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1 상대적임금과효용 정세은 1) 본연구에서는한국노동패널자료를이용하여상대적임금이개인의효용 ( 행복지수, 직업 / 삶만족도 ) 에어떠한영향을끼치는지실증적으로분석한다. 노동패널자료에서행복지수, 삶만족도, 그리고직무만족도를 Likert Scale에따라수집하는데이는경제학에서의효용에대한근사치로사용될수있다는점에서의미를갖는다. 상대적임금은개인이자신의소득을비교하는집단의평균임금으로계산이될수있다. 분석결과, 개인의만족도는자신의절대적임금과양의상관관계를지니는것으로나타났고, 상대적임금과는음의상관관계를가진다. 이는효용을높이는데에는자신의절대적임금만이중요할것이라는기존의연구와는달리상대적인임금역시중요한역할을할수있다는점에서연구의의를지닌다고할수있다. I. 서론 - 1 -

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3 II. 데이터와실증분석 - 3 -

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6 III. 결과 - 6 -

7 Obs Mean SD Min Max 18 wave only Woman (=1) 6, Wage Earner: Private 6, Wage Earner: Public 6, Wage Earner: Other 6, Self-Employed (=1) 6, Age 6, Married (=1) 6, Years of Schooling 6, Own Income 6, ,000 Reference Income 6, ,600 Happiness 6, Life Satisfaction 6, Job Satisfaction 6, waves Woman (=1) 93, Wage Earner: Private 93, Wage Earner: Public 93, Wage Earner: Other 93, Self-Employed (=1) 93, Age 93, Married (=1) 93, Years of Schooling 93, Own Income 93, ,000 Reference Income 93, ,600 Life Satisfaction 93, Job Satisfaction 93,

8 (1) (2) (3) Dep Variable Log(Income) Log(Income) Log(Income) Wage Earner: Private ** *** *** (0.0298) ( ) ( ) Wage Earner: Public 0.221*** *** *** (0.0362) (0.0121) (0.0136) Self-Employed (=1) 0.231*** 0.134*** 0.117*** (0.0325) (0.0128) (0.0146) Woman (=1) *** *** 0 (0.0150) ( ) (.) Age *** *** 0.156*** ( ) ( ) ( ) Age sq *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) Married (=1) 0.163*** *** (0.0184) ( ) ( ) Years of Schooling *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) Constant 3.008*** 2.758*** 0.607*** (0.189) (0.0838) (0.113) Waves 18 wave only 1-18 waves 1-18 waves Region Dummy Y Y Y Year Dummy N Y Y Cluster ID SE N Y Y Method OLS Random Effects Fixed Effects N. Individuals 6,696 13,899 13,899 Obs 6,696 93,927 93,927 r2_b r2_w r2_o r Standard errors in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, * p<

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10 Dep Variable (1) (2) (3) Log(Happine ss) Log(Job Log(Life Log(Income) *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) Log(Reference Income) ** *** * ( ) ( ) ( ) Woman (=1) *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) Years of Schooling *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) Age *** ** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) Age sq *** ** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) Married (=1) 0.124*** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) Wage Earner: Private *** (0.0125) ( ) ( ) Wage Earner: Public *** *** (0.0152) (0.0112) ( ) Self-Employed (=1) (0.0137) (0.0101) ( ) Constant 1.643*** 0.813*** 1.123*** (0.0812) (0.0597) (0.0509) Region Dummy Y Y Y Method OLS OLS OLS Obs 6,696 6,696 6,696 r Standard errors in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, * p<

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12 Dep Variable (1) (2) (3) (4) Log(Job Log(Job Log(Life Log(Life Log(Income) 0.106*** *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Log(Reference Income) *** *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Woman (=1) *** *** 0 ( ) (.) ( ) (.) Years of Schooling *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Age *** *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Age sq *** *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Married (=1) *** ** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Wage Earner: Private ** ** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Wage Earner: Public *** *** *** ** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Self-Employed (=1) * ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Constant 0.820*** 0.873*** 1.084*** 0.949*** (0.0355) (0.0482) (0.0454) (0.0564) Region Dummy Y Y Y Y Year Dummy Y Y Y Y Cluster ID SE Y Y Y Y Method Random Effects Fixed Effects Random Effects Fixed Effects N Individuals 13,899 13,899 13,899 13,899 Obs 93,927 93,927 93,927 93,927 r r2_b r2_w r2_o Standard errors in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, * p<

