韓國開發硏究제 33 권제 3 호 ( 통권제 112 호 ) 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 이철인 ( 서울대학교사회과학대학경제학부교수 ) 유경준 ( 한국개발연구원선임연구위원 ) Training Incentives in the Korean Levy-Gran
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1 韓國開發硏究제 33 권제 3 호 ( 통권제 112 호 ) 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 이철인 ( 서울대학교사회과학대학경제학부교수 ) 유경준 ( 한국개발연구원선임연구위원 ) Training Incentives in the Korean Levy-Grant System and the Performance: Evidences from the KLIPS Data Chul-In Lee (Professor, Department of Economics, Seoul National University) YOO, Gyeongjoon (Senior Research Fellow, Korea Development Institute) * 본논문은 2009 년도 KDI 연구사업인 직업훈련심층평가 의일환으로시작된연구를발전시킨것임을밝힌다. 한국노동연구원의노동패널자료협조에감사드린다. 익명의검토자두분의매우유익한 논평및제안들에많은도움을받았고이에대해깊이감사드린다. ** 이철인 : ( ) leeci@snu.ac.kr, (address) Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea 유경준 : ( ) yoogj@kdi.re.kr, (address) Korea Development Institute, 49 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea Key Word: (Public Training Schemes), (On-the-job Training), - (Levy-grant System) JEL Code: J01, J24, J08, H25 Received: Referee Process Started: Referee Reports Completed:
2 ABSTRACT This paper examines how the levy-grant system for on-the-job training affects individual workers' training level and the subsequent wage growth. Some notable results include: (i) the workers at the firms facing high net benefits (i.e., grant minus levy) receive more firm training indeed, and (ii) training provision raises post-training earnings substantially. All these results are found to be robust to changes in firm size and estimation method.
3 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 89 Ⅰ. 서론. (schooling) (on-the-job training: OJT)..,,., (Becker[1964]),,,,., (Heckman[1999]). 1),. 2), /. 1) (self selection) Heckman(1979), Heckman(1999), Heckman and Smith(1998), Heckman and Vytlacil(2005), Heckman, Vytlacil, and Urzua(2006), Heckman and Vytlacil(2007a), Heckman and Vytlacil(2007b). 2) Becker(1964). Stevens (1994), Acemoglu and Pischke(1998).
4 90 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ., (positive). - (levy-grant)., ( levy-grant ),.,,, /. ( [1997]; [2000]; [2002]; [2002]; [2004] [2008] )., (i) 3), (ii).. (Heckman[1999]; [2008] ),. Ben-Porath(1967) Heckman(1976), Mincer(1974),.,., 3),.
5 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 91, 4) (variation),..,,,., levy-grant,. (2009) ,..,... Ⅱ. 분석의틀및모형 1. 직업훈련사업의재정조달구조를이용한효과식별 가. 수혜및분담률체계 5). ( ) 1 4) Brown and Medoff(1989),. 5) (2009).
