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1 축압축을받는 CFRP 적층부재의에너지흡수특성과파괴모드에관한연구 김정호 정회범 * 전형주 * 순천대학교기계자동차공학부 BK21 * 순천대학교기계자동차공학부 ( 접수 / 채택 ) A Study on the Energy Absorption Characteristics and Fracture Mode of CFRP Laminate Members under Axial Compression Jeong-Ho Kim Hoi-Bum Chung * Hyung-Ju Jeon * BK21, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Sunchon National University * School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Sunchon National University (Received February 21, 2002 / Accepted July 11, 2002) Abstract : The object of this paper is to investigate collapse characteristics of CF/Epoxy(Carbon Fiber/Epoxy resin) composite tubes on the change of interlaminar number and fiber orientation angle of outer and to evaluate reappearance of collapse characteristics on the change of tension strength of fibers under static and impact axial compression loads. When a CF/Epoxy composite tube is crushed, static/impact energy is consumed by friction between the loading plate and the splayed fronds of the tube, by fracture of the fibers, matrix and their interface. In general, CF/Epoxy tube with 6 interlaminar number(c-type) absorbed more energy than other tubes(a, B, D-types). The maximum collapse load seemed to increase as the interlaminar number of such tubes increases. The collapse mode depended upon orientation angle of outer of CF/Epoxy tubes and loading status(static/impact). Typical collapse modes of CF/Epoxy tubes are wedge collapse mode, splaying collapse mode and fragmentation collapse mode. The wedge collapse mode was shown in case of CF/Epoxy tubes with 0 orientation angle of outer under static and impact loadings. The splaying collapse mode was shown in only case of CF/Epoxy tubes with 90 orientation angle of outer under static loadings, however in impact tests those were collapsed in fragmentation mode. So that, CF/Epoxy tube with 6 interlaminar number and 90 outer orientation angle presented to the optimal collapse characteristics. Key Words : CF/Epoxy, composite tube, collapse characteristics, interlaminar number, fiber orientation angle of outer, wedge collapse mode, splaying collapse mode, fragmentation collapse mode 1. 서론 1) 섬유강화복합재료 (FRP) 는금속재료에비해비강도및비강성이우수하고, 설계요건에따라적층배향을적절히선정할수있는유용성때문에경량화및고강도가요구되는자동차, 항공기및우주비행체의구조물에널리응용되고있다. 잠수함, 항공기, 자동차등의구조물에높은비강성과비강도및낮은열팽창률등의우수한성질을갖는섬유강화 To whom correspondence should be addressed. kimstime@sunchon.ac.kr 복합재료의사용이급격히확산되고있으며, 금속재료에비해서상당한중량감소를얻을수있는 Graphite, Carbon, Glass, Boron 등과같은복합재료는금속재료를대체해나가는추세이다 1~3). 자동차용복합재료에사용되는보강섬유는유리섬유가대부분사용되고있으며, 최근에는미국, 일본의자동차업계에서경량화효과를증대시키기위하여탄소섬유를사용한복합재료부품의사용을추진중에있다. 특히, 섬유강화복합재료의뛰어난무게비충격에너지흡수특성으로인해서충돌시에발생하는충돌에너지를흡수해야하는부재에섬유 7

