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1 1) 주저자 표준과표준화표준화연구연구제 2 권제 1 호, 2012, 00~00 표준과표준화연구제 2 권제 1 호, 2012, 46~51 원자현미경을이용한나노구조체의각도측정방법및조건 1) 조상준, 안병운, 김준휘, 정상한 2) ( 주 ) 파크시스템스 (2012 년 5 월 16 일접수, 2012 년 6 월 18 일채택 ) Angle Measurement Methods and Conditions Using AFM Cho, Sang-Joon, Ahn, Byung-Woon, Kim, Joonhui, Chung, Sang Han Park Systems Corp, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology (Received May 16, 2012; Accepted June 18, 2012) ABSTRACT Invention of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) has provided a powerful measurement capability for sub-nano scale science and technology. Since invention, AFM has been significantly improved, and numerous innovative mechanisms and measuring modes have been developed. As the progress of miniaturization in patterns and photoresist structures in semiconductor, microelectronics, and glass industry, along with the fast advance of the extremely versatile nanotechnology applications, in a great number of industrial processes calls for reliable and comparable quantitative dimensional measurements in the micro- and submicrometer range. To make matters worse, there has been an increasing demand for measuring characteristics of sidewalls like line edge and line width roughness, wave pattern of sidewalls and angles of overhang features. Realizing that currently available CD-AFM or CD-SEM techniques do not satisfy this demand, new measurement standards are required for angles of micro- and nano-structures. In spite of the many capabilities of AFM, quite a few conditions have to be considered to measure critical dimensions (CD) quantitatively with repeatability and reproducibility. Piezo hysteresis, drift, tip shape and consistency, scanner orthogonality and other things are included in the conditions. The requirements and process to measure critical angle of nano- and micro-structure using AFM will be described in this paper. Keywords : Atomic force microscope, Angle Measurement, Nano Metrology, Crosstalk Elimination ( msjcho@parkafm.co.kr) 1) 본연구는표준기술력향상사업 2012 년결과논문임. 46 제 2 권제 1 호

2 원자현미경을이용한나노구조체의각도측정방법및조건 1. 서론 현재반도체산업은회로선폭 45 nm 대의공정에서점차적으로회로선폭 30 nm 대의공정으로진입하고있으며이에따라수 nm 의공간분해능을갖으면서 0.2 nm 이하의재현성및정밀도를갖는원자현미경의보급이요구되고있다. 현재원자현미경의측정재현성및반복성, 피에조구조물의이력현상 (hysteresis) 에의한에러보정, 느린스캔속도에따른작업량 (throughput) 개선등이고성능의장비와측정기술및분석기술을가능하게하기위해해결해야하는숙제로남아있으며표면간의각도를측정하는데에도이와같이고려해야할조건들이있다. 원자현미경의팁과표면간의 90 도의수직각도유지는정밀한나노메트롤로지분야에서올바른계측과대상물질은정확한 3D 형상을구축하는데필수적인요소이다. 하지만완벽한 90 도수직각도의구현은불가능하기때문에어느정도틀어져있는지각도를측정할수있는방법이필요하며그중한가지가각도측정을위한표준시편 (Critical Reference Material: CRM) 을사용하는것이다. 또한일정한구조물을좌와우로주사 (Scan) 을하여이미지비교를통해서도계산을통한원자현미경팁의표면에대한각도측정이가능하다. 또한위의방법에의한각도측정방식의정확도는사용자가원하는나노계측의오차범위에따른허용각도기준을정하는데필요하다. 그리고나노계측의허용오차범위에따라원자현미경탐침의각도뿐아니라탐침의모양과각도에의한탐침과시료와의만나는접촉점변동등도정밀한나노계측을위해서는고려해야한다. 원자현미경팁과표면간의각도측정평가방법을확립은나노계측 (Nano Metrology) 뿐아니라 nanolithography 와 nanoimprinting 등다양한산업적응용분야에영향을미친다. 2. Critical Angle Measurement 를위한기본적인조건분석 Fig 1. Critical Angle Measurement of θ 와 AFM 을이용한나노구조물의각도를측정하는예. 각도 θ를측정하기위해서는정확한 X 길이와 Z 높이를측정해야한다. 이를위해서는기본적으로 XY- 스캐너의움직임이편평해야만한다는전제조건이필요하며기존의튜브스캐너 (Tube scanner) Journal of Standards and Standardization 47