6 92 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ. (i) I,, / /. (ii), (iii),, / /. <Table 1> <Table 4> 1, 1..., 1~100, 101~150, 151~999 1,000. 1~149, 150~500, 501~999 1,000, 1~149, 150~300, 301~999 1,000. 1,. (variation),. <Table 2>,.. <Table 3>,., (i), (ii),, (iii)., (variation). 6) 6).,,
7 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 93 <Table 1> Public Assistance System for Promoting On-the-Job Training: Cost and Maximum Grant Relative to Wages ( ~ ) (Unit: Percent) Industry Group Firm Size 1~ ~ ~999 Over 1,000 Cost Max. Grant Net Grant Industry Group Firm Size 1~ ~ ~999 Over 1,000 Cost Max. Grant Net Grant Industry Group Firm Size 1~ ~ ~999 Over 1,000 Cost Max. Grant Net Grant Note: The Public Assistance System is part of Unemployment Insurance in Korea; Net Grant=Grant Cost in Rate (%). <Table 2> Public Assistance System for Promoting On-the-Job Training: Cost and Maximum Grant Relative to Wages ( ~ ) (Unit: Percent) Industry Group Firm Size 1~ ~ ~999 Over 1,000 Cost Max. Grant Net Grant Industry Group Firm Size 1~ ~ ~999 Over 1,000 Cost Max. Grant Net Grant Industry Group Firm Size 1~ ~ ~999 Over 1,000 Cost Max. Grant Net Grant
8 94 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ <Table 3> Public Assistance System for Promoting On-the-Job Training: Cost and Maximum Grant Relative to Wages ( ~ ) Industry Group Firm Size 1~ ~ ~999 Over 1,000 Cost Max. Grant Net Grant Industry Group Firm Size 1~ ~ ~999 Over 1,000 Cost Max. Grant Net Grant Industry Group Firm Size 1~ ~ ~999 Over 1,000 Cost Max. Grant Net Grant (Unit: Percent) <Table 4> Public Assistance System for Promoting On-the-Job Training: Cost and Maximum Grant Relative to Wages (After ) Industry Group Firm Size 1~ ~ ~999 Over 1,000 Cost Max. Grant Net Grant Industry Group Firm Size 1~ ~ ~999 Over 1,000 Cost Max. Grant Net Grant Industry Group Firm Size 1~ ~ ~999 Over 1,000 Cost Max. Grant Net Grant (Unit: Percent)
9 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 95 나. 순지원율의경제적의미 7)..,.. (sunk cost),.. (2009), <Table 5>., ( ),.. <Table 5>, 151~ % 101~ % 1.5.,.., Oi(1999).,, 7)., ( ) ( ).. ( ) (, ). (omitted variables bias),, (bias).
10 96 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ <Table 5> The Ratio of Firms OJT Levy Burden to Total Labor Cost and The Ratio of Reimbursed Fund to Original Levy Burden (Unit: Percent) Industry Group Firm Size 1~ ~ ~ ~999 Over 1,000 (1) Ratio of Levy to Total Labor Cost (0.049) (0.165) (0.850) (0.464) (0.229) [N=3] [N=16] [N=53] [N=30] [N=36] (2) Ratio of Refund to Actual Levy (13.3) (39.7) (26.7) (78.2) (29.0) [N=3] [N=16] [N=52] [N=27] [N=32] Industry Group Firm Size 1~ ~ ~ ~999 Over 1,000 (1) Ratio of Levy to Total Labor Cost (0.472) (2.322) (1.140) (0.483) (0.769) [N=13] [N=31] [N=153] [N=60] [N=51] (2) Ratio of Refund to Actual Levy (11.6) (27.3) (38.2) (29.1) (37.5) [N=13] [N=31] [N=150] [N=58] [N=49] Note & Source: Human Capital Corporate Panel (HCCP), 2007; Cited from Kang and Yoo(2009). Standard errors in parentheses; N is the number of observations used for each estimation..,., (, 0%). 101~ %, 151~ %,., 101~ ~500.,.
11 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 계량분석모형 가. 훈련참여식추정모형 2) 고정효과통제로짓모형 Prob., (fixed effect logistic model)(chamberlin[1980]). 8) 1) 기본프로빗모형 Prob Prob (1) (2) Prob (3) (4), ( : 1 ) 1, 0 ; / (,,, ) ; (net) (policy). (2) (4). (fixed effect model) 8),. Chamberlain(1980), (conditional log likelihood estimation).
12 98 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ. 9), - (random).,.,., (variation) (within variation) (between variation),,... 나. 임금효과추정모형.. 1) 고정효과모형, Altonji and Spletzer(1991),.. (net grant) 9) 이때.
