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1 Effects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting Jong-Hwa Lee, Seok-Jin Kim, & Seon-Jin Kim* Seoul National University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results] [Conclusion] Key words:

3 Table 1. Participant Characteristics (Mean ± SD) Group (n) KBO League (7) KBO Futures League (7) KUBF League (7) Age (yrs) 24.57± ± ± 2.19 Height (cm) ± ± ± 4.22 Weight (kg) 82.86± ± ± Baseball Experience (yrs) 12.83± ± ± 0.89

4 Table 2. Mean and SD of constant error(ms) Group KBO League KBO Futures League KUBF League Stimulus Speeds 10mph 15mph 20mph Random Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD ms 10mph 15mph 20mph Random KBO League Players Group KBO Futures League Players Group KUBF League Players Group Fig. 1. Constant error(ms) across stimulus speed and expertise.

5 Table 3. Mean and SD of absolute error(ms) Group KBO League KBO Futures League KUBF League Stimulus Speeds 10mph 15mph 20mph Random Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD

6 ms Fig. 2. Absolute error(ms) across stimulus speed and expertise. 10 mph 15 mph 20 mph Random KBO League Players Group KBO Futures League Players Group KUBF League Players Group

7 Table 4. Mean and SD of variable error(ms) 100 Group KBO League KBO Futures League KUBF League Stimulus Speeds 10mph 15mph 20mph Random Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD ms 10 mph 15 mph 20 mph Random Fig. 3. Variable error(ms) across stimulus speed and expertise. KBO League Players Group KBO Futures League Players Group KUBF League Players Group

9 Amazeen, E. L., Amazeen, P. G., Post, A. A., & Beek, P. J. (1999). Timing the selection of information during rhythmic catching. Journal of Motor Behavior, 31, Bahill, A. T., & LaRitz, T. (1984). Why can t batters keep their eyes on the ball? American Scientist, 72, Brady, F. (1996). Anticipation of coincidence, gender, and sports classification. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, Campitelli, G., & Gobet, F. (2011). Deliberate practice: Necessary but not sufficient. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology. 4, Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. Th., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, Fleury, M., Bard, C., Gagnon, M., & Teasdale, N. (1992). Coincidence-anticipation timing: The perceptual motor interface. In L. Proteau & D. Elliott (Eds.), Vision and Motor Control (pp ). North-Holland: Elsevier. Hambrck, D. Z., Oswald, F. L., Altmann, E. M., Meinz, E. J., Gobet, F., & Campitelli, G. (2014). Deliberate practice: Is

10 that all it takes to become an expert? Intelligence, 45, Hambrick, D. Z., & Meinz, E. J. (2011b). Limits of the predictive power of domain-specific experience. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, Hong, S. B. (2014). The effects of receiver s moving velocity and distance on passer s movement timing accuracy, Korean Journal of Sports Science. 23(2), Kim, S. J. (2009). Motor learning and control (2nd ed). Daehanmedia. Magill, R. A. (2004). Motor learning: concepts and applications. New York: McGraw Hill. Meeuwsen, H. J., Goode, S. L., & Goggin, N. L. (1995) Coincidence-anticipation timing. Women in Sport and Physical Activity, 4, Park, H. C. (2013). Effects of Taekwondo step non-step turning kick types as visual stimulus speed on coincidence-anticipation timing performance. The Journal of Physical Education, 52(6), Park, S. B., Hong, S. H. & Lee, S. C. (2000). Development of the capability to utilize visual information in timing task. Journal of Physical Growth and Motor Development, 8(2), Port, N. L., Pellizzer, G., & Georgopoulos, A. P. (1996). Intercepting real and path-guided apparent motion targets. Experimental Brain Research, 110(2), Ripoll, H., & Latiri, I. (1997). Effect of sport expertise on coincident-timing. Journal of Sport Sciences, 15, Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (2005). Motor Control and Learning: A behavioral emphasis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Williams, A. M., Davids, K., & Williams, J. G. (2000) Visual perception and action in sport. New York: Routledge.

Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ

Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in University & 2 Kang Won University [Purpose] [Methods]