3 표준과표준화연구 는피할수없는동작에러 (Background Curvature) 가있어각도측정에적합하지않다. 또한 XY- 스캐너와 Z Scanner 의움직임간에간섭효과가없어야한다. 기존의 Tube scanner 의대부분은 XY scanner 와 Z scanner 가붙어있어간섭효과가크고분석상에서간섭효과를분리한다는것이불가능에가깝기때문에 XY 와 Z scanner 는분리가되어야한다. 이런기본적인조건이충족된다면 θ =arctan(z/x) 로계산이가능하다. 3. 원자현미경의 Critical Angle Measurement 를저해하는추가적인조건분석 3.1 원자현미경팁의 Half Cone Angle 첫번째로원자현미경을이용한각도측정에있어서그림 2와같이원자현미경팁의모양특히 Half Cone Angle 로인해최대측정가능각도가결정된다. Half cone angle 보다급한경사를가진시료는각도측정에팁에의한에러가생기기때문에샘플에맞는캔틸레버를선택해야한다. 만일수직에가까운 sidewall 을측정할경우팁의 half cone angle 때문에정확한각도를알수가없다. 이럴경우에는샘플을기울이거나팁을기우려각도를측정해야한다. Fig 2. 다양한 Half cone angle 을갖는캔틸레버의예. 3.2 Z 드리프트 (Drift) 와샘플기울기보정 (Flattening of Sample Tilting) 두번째와세번째로 Z Drift 와시료가기울어져있어생기는에러를보정해야한다. 그림 3a 와같이원자현미경으로측정할때많은경우온도와속도그리고 Z piezo 재료의안정화에이를때까지생기는에러등에의해 Drift 가생기며이는측정결과가실제샘플과는다르게측정되는현상을만들어낸다. 그리고원자현미경의주사방식에서 Drift 는시간과직접적인상관관계가있으므로 X 방향 (Fast scan 방향 ) 에서는잘나타나지않지만 Y 방향 (Slow scan 방향 ) 에서는많이나타난다. Z Drift 는그림. 3b 와같이기존의프로젝션방식의 flattening 방법을사용하면손쉽게제거할수있다. 하지만실제로시료가기울어져나타난현상은 Drift 에의해기울어지게나타나는현상과구별하 48 제 2 권제 1 호

4 원자현미경을이용한나노구조체의각도측정방법및조건 기가어려워단순히 flattening 방법만을적용하면무시할수없는에러가생긴다. 그래서 flattening 은 Z drift 가측정에영향을미치는 Y 방향 (Slow scan direction) 으로만해주고기울어져생기는에러는그림 3c. 의우측그림과같이 flatten 을해주어야만한다. a b c Fig 3. Z Drift 혹은샘플기울기에의한 data error 를보정하는방법. 3.3 Z scanner 와 XY scanner 사이의완벽한직교성의부재 (Un-orthogonality) 네번째로 Z scanner 와 XY scanner 사이의완벽한직교성의부재 (Un-orthogonality) 를교정해주어야한다.( 그림 4) 기본조건중하나인 Y-Scanner 와 Z Scanner 의움직임간에간섭효과를없애기위하여 XY 와 Z scanner 를분리했을경우디자인에러나조립에러 ( 주원인 ) 에의하여두 scanner 의움직임이정확히수직이되지않을수있다. 샘플이작은경우이영향은거의눈에띄지않지만구조물의크기가큰경우에는이런효과가커진다. Fig3 와같이 Z-scanner 가움직인다면, X방향으로각도 θ에따라다음과같은길이만큼의 Error 가발생한다. (Xerror = Zideal * tan θ) 그러므로시료를 180 도돌려서 scan 을한다면에러의방향이다르게되어찍은형상이다르게나타나기때문에직교성에서비틀어져서생긴오차를분명히알수있다. Fig 4. 직교성이없는스캐너의움직임에의하여생기는에러. Journal of Standards and Standardization 49

5 표준과표준화연구 그림 5는실제형상 (real feature) 이기울어진 Z-scanner 로측정함에따라샘플을 0도와 180 도돌려서찍었을때측정한이미지 (Displayed image) 가어떻게틀리게나타나는지보여주고있다. 이를이용하여 0도와 180 도를돌려서찍었을때측정한이미지를평균을내면실제샘플의형상을나타낼수있다. Fig 5. 좌측은 0 도에서우측은같은샘플을 180 도회전해서측정한사진임. 아래의그림은 0 도와 180 도로회전시켜측정한값 A 와 B 를평균하여측정값 C 를도출하였으며 C 가실제측정대상의프로파일과일치함을보여주고있다. 이를이용하여측정한각도값의보정을할수있으며그밖에샘플에대한정보가없는상태에서 Un-orthogonality θ를계산하지않고 0도와 180 도에서측정한데이터를바탕으로차이가나는 X축의좌표의평균값으로실제형상을재현하여실제형상의 angle 값을알수있다. 50 제 2 권제 1 호

6 원자현미경을이용한나노구조체의각도측정방법및조건 4. 결론 원자현미경팁과표면간의각도측정을위한조건들을분석하여이를바탕으로각도측정에대한실험을진행하여분석하였다. 아직까지원자현미경기술이연구실수준에서는빠르게발전하고있지만실제산업계에서의응용수준은미비한수준이다. 이를극복하기위해서는각응용분야에서의원자현미경기술의제약점을분석하여산업계에서원하는수준의정량적인측정이가능하도록측정방법을고안및표준화해야한다. 사사 본연구는지식경제부표준기술력향상사업 ( 프로젝트번호 B ) 의지원을받았음을밝힌다. 참고문헌 1. G. Binning, C. Quate, and C. Gerber, Scanning near-field optic/atomic-force microscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 930 (1986). 2. G. Meyer and N. M. Amer, Identification of electrostatic and van der Waals interaction forces between a micrometer-size sphere and a flat substrate, Appl. Phys. Lett. 53, 2400 (1988). 3. S.-J. Cho, B.-W. Ahn, J. Kim, J.-M. Lee, Y. Hua, Y. Yoo, S.-I. Park, Three-dimensional imaging of undercut and sidewall structures by atomic force microscopy Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, (2011). Journal of Standards and Standardization 51

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