (9) (c) (c) Maximum sidelobe level 그림 8. Fig. 8. Three parts in cost function for rotated-type conformal array antenna. [17]. 7. ( ) ( ), (10)., (11). (maximum sidelobe level) (12).,,, (13)., linear. sin cos sin sin sin cos sin sin (10) max m ax 1035

6 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 26, no. 12, Dec max m in (11) max (12) (13). 패턴합성시뮬레이션결과 CST MWS, 15 GHz (3), (9),. 5 bit 5 bit. 10 EAGA. EAGA MATLAB, MWS. MWS EAGA,,. 그림 Fig. 9. Geometry of the 1 16 conformal microstrip patch array. 그림 10. Fig. 10. Normalized patterns for EAGA 1 16., 21 db., 2 [21]. 12 MWS , 15 GHz (13),. 6 bit 8 bit. 12, 13(a). [22]. x, y, z, 1036

7 (a) (a) Planar arrray (b) (b) Conformal array 그림 13. Fig. 13. Array element numbering. 그림 Fig. 11. Normalized patterns of the 1 16 conformal array for beam steering. 그림 12. Fig. 12. Rotated-type conformal array structure.. MWS, MWS. 13(a) (b) , (a) 13(a), 14(b) 13(a), 14(c) MWS 13(b)., 20 db. 14(b) 14(c),. 14(b),., 14(c) PC 36, 14(b) 1 15, 14(b) 14(c) 96 %. PC , (6) 1037

8 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 26, no. 12, Dec 사양 표 1. PC Table 1. PC specifications. 구분 사양 CPU 3.40 GHz RAM 16 GB VGA GTX 570 평면 배열의 능동 소자 패턴 (a) (a) Active element pattern in planar array 그림 15. 변환된 능동 소자 패턴 (b) (b) Transformed active element pattern (c) 주빔의 방향이 일 때 합성된 회전체형 컨포멀 배열 안테나의 정규화된 패턴 Fig. 15. Normalized radiation patterns in rotated-type conformal array for. 컨포멀 배열의 능동 소자 패턴 (c) Active element pattern in conformal array 능동 소자 패턴 비교 그림 14. Fig. 14. Comparison of active element patterns. 다. 계산된 패턴은 주빔이 약 24 에 나타나며, 부엽의 크 기도 8 db 정도로 높은 값을 갖는다. 이에 반해 합성된 패턴은 주빔이 25 를 정확히 가리키며, 부엽의 크기도 약 13 db로 더 낮은 값을 갖는다 그림 16. 주빔의 방향이 일 때 MATLAB 패턴과 MWS 패턴의 비교 Fig. 16. Comparison between MATLAB and MWS results for. 를 이용하여 추출된 급전 전류를 그림 12에 적용 하여 합성된 패턴을 검증해 보자. 그림 16은 MWS 시뮬 EAGA

9 컨포멀 위상 배열 안테나의 패턴 합성에 대한 고찰 우에 널의 위치와 주빔의 위치, 반전력 빔폭 등 시뮬레이 션 패턴이 전반적으로 잘 일치하고 있는 것으로 보아 알 고리즘을 통한 패턴 합성이 잘 이루어졌음을 알 수 있다. Ⅵ. 패턴 합성 측정 결과 컨포멀 배열 안테나와 같이 인 평면에서 방향으로 조향할 수 있는 4 16 컨포멀 배열 안테나를 4 1 부배열 안테나를 사용하여 그림 18(a)와 같이 제작하였 다. 16개의 4 1 부배열 안테나의 급전을 각각 조정하기 위해 5 bit 감쇄기와 5 bit 위상변위기를 사용한 16개의 RF 모듈을 그림 18(b)와 같이 제작하였다. 그림 19는 컨포멀 배열 안테나의 근거리장 측정 셋업 이다. 측정된 근거리장 패턴은 푸리에 변환(Fourier trans1 16 (a) 일 때의 정규화된 패턴 (a) Normalized pattern for 제작된 컨포멀 배열 안테나 (a) (a) Fabricated conformal array antenna (b) 일 때의 정규화된 패턴 (b) Normalized pattern for 차 함수의 회전체형 컨포멀 배열 안테나의 패턴과 패턴의 비교 그림 MATLAB MWS Fig. 17. Comparison between MATLAB and MWS results in rotated-type conformal array antenna. 레이션과 MATLAB 시뮬레이션 결과를 비교하고 있다. 두 패턴이 널의 위치가 주빔의 위치가 잘 일치하고 있는 것을 보여준다. 다른 방향에서도 배열 안테나의 패턴 합 성이 잘 이루어지는지 MWS 시뮬레이션과 MATLAB 시 뮬레이션 결과를 비교하면서 살펴보자. 그림 17(a)는 일 때의 패턴이며, 그 림 17(b)는 일 때의 패턴이다. 각 경 모듈 (b) RF (b) RF module 조립된 컨포멀 배열 안테나 그림 18. Fig. 18. Assembled conformal array antenna. 1039