13 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 99.,. Lee(2008), (procyclical) (calibration).. ln, (5), (training) ( ),, ( ), ( :,, ),. 2) 일차차분임금성장률모형,., ln (6) ln : i t (real wage) ln ln ln g: ( =1), edu: a:, fs: firm size; 4 IDS: 3 DOJT: (on-the-job training) unemp: t
14 100 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ Ⅲ. 자료및분석결과.,,,,., (variation),.,. 1. 자료의구축. (t) (t-1). 10). (t+1).. 3 moving window. 3 window ) p**4501(** ),,. 1, 0.
15 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 101., (fiscal benefits)., 150~399,,, 100, 450~499, 600~639, 640~ 649,. 11) (missing) (999999).,,. -250% +250%. 2. 분석결과, ( 1 ). 17, %. 12) <Table 6>. 11), 100~299, ~500 (n_grant) (attenuation bias). 12) 15. P**4502, - -? 0 9,
16 102 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ <Table 6> Descriptive Statistics-Sample 1 Variables* N Average Std. Err. Minimum Maximum age gender edu married firm_size (log) unemp. rate(%) manufact mining others training= n_grant ln(wage) dln(wage) dln(wage2) industry mon_wage(t-1) mon_wage(t+1) mon_wage(t+2) year year year year year year year Note: The sample is analyzed under a 3-year moving window ; Required is the information about changes in wages and whether or not sampled employees benefited from training over the 7-year period; variables with monetary units are measured in the 2005 price level. age = ; gender = ( =1; =0); edu = ; married = ( =1; =0); firm_size = (1-10 ) ; manufact. = ( 2); mining =,, / / ( 1); others = ( 3); training = ( =1; =0); n_grant = : net grant (grant-levy); dln(wage) = =log(w(t+1))-log(w(t-1)); dln(wage2) = =log(w(t+2))-log(w(t-1)); industry = (1-3); mon_wage(t-1) = 1 (monthly wage), ; mon_wage(t+1) = 1 ; mon_wage(t+2) = 2 ; year99 = ; year00 =
17 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 103 [Figure 1] Trends in the Ratio of OJT Recipients During the Sample Period training Note: Estimates from Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (KLIPS). n_grant,, 0 (0.14). 11%, 2. [Figure 1].,,.. 가. 훈련참여결정식 (participation equation) 의추정 1) 프로빗모형결과 <Table 7>. ( (1) ),
18 104 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ <Table 7> Estimates of Participation Equation Using a Probit Model Dependent Variable = training: training = 1 for participation Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 n_grant 0.473*** 0.544*** * ** (0.153) (0.155) (0.208) (0.233) (0.235) (0.242) (0.244) age *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.002) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) gender *** 0.209*** 0.211*** 0.239*** 0.233*** 0.263*** (0.030) (0.053) (0.053) (0.054) (0.054) (0.055) edu (0.004) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) married *** 0.321*** 0.320*** 0.315*** 0.323*** 0.317*** (0.036) (0.063) (0.063) (0.064) (0.063) (0.064) firm_size *** * * (0.016) (1.059) (1.074) (1.062) (1.077) firm_size * 0.931** 0.863* 0.921** (0.460) (0.465) (0.461) (0.466) firm_size ** ** ** ** (0.080) (0.081) (0.080) (0.081) firm_size ** 0.011** 0.010** 0.011** (0.005) (0.005) (0.005) (0.005) unemp *** *** (0.032) (0.032) manufact (0.054) (0.055) mining * * (0.072) (0.073) Constant *** *** *** (0.027) (0.077) (0.171) (0.811) (0.835) (0.814) (0.838) #Obs Note: Standard errors in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 ( (2) )., 1%p 9%p. 1%. 1.2%p ( (3) ),
19 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 105. (4),. 13),.,.,.,.,,, (Lee[2008] )... (1,2..,10) (imputation) n_grant.,, (net grant)..,, n_grant.,,. 13) firm_size, 4.