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14 Dep Variable (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Log(Happine ss) Log(Happine ss) Log(Job Log(Job Log(Life Log(Life Log(Income) 0.103*** *** 0.108*** *** *** *** Log(Reference Income) Years of Schooling ( ) (0.0117) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) * *** (0.0113) (0.0149) ( ) (0.0104) ( ) ( ) *** *** *** *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Age *** ** *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Age sq *** *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Married (=1) 0.142*** *** * * *** *** Wage Earner: Private Wage Earner: Public Self-Employed (=1) (0.0102) (0.0124) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) * ** ** (0.0168) (0.0190) (0.0127) (0.0133) (0.0106) (0.0118) ** *** *** * (0.0202) (0.0234) (0.0153) (0.0164) (0.0127) (0.0146) (0.0178) (0.0218) (0.0135) (0.0153) (0.0113) (0.0136) Constant 1.643*** 1.813*** 0.895*** 0.766*** 1.158*** 1.118*** (0.0822) (0.111) (0.0764) (0.0950) (0.0637) (0.0842) Gender Male Female Male Female Male Female Region Dummy Y Y Y Y Y Y Method OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS OLS Obs 4,116 2,580 4,116 2,580 4,116 2,580 r Standard errors in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, * p<

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16 Dep Variable (1) (2) (3) (4) Log(Job Log(Job Log(Life Log(Life Log(Income) 0.113*** *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Log(Reference Income) *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Years of Schooling ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Age *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Age sq *** *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Married (=1) *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Wage Earner: Private ** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Wage Earner: Public *** * * ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Self-Employed (=1) * * ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Constant 0.792*** 1.099*** 1.038*** 0.958*** (0.0605) (0.0759) (0.0702) (0.0980) Gender Male Female Male Female Year Dummy Y Y Y Y Region Dummy Y Y Y Y Cluster ID SE Y Y Y Y Method Fixed Effects Fixed Effects Fixed Effects Fixed Effects N. Individuals 7,897 6,002 7,897 6,002 Obs 59,027 34,900 59,027 34,900 r r2_b r2_w r2_o Standard errors in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, * p<

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18 IV. 결론

19 참고문헌 Bygren, M. (2004). "Pay Reference Groups and Pay Satisfaction. What Do Workers Evaluate Their Pay Against" Social Science Research, 33, Clark, A.E. (1996). L'utilité est-elle relative? Analyse à l'aide de données sur les ménages. Economie et Prévision, vol.121, pp Clark, A.E. (1999). Are wages habit-forming? Evidence from micro data. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, vol. 39, pp Clark, A.E. and Oswald, A.J. (1996). Satisfaction and comparison income. Journal of Public Economics, vol. 61, pp Clark, A.E., Frijters, P. and Shields, M. (2008). "Relative Income, Happiness and Utility: An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and Other Puzzles". Journal of Economic Literature, 46, Clark, A.E., Masclet, D. and Villeval, M.-C. (2009). "Effort and Comparison Income". Industrial and Labor Relations Review, forthcoming. Easterlin, R. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. In David, R. and Reder, R. (Eds.), Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honor of Moses Abramovitz. New York: Academic Press. Falk, A., and Ichino, A. (2006). "Clean Evidence on Peer Pressure". Journal of Labor Economics, 24, Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2005), Income and well-being: An empirical analysis of the comparison income effect, Journal of Public Economics, 89, Helliwell, J.F., and Huang, H. (2009). "How s the Job? Well-Being and Social Capital in the Workplace". Industrial and Labor Relations Review, forthcoming. Kahneman, D. and Krueger, A.B. (2006). Developments in the measurement of subjective wellbeing. Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 22, pp Layard, R. (2005). Happiness. Lessons from a New Science, London: Allen Lane. Luttmer E. (2005), Neighbors as Negatives: Relative Earnings and Well-Being, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120, MacBride M. (2001). Relative-Income Effects on Subjective Well-being in the Crosssection, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 45, MacBride, M. (2006). "An Experimental Study of Happiness and Aspiration Formation". University of California-Irvine, Mimeo. Montenegro, C.E., and Patrinos, H.A. (2014), Comparable Estimates of Returns to Schooling Around the World, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper

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