2 김정호, 정회범, 전형주 강화복합재료를적용하고자하는노력이진행중이며, 이와관련된실험논문 4~17) 들이발표되고있다. 그러나, 이미충분한실험과검증이확보되어있는금속재료와는달리, 섬유강화복합재료는그파괴거동에관련된충분한실험과이를뒷받침하는해석적인연구결과가충분치않은실정이다. 따라서, 본연구에서는 CF/Epoxy 복합재튜브가충격하중을받는산업용구조부재로사용될것을상정하여설계시고려해야할고강성, 고강도측면을중점으로 CF/Epoxy 복합재튜브의특성을평가하고, 계면수의변화, 최외층각도의변화에따른압궤특성을고찰함으로써에너지흡수특성을고려한최적의산업용구조부재를개발하는데이용될수있는기본적인설계자료를얻고자한다. 로적층한시험편으로써 A 타입의전자의최외층각도는 0 이고후자와같이적층하였을경우최외층각도는 90 가된다. 또한, B 는계면수 3 개를갖도록 [90 2 /0 2] 2 또는 [0 2 /90 2] 2, C 는계면수 6 개를갖도록 [0/90] 2S 또는 [90/0] 2S, D 는계면수 7 개를갖도록 [90/0] 4 또는 [0/90] 4 으로적층한경우를나타내는것이며, 최외층각도가 0 인경우에는 00 으로 90 인경우에는 90 으로표기하였다. 2. 시험편 본연구에서는산업용구조부재의가장기본형상인원통부재를시험편으로사용하였다. CF/Epoxy 원통시험편은한국화이버 ( 주 ) 에서생산한고강도계일방향 Carbon/Epoxy 프리프레그시트로섬유의인장강도가 3.53GPa 과 4.89GPa 인 2 종류를사용하여, 각각프리프레그시트 8 매를축방향을 0 로하여적층하였으며, 원만한이형작업을위하여탭핑 (tapping) 된맨드릴에 0 와 90 시트를각각 4 매씩사용하여적층구성을 Table 1 과같이변화시켜제작하였다. 최외층각도가에너지흡수능력에미치는영향에관하여고찰하기위하여동일한계면수와적층배향을갖는시험편에최외층각도에변화를주어제작하였다. 시험편의성형은 Photo. 1 과같은오토클레이브 (autocalve) 를이용하였으며, 챔버내부둘레에위치한히터에의해경화온도 130, 유지시간을 90 분으로하여제작하였다. 성형시에컴프레셔에의해서오토클래브압력을 Pa 정도가압시켜제작하였다. 제작후잔류응력을제거하기위하여다이아몬드커터기를이용하여길이 100mm, 내경 30mm, 두께 1.0mm 를갖는시험편을제작하였으며, 시험편의형상은 Fig. 1 에나타냈다. 시험편의기호를 Table 1 에나타냈다. C1 은섬유의인장강도가 3.53GPa 인경우를, C2 는섬유의인장강도가 4.89GPa 인경우의프리프레그시트를이용하여제작한시험편을나타낸다. A, B, C, D 는적층형태에따라구분한것이며, A 는계면수 2 개를갖도록 [0 2 /90 2] S 또는 [90 2 /0 2] S Photo. 1. Autoclave Fig. 1. The shape of specimen Table 1. Definition of the specimen number Tension strength of fiber C1 : σ t = 3.53GPa C2 : σ t = 4.89GPa C1(C2) A(B, C, D) A : [0 2 /90 2] S or [90 2 /0 2] S B : [90 2 /0 2] 2 or [0 2 /90 2] 2 C : [0/90] 2S or [90/0] 2S D : [90/0] 4 or [0/90] 4 00(90) S(I) 00 : Orientation angle of outer is 0 S : Static 90 : Orientation angle of outer is 90 I : Impact 8 Journal of the KIIS, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2002

3 축압축을받는 CFRP 적층부재의에너지흡수특성과파괴모드에관한연구 3. 압궤실험 정적압궤실험은만능재료시험기를사용하였으며, 로드셀과액츄에이터사이에두개의압축지그를평행하게설치하고, 변형율속도의영향이나타나지않도록 10mm/min. 으로균일한압축하중이가해지도록정적압궤실험을행하였다. 실험시시험편전체의축방향길이의 60%(60mm) 까지변위제어압궤하였다. 일반적으로정적압궤실험은각시험편당 5~7 회수행하여, 실험에서얻은평균값의오차범위 5% 내데이터의평균값을취했다. 압궤실험후얻어진하중 - 변위선도의면적을시험편이흡수한에너지로보고하중 - 변위선도를적분하여부재내에흡수된에너지량을구하였으며, 이것은평균하중에변위량을곱한것과같다. 또한, 평균압궤응력은식 (1) 과같이평균압궤하중을시험편의단면적으로나누어구하였다. 측정된하중- 시간및변위- 시간데이터에서시간성분을소거하여압궤가진행하는과정의하중- 변위선도즉, 압궤선도를구하였으며, 정적압궤특성해석과동일하게하중에대한변위의적분을통하여 CF/Epoxy 복합재튜브의흡수에너지 E a 를구하고, 평균압궤하중 P mean 및평균압궤응력 σ av 을구하여각복합재튜브의압궤특성에관하여고찰하였다. 충격속도는크로스헤드가시험편에충돌하기직전의속도를측정하기위해레이저속도측정장비를이용하였으며, 이때속도 6.26m/sec의경우충격에너지는크로스헤드 ( 질량 40 kg ) 의운동에너지와동일한 783Joule을나타냈다. Photo. 4의압궤모드를살펴보면최외층각도가 0 인경우에는정적압궤실험과같이쐐기형압궤모드 (wedge collapse mode) 를나타냈으나, 90 인경 σ av = P mean A = E a 2πRt δ (1) 여기서, σ av 는평균압궤응력, Pmean 는평균압궤하중 ( E a /δ), E a 는흡수에너지이며, A는단면적을나타낸다. Photo. 2의압궤모드를살펴보면최외층각도가 0 인경우에는쐐기형압궤모드 (wedge collapse mode) 로 90 인경우에는스플레잉압궤모드 (splaying collapse mode) 로압궤되었다. 충격압궤실험은제작한충격장치를사용하였으며, 이는크로스헤드를수직하향으로자유낙하시켜시험편에충격하중을가하는방식으로충격시험기를 Photo. 3에나타냈다. Photo. 3. The vertical crushing testing machine (a) C2B00S (b) C2B90S Photo. 2. The shape of CF/Epoxy specimen after static test (a) C2B00I (b) C2B90I Photo. 4. The shape of CF/Epoxy specimen after impact test 산업안전학회지, 제 17 권제 3 호, 2002 년 9