20 106 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ,.,,.. 2) 고정효과로짓모형결과 <Table 8> (fixed effect).,,. <Table 8> (logit model) 1, 2,.,. (variation). 1, 2 n_grant., 1%p 5.4%p 18%p..,. 나. 임금효과의추정 1) 임금성장률방정식의추정 <Table 9>, (training ).,
21 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 107 <Table 8> Estimates of Participation Equation Using a Fixed-Effect Logit Model Dependent Variable = training: training = 1 for participation Variables fixed effect model random effect model Model 1 Model2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8 n_grant 1.850*** 1.186*** 1.643*** 1.810*** 1.822*** 0.988* 0.988* (0.446) (0.453) (0.370) (0.368) (0.366) (0.516) (0.516) (0.521) age *** *** *** *** *** (0.004) (0.005) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) gender *** 0.375*** 0.458*** 0.458*** 0.529*** (0.094) (0.094) (0.126) (0.126) (0.129) edu (0.012) (0.017) (0.017) (0.017) married *** 0.631*** 0.631*** 0.625*** (0.102) (0.146) (0.146) (0.148) firm_size * * * (2.562) (2.562) (2.590) firm_size ** 2.289** 2.386** (1.105) (1.105) (1.117) firm_size ** ** ** (0.190) (0.190) (0.192) firm_size ** 0.027** 0.028** (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) unemp *** *** (0.050) (0.071) Constant *** *** *** (0.098) (0.183) (0.234) (1.972) (1.972) (2.015) #Obs Note: Standard errors in parentheses. * means statistical significance at 10%, ** at 5%, and *** at 1%. net_grant=net Grant; firm_size=size of Firms; Industry Group (manu) represents manufacturing; Industry Group (mining) includes mining, construction, transportation/warehousing/ telecommunications; Industry Group I (others) includes all industries other than manufacturing, mining, construction and transportation/ warehousing/ telecommunications., 5.7% 1.9%.. <Table 9> dln(wage).,..
22 108 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ <Table 9> Effects of Training on Wages Dependent Variable: Wage Growth Rate = dln(wage) Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 training 0.057*** 0.043*** 0.030** 0.031** (0.009) (0.009) (0.014) (0.014) (0.014) (0.014) age *** (0.002) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004) age * (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) gender (0.006) (0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.010) edu (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) married ** (0.008) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013) firm_size ** 0.393*** 0.368** 0.372** (0.003) (0.151) (0.150) (0.150) firm_size ** ** ** (0.068) (0.068) (0.068) firm_size ** 0.027** 0.027** (0.012) (0.012) (0.012) firm_size ** ** ** (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) unemp *** *** (0.005) (0.005) manufact (0.011) mining (0.014) Constant 0.104*** 0.363*** 0.252*** (0.003) (0.041) (0.069) (0.127) (0.128) (0.128) #Obs R Note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1; First Difference OLS estimation. (Oi[1999]), firm_size, 4.,
23 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 109,. ( unemp )..,., ( : Altonji and Spletzer[1991]). 2) 고정효과모형을이용한임금효과추정 <Table 10> <Table 9>,., (fixed effect) (differencing).,. (within-variation)...,.. 3) 장기임금효과추정결과 2
24 110 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ <Table 10> Effects of Training on Wages Using a Fixed-Effect Model; Dependent Variable: log of Wages = ln(wages) Variable Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 training 0.057*** 0.017** * (0.009) (0.008) (0.014) (0.014) (0.014) (0.014) (0.008) age *** 0.150*** 0.150*** 0.144*** 0.144*** 0.131*** (0.005) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) (0.006) age *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) edu (0.002) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.002) married *** 0.055* 0.056* 0.056* 0.053* 0.046*** (0.016) (0.032) (0.032) (0.032) (0.032) (0.016) firm_size (0.005) (0.194) (0.194) (0.194) firm_size (0.085) (0.085) (0.085) firm_size (0.015) (0.015) (0.015) firm_size (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) unemp *** *** *** (0.007) (0.007) (0.003) manufact * (0.029) (0.013) mining (0.036) (0.017) Constant 4.971*** 1.429*** 1.177*** 0.897*** 1.207*** 1.173*** 1.761*** (0.002) (0.109) (0.216) (0.259) (0.281) (0.281) (0.124) #Obs R #Indivisuals Note: Standard errors in parentheses; fixed effect estimation. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1.,. <Table 11>., (specification), 1.