10 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 26, no. 12, Dec 근거리장 측정 셋업 그림 19. Fig. 19. Near-field measurement setup. 그림 21. 된 패턴 일 때 RF 모듈의 오차를 고려한 정규화 Fig. 21. Normalized patterns with errors in case. 을 통해 원거리장 패턴으로 변환된다. 알고리즘을 통해 추출된 급전 전류가 제작된 컨포멀 배열 안테나에 적용되었을 때 측정된 패턴을 시뮬레이션 결과와 비교하였다. 그림 20(a)는 일 때의 패턴이 며, 그림 20(b)는 일 때의 패턴이다. 측정된 패턴 은 시뮬레이션과 동일한 주빔의 형태를 가지며, 전반적인 널의 위치, 부엽의 크기도 시뮬레이션과 거의 일치하는 것을 보아 알고리즘을 통해 추출된 급전 전류가 유효함 form) (a) 일 때의 정규화된 패턴 (a) Normalized pattern for (b) 일 때의 정규화된 패턴 (b) Normalized pattern for 측정 결과와 시뮬레이션 결과의 비교 그림 20. Fig. 20. Comparison between measured and simulated results 컨포멀 배열 안테나의 빔 조향 각도에 따 른 정규화된 측정 패턴 그림 Fig. 22. Normalized measured patterns of the 4 16 conformal array for beam steering.

11 ., RF. RF ±0.5 db ±5, 21 4 db , 18 db.. 결론 EAGA , 5 bit 5 bit., MWS. 2., MWS. 4 16, , 18 db,. EAGA,. References [1] Lars Josefsson, Patrik Persson, Conformal Array Antenna Theory and Design, John Wiley and Sons, [2] T. E. Morton, K. M. Pasala, "Pattern synthesis of conformal arrays for airborne vehicles", IEEE Aerospace Conference, pp , Mar [3] H. Chireix, "Antennes à Rayonnement Zénithal Réduit", L'Onde Electrique, vol. 15, pp , [4] H. L. Knudsen, "The field radiated by a ring quasi-array of an infinite number of tangential or radial dipoles", Proceedings of IRE, vol. 41, no. 6, pp , Jun [5] P. J. D. Gething, "High-frequency direction finding", Proceedings of IEE, vol. 113, no. 1, pp , Jan [6] Stig Rehnmark, "Instantaneous bearing discriminators with omnidirectional coverage and high accuracy", IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp , May [7] T. Rahim, J. R. F. Guy, and D. E. N. Davies, "A wideband UHF circular array", IEE Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp , part 1, Apr [8] M. Kanno, T. Hashimura, T. Katada, T. Watanabe, S. Iio, H. Soga, T. Nakada, and N. Miyano, "An active conformal array antenna with very small thickness", IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology, pp , Oct [9] M. Kanno, T. Hashimura, and T. Katada, "Digital beam forming for conformal active array antenna", IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and 1041

12 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 26, no. 12, Dec Technology, pp , Oct [10] Ijay K. Varadan, Vasundara V. Varadan, "Smart-skin antenna technology", Proceedings of SPIE1916, Jul [11] Lars Josefsson, "Smart skins for the future", RVK 99, pp , Jun [12] E. Vourch, G. Caille, M. J. Martin, J. R. Mosig, A. Martin, and P. O. Iversen, "Conformal array antenna for LEO observation platforms", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, vol. 1, pp , [13] G. Caille, E. Vourch, M. J. Martin, J. R. Mosig, and A. Martin Polegre, "Conformal array antenna for observation platforms in low earth orbit", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 44, no. 3, pp , Jun [14] Cheol-Min Seong, Dong-Chul Park, "Study on pattern synthesis of conformal array using enhanced adaptive genetic algorithm", Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 57, no. 5, pp , May [15] Cheol-Min Seong, Myung-Seok Kang, Cheol-Soo Lee, and Dong-Chul Park, "Conformal array pattern synthesis on a curved surface with quadratic function using adaptive genetic algorithm", 2013 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, pp , Nov [16] Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, 3rd ed, John Wiley & Sons, [17],,,,,, " ",, vol. 25, no. 5, pp , [18] Chuan Hua Kang, Min Hai Pan, De Ben, and Shu Feng Gong, "Pattern synthesis of millimeter wave seeker using genetic algorithms", International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology, vol. 4, pp. 1-3, May [19] Daniel W. Boeringer, Douglas H. Werner, and David W. Machuga, "A simultaneous parameter adaptation scheme for genetic algorithms with application to phased array synthesis", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53, no. 1, pp , Jan [20] A. R. Mehrabiana, C. Lucasc, "A novel numerical optimization algorithm inspired from weed colonization", Ecological Informatics, vol. 1, no. 4, pp , Dec [21],,, " ",, 26(8), pp , [22] Heny A. Burger, "Use of Euler-rotation angles for generating antenna patterns", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 37, no. 2, pp , Apr

13 1974 2: ( ) : () : University of California, Santa Barbara () : Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany : IEEE MTT Korea Chapter Chairman : IEEE EMC Korea Chapter Chairman : : Wireless 1976: [ 주관심분야 ] Microwave and Millimeterwave Passive Components, Antennas, EMI/EMC : () : ( ) : ( ) : [ 주관심분야 ] : () : [ 주관심분야 ], : () : () : ( ) : [ 주관심분야 ],, 1043

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