4 김정호, 정회범, 전형주 우에는내 외측으로확장되어압궤되는스플라잉압궤모드와는달리굽힘의영향을견디지못하고파편 (debris) 의형태로주위로비산되는분열형압궤모드 (fragmen-tation collapse mode) 를보였다. 4. 결과및고찰 본연구는 CF/Epoxy 복합재튜브의최외층각도변화에따른압궤특성및그재현성 ( 섬유의인장강도변화에따른 ) 을고찰하고자정적및충격압궤실험을행하였다. 정적인경우에는 5~7 회의실험을, 충격인경우에는 7~10 회의실험후얻어진데이타의평균을 Tables 2, 3 에나타냈다. Table 2 는정적압궤실험후얻어진최대압궤하중및평균압궤응력이며, Table 3 은충격압궤실험후얻어진결과이다. 또한, 그얻어진결과를 Figs. 2 와 3 에나타냈다. Fig. 3(a) 를살펴보면정적압궤실험에서 CF/ Epoxy 복합재튜브의최대압궤하중은계면수가 2, 3, 6, 7 개로증가함에따라선형적으로증가하는경향을보였다. 또한, Fig. 3(b) 를살펴보면평균압궤응력은계면수가증가함에따라 6 계면수를갖는시험편까진증가하다가 7 계면수를갖는시험편에서감소하는경향을나타냈다. 그이유는 CF/Epoxy 복합재튜브의가장큰에너지흡수인자는크랙 ( 층간크랙, 층내크랙, 중심크랙 ) 진전이며, 계면수가증가한다는의미는층간크랙을유발시킬수있는경 Tabl e 2. Collapse test results of CF/Epoxy tubes after static test Spec. Maximum collapse load P max. [kn] Average collapse stress σ av [MPa] C1A00S C1B00S C1C00S C1D00S C1A90S C1B90S C1C90S C1D90S C2A00S C2B00S C2C00S C2D00S C2A90S C2B90S C2C90S C2D90S Table 3. Collapse test results of CF/Epoxy tubes after impact test Spec. Maximum collapse load P max. [kn] Average collapse stress σ av [MPa] C1A00I C1B00I C1C00I C1D00I C1A90I C1B90I C1C90I C1D90I C2A00I C2B00I C2C00I C2D00I C2A90I C2B90I C2C90I C2D90I 우의수가증가한다는의미이며, 결국평균압궤응력은증가하게된다. 그러나, 7 계면이되면층간크랙수가증가함에따라층두께의감소로인하여층내크랙을유발시킬수있는경우의수는감소하게되며 ( 계면수는층간크랙을유발시킬수있는인자이며동일한플라이수에있어계면수의증가는동일각도플라이의두께, 즉층두께를감소시키는결과를가져오게되고그결과층두께의감소로인하여층내크랙의발생빈도는감소하게된다.) 결국층간크랙수의증가로인하여다소평균압궤응력은증가하나이와더불어층내크랙수의감소로인하여층내크랙진전이충분히일어나지않아결국평균압궤응력은감소하게된다고생각된다. Fig. 4 는충격압궤실험후얻어진최대압궤하중및평균압궤응력을비교한것이다. Fig. 4(a) 를살펴보면충격압궤실험에서 CF/Epoxy 복합재튜브의최대압궤하중은계면수가 2, 3, 6, 7 개로증가함에따라정적실험과달리그다지큰경사각을보이지않았다. 이는 CF/Epoxy 복합재튜브는취성부재이며짧은시간에가해지는충격하중에의해압궤되어지므로순간적으로부재전체에미소크랙이발생하며, 그결과계면수변화에따른최대압궤하중의변화가작다고사려된다. Fig. 4(b) 를살펴보면평균압궤응력은최외층각도가 0 인복합재튜브의경우계면수가증가함에따라 6 계면수를갖는시험편까진그다지큰압궤증가 10 Journal of the KIIS, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2002

5 축압축을받는 CFRP 적층부재의에너지흡수특성과파괴모드에관한연구 (a) The maximum load versus interlaminar number (a) The maximum load versus interlaminar number (b) The average collapse stress versus interlaminar number under static load Fig. 3. Collapse characteristics of CF/Epoxy specimens under static load 의변화를나타내지않았으며, 7 계면수를갖는시험편에서감소하는경향을나타냈다. 따라서, 충격압궤실험도정적압궤실험과유사한경향을보였다. 5. 결론 1) 계면수변화에따른압궤특성을살펴보면, 정적및충격압궤시평균압궤응력에있어최외층각도가 0 인복합재튜브는계면수가증가함에따라 6 계면수를갖는복합재튜브까지는증가하다가 7 계면수를갖는복합재튜브에서감소하는경향을나타냈으며, 최외층각도가 90 인경우에는 2, 3, 6 계면수모두큰차이를보이지않았으나 7 계면수에서감소하는경향을보였다. 2) 정적및충격압궤하에서최외층각도에따른평균압궤응력은최외층각도 90 를갖는복합재튜브가최외층각도 0 를갖는복합재튜브보다증가하는경향을보였다. 3) CF/Epoxy 복합재튜브의압궤모드를살펴보 (b) The average collapse stress versus interlaminar number Fig. 4. Collapse characteristics of CF/Epoxy specimens under impact load 면, 정적압궤하에서압궤모드는계면수변화에관계없이최외층각도가 0 인복합재튜브는쐐기형압궤모드로 90 인복합재튜브는스플레잉압궤모드로압궤되었다. 충격압궤하에서는최외층각도가 0 인복합재튜브는정적압궤와같이쐐기형압궤모드로압궤되었으나, 90 인복합재튜브의경우에는분열압궤모드로압궤되었다. 4) CF/Epoxy 복합재튜브의정적및충격압궤특성에대한재현성을평가하고자섬유인장강도를변화를주어실험을행하였으며, 그결과충분한재현성이있다고사려된다. 감사의글 : 이논문은 2001 년도순천대학교공과대학학술재단연구비에의하여연구되었음. 참고문헌 1) Jack R. Vinson. The Behavior of Shells Composed of Isotropic and Composite Materials, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN , 산업안전학회지, 제 17 권제 3 호, 2002 년 11