25 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 111 <Table 11> Effects of Training on Wages Dependent Variable = dln(wage2) Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 training 0.070*** 0.050*** (0.010) (0.010) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016) age *** *** *** *** (0.000) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.004) age (0.000) gender ** 0.028** 0.028** 0.032*** 0.031** (0.007) (0.012) (0.012) (0.012) (0.012) edu (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) married * (0.008) (0.014) (0.014) (0.014) (0.016) firm_size *** (0.003) (0.176) (0.176) (0.176) firm_size (0.079) (0.079) (0.079) firm_size (0.014) (0.014) (0.014) firm_size (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) manufact (0.012) (0.012) mining * * (0.016) (0.016) Constant 0.150*** 0.419*** 0.353*** (0.004) (0.017) (0.034) (0.129) (0.129) (0.149) #Obs R Note: Standard errors in parentheses. * means it is statistically significant at 10%, ** at 5%, and *** at 1%. Standard errors in parentheses; First-Difference OLS estimation. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. dln(wage)..
26 112 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ 3. 강건성점검 (Robustness Check) 1: 기업규모제약을가한표본이용 가. 기초통계량., ,,. 1,670. ( 2 ) <Table 12>. 14) 2 11%. 11.6%. <Table 12>, <Table 6>. 나. 훈련참여식의추정 <Table 13>,,. 14) (quasi-experimental approach)., (event).,.,, ,, ( ).
27 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 113 <Table 12> Descriptive Statistics-Sample 2 Variables N Average Std. Err. Minimum Maximum age gender edu married firm_size (log) unemp. (%) manufact mining others training= n_grant ln(wage) dln(wage) dln(wage2) indus mon_wage(t-1) mon_wage(t+1) mon_wage(t+2) year year year year year year year ) 15), 1%p 0.4%p 7.8%p,.
28 114 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ <Table 13> Participation Equation Estimation Dependent Variable = training: training = 1 for participation Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 FE + n_grant (0.232) (0.239) (0.243) (0.267) (0.269) (0.957) age *** *** *** *** ---- (0.006) (0.006) (0.006) (0.006) gender (0.100) (0.101) (0.101) (0.102) edu (0.014) (0.014) (0.014) (0.014) married *** 0.563*** 0.566*** 0.549*** ---- (0.125) (0.125) (0.125) (0.126) firm_size (1.493) (1.511) firm_size (0.361) (0.366) firm_size (0.024) (0.025) firm_size ** (0.065) unemp *** ---- (0.064) Constant *** ** * (0.067) (0.256) (0.466) (7.319) (7.405) #Obs Note: Standard errors in parentheses; Probit MLE estimation. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 +: FE = Fixed Effect Logit Model 다. 임금효과의추정 (Table 14 ).,,
29 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 115 <Table 14> Effect of Training on Wages Variables Dependent Variable = dln(wage) Difference Model Fixed-Effect Model Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8 training ** 0.049* (0.032) (0.030) (0.030) (0.030) (0.026) (0.026) (0.026) (0.026) age *** 0.054*** 0.054*** (0.005) (0.006) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) age (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) gender (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.018) (0.018) (0.018) edu (0.008) (0.008) (0.008) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) married * 0.090* 0.090* (0.053) (0.053) (0.053) (0.025) (0.025) (0.025) firm_size (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) firm_size (0.300) (0.300) (0.265) (0.265) firm_size (0.073) (0.073) (0.064) (0.064) firm_size (0.005) (0.005) (0.004) (0.004) unemp ** ** (0.014) (0.009) (0.009) manufact (0.018) mining (0.024) Const *** 2.976*** 4.979*** 4.943*** 0.120*** 0.349*** (0.007) (0.222) (1.470) (1.493) (0.009) (0.128) (1.300) (1.303) #Obs R #pid Note: Standard errors in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
30 116 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ 4. 강건성점검 2: 도구변수를이용한추정, (instrumental variable)., (endogeneity), (net grant). (net_grant). 16) (regression discontinuity model),., (+),,,.. Ⅳ. 결론및논의사항. 1~ 10. 3~4, (t-1), (t) (t+1)..,,.. 16), exact identification, over-identification test.
31 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 117, (stylized fact).,.,,.,.,.,,,.,,,,.,,.,, -.,.,., -., -
32 118 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ,.,. (regression discontinuity) 100%, (net_grant).,,.
33 재직자직업훈련관련공적재정의구조와성과 : 효과분석 119 참고문헌 Kang, Changhui and Gyeongjoon Yoo, Impact of the Korean Government s Policy for Employee Training Promotion on Firms' Investments in Training, Journal of Korean Economic Analysis, Vol. 15, No. 3, Dec. 2009, pp.209~254. (in Korean) Kim, Dong-Bae, Determinants of Employee Formal Training, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2000, pp.119~134. (in Korean) Kim, Ahn-Kook, The Analysis of Productivity Effects of In-Firm Education and Training in Korea, KYONG JE HAK YON GU, Vol. 50, No. 3, 2002, pp.341~367. (in Korean) Kim, Ahn-Kook, The Determinants of Corporate Training in Korea Market Failure and State Intervention, Korean Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2008, pp.105~133. (in Korean) Ryu, Jang-Soo, The Size and Determinant Factors of Education Training Investment in Korean Manufacturing Firms, KYONG JE HAK YON GU, Vol. 45, No. 4, 1997, pp.227~249. (in Korean). Yoo, Gyeongjoon and Chulin Lee, The Estimation of the Effectiveness of Vocational Training for the Unemployed, Korean Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2008, pp.59~103. (in Korean).,,, 2002.,,,, 2009.,,,, Acemoglu, D. and J. S. Pischke, Why Do Firms Train? Theory and Evidence, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 113, No. 1, Feb. 1998, pp.79~119. Altonji, J. and J. Spletzer, Worker Characteristics, Job Characteristics, and the Receipt of On-the-job Training, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 45, 1991, pp.58~79. Becker, G. S., Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, Columbia University Press (for NBER), New York, Ben-Porath, Y., The Production of Human Capital and the Life-Cycle of Earnings, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 75, 1967, pp.352~365. Brown, C. and J. Medoff, The Employer Size-Wage Effect, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 97, No. 5, 1989, pp.1027~1059.
34 120 韓國開發硏究 / Ⅲ Chamberlain, G., Analysis of Covariance with Qualitative Data, Review of Economic Studies 47, 1980, pp.225~238. Heckman, J., A Life-cycle Model of Earnings, Learning, and Consumption, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 84, Part 2, 1976, pp.s11~s44., Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error, Econometrica, Vol. 47, 1979, pp.153~161., Program Evaluation, The Economics and Econometrics of Active Labor Market Programs, Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 3, 1999, pp.1865~2097. Heckman J. and J. A. Smith, Evaluating the Welfare State, NBER Working Paper No. W6542, Heckman, J. and E. Vytlacil, Structural Equations, Treatment Effects, and Econometric Policy Evaluation, NBER Working Paper No. T0306, 2005., Econometric Evaluation of Social Programs, in J. Heckman and E. Leamer (ed.), Handbook of Econometrics, North-Holland, 2007a., Evaluating Marginal Policy Changes and the Average Effect of Treatment for Individuals at the Margin, Unpublished manuscript, Columbia University, 2007b. Heckman, J., E. Vytlacil, and S. Urzua, Understanding Instrumental Variables in Models with Essential Heterogeneity, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol, 88, No. 3, Incer, J., Schooling, Experience and Earnings, Columbia University Press (for NBER), New York, Lee, C.-I., On-the-job Human Capital Investment and Intertemporal Substitution: New Evidence on Intertemporal Substitution Elasticity, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 32, No. 10, 2008, pp.3350~3375. Mincer, J., Schooling, Experience and Earnings, Columbia University Press for National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, Oi, W. Y., Firm Size and Wages, O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (ed.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 3C, Stevens, M., A Theretical Model of On-the-job Training with Imperfect Competition, Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 46, 1994, pp.537~562.