6 김정호, 정회범, 전형주 2) 김선규, 심재기, 양인영, 충돌에의한차체박육구조부재의에너지흡수특성에관한연구, 한국자동차공학회논문집, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp , ) 김정호, 양인영, 충돌시최적흡수에너지특성을갖는경량화차체구조용 CFRP 부재의개발, 대한기계학회논문집, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp , ) P. H. Thornton, The Crush Behavior of Pultruded Tubes at High Strain Rates, J. Composite Materials, Vol. 24, pp , ) W. H. Tao, R. E. Robertson and P. H. Thornton, Effects of Material Properties and Crush Conditions on the Crush Energy Absorption of Fiber Composite Rods, Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 47, pp , ) G. L. Farley, R. M. Jones Crushing Characteristics of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Composite Tubes, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp , ) G. L. Farley, R. M. Jones, Analogy of the Effect of Materials and Geometrical Variables on Energy-Absorption Capability of Composite Tubes, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp , ) G. L. Farley, R. M. Jones, Crushing Characteristics of Composite Tubes with "Near-Elliptical" Cross Sections, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 26, No. 12, pp , ) A. H. Fairfull and D. Hull, Energy Absorption of Polymer Matrix Composite Structures: Frictional Effects, Introduction of Structural Failure. Edtd. by T. Wierzbicki and N. Jones, New York : Wiley,pp , ) D. Hull, A Unified Approach to Progressive Crushing of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Tubes, Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp , ) G. L. Farley, Relationship Between Mechanical- Property and Energy-Absorption Trends for Composite Tubes, NASA Technical Paper, OMB No , ) D. R. Ambur, J. H. Starnes, Effect of Curvature on the Impact Damage Characteristics and Residual Strength of Composite Plates, Presented at the 39th AIAA Structures, No , ) G. Zhou, G. A. O. Davies, Impact Response of Thick Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Laminates, Int. J. Impact Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp , ) 김영남, 김지훈, 양인영, 경량화용복합재튜브의적층구성이흡수에너지특성에미치는영향, 한국정밀공학회논문집, Vol. 18, No. 11, pp , ) 김영남, 차천석, 양인영, 차체구조용복합재박육부재의축압괴특성에관한연구, 자동차공학회논문집, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp , ) Y. N. Kim, K. H. Im, J. W. Park and I. Y. Yang, Experimental Approach on the Collapse Mechanism of CFRP Composite Tubes, Reviews of Progress in QNDE, pp , ) K. H. Im, Y. N. Kim, J. W. Park, J. K. Sim and I. Y. Yang, Energy Absorption Characteristics of CFRP Composite Tubes, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Impact Engineering, pp , Journal of the KIIS, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2002

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