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* 1)., Heckman Selection. 50.,. 1990 40, -. I.,., (the young old) (active aging). 1/3. 55 60 70.,. 2001 55 64 55%, 60%,,. 65 75%. 55 64 25%, 32% , 65 55%, 53% (, 2001)... 1998, 8% 41.5% ( 1998). 2002 7.8%
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상대적임금과효용 정세은 1) 본연구에서는한국노동패널자료를이용하여상대적임금이개인의효용 ( 행복지수, 직업 / 삶만족도 ) 에어떠한영향을끼치는지실증적으로분석한다. 노동패널자료에서행복지수, 삶만족도, 그리고직무만족도를 Likert Scale에따라수집하는데이는경제학에서의효용에대한근사치로사용될수있다는점에서의미를갖는다. 상대적임금은개인이자신의소득을비교하는집단의평균임금으로계산이될수있다.
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WHO 의새로운국제장애분류 (ICF) 에대한이해와기능적장애개념의필요성 ( 황수경 ) ꌙ 127 노동정책연구 제 4 권제 2 호 pp.127~148 c 한국노동연구원 WHO 의새로운국제장애분류 (ICF) 에대한이해와기능적장애개념의필요성황수경 *, (disabi
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Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education
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The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:3~20 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/27, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] This study aims to comprehensively analyze
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http://www.kbc.go.kr/pds/2.html Abstract Exploring the Relationship Between the Traditional Media Use and the Internet Use Mee-Eun Kang This study examines the relationship between
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Effects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting Jong-Hwa Lee, Seok-Jin Kim, & Seon-Jin Kim* Seoul National University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results]
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The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing
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A Spatial Location Analysis of the First Shops of Foodservice Franchise in Seoul Metropolitan City Younghee Lee* 1 1 (R) 0 16 1 15 64 1 Abstract The foodservice franchise is preferred by the founders who
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일본 기혼여성의 취업 및 취업형태 결정요인 성 혜 영 (국민연금연구원) 본 연구의 목적은 일본 기혼여성의 취업실태를 고찰하고 취업 여부에 영향을 미치는 요인과 상시 또는 파트타임과 같은 취업형태를 결정하는 요인을 일본 내 전국 수준의 조사 데이터를 활용해 실증적으로 검토해 보는데 있다. 일본 기혼여성취업의 특징은 파트타임 취업 비율이 특히 높다는 것이며 이에
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에너지경제연구제 16 권제 1 호 Korean Energy Economic Review Volume 16, Number 1, March 2017 : pp. 163~190 학술 시변파라미터일반화해밀턴 -plucking 모형을이용한전력소비의선제적경기국면판단활용연구 * 163 164 165 166 ~ 167 ln 168 [ 그림 1] 제조업전력판매량 (a) 로그변환
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2008.8.13. (제667호) 대한민국경제 60년의 大 長 程 목차 Ⅰ. 대한민국경제 60년의 성과 Ⅱ. 대한민국경제의 여건과 제도 Ⅲ. 대한민국경제의 정책 선택 Ⅳ. 한국경제의 당면과제 작성 : 전영재 수석연구원(3780-8357) serijyj@seri.org 황인성, 김득갑, 장성원, 한창수, 전효찬, 강성원, 임수호, 손민중 감수 : 권순우 수석연구원(3780-8071)
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Study on the Improvement of Management System through Analysis of golf semi- market: Focus on Physical Education Facility Act Ji-Myung Jung 1, Ju-Ho Park 2 *, & Youngdae Lee 3 1 Korea Institute of Sport
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