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1 한국자원공학회지 J. Korean Soc. Miner. Energy Resour. Eng. Vol. 52, No. 5 (2015) pp , ISSN (print) ISSN (online) 총 설 기계식암반굴착기술 - TBM 과로드헤더를위주로 1) * A Consideration for Mechanical Rock Excavation Focusing on TBM and Roadheader Soo-Ho Chang* (Received 29 October 2015; Final version Received 5 November 2015; Accepted 29 October 2015) Abstract : Recently, a variety of cutting-edge mechanical rock excavators have been developed and broadly used in tunnels and mines. However, their key technologies are seldom open to the third parties. So this study aims to summarize the classification and the design concepts for TBMs and roadheaders which are representative mechanical rock excavators. In addition, the classification methodology and the key design parameters of rock cutting tools governing constructability and economics of rock excavation works are introduced. Finally, the use of simulators to train professional operators is also suggested. Key words : Mechanical excavator, Rock, TBM, Roadheader, Cutting tool 요약 : 최근들어암반굴착을위한다양한첨단굴착장비들이개발되어터널및광산에서널리활용되고있다. 그러나기계식굴착장비들의핵심기술이좀처럼공개되지않는상황으로서, 암반굴착을위한기계식굴착장비들의이해도를높이고자대표적인기계식굴착장비인 TBM과로드헤더의분류방법과설계개념을정리하였다. 이와더불어, 기계굴착의시공성과경제성을좌우하는굴착도구들의분류와설계인자들에대해서도소개하였다. 또한기계식굴착장비의전문인력양성을위한시뮬레이터들의활용방안에대해서도정리하였다. 주요어 : 기계식굴착기, 암반, TBM, 로드헤더, 굴착도구 서 전통적으로암반굴착공법은화약을사용하는천공 - 발파법 (drill-and-blast method) 가대표적이었으며, 현재도암반굴착공법으로서가장큰비중을차지한다고할수있다. 그러나굴착시공의효율화 고속화와더불어굴착작업으로인한각종환경피해나민원을저감하기위한목적으로기계식암반굴착장비들의활용이점차증대하고있다. 전단면굴착기인 TBM(Tunnel Boring Machine) 과부분단면굴착기인로드헤더 (roadheader) 뿐만아니라, 다양한굴착장비들이광업및건설분야에서널리활용되고있다. 특히, 굴착장비만보자면컨티뉴어스마이너 (continuous miner), 드래그라인 (dragline), 롱월마이너 (longwall miner) 등이사용되고있는광업분야가건설분야보다기계굴착장비의활용이더욱활발하다고할수있다. 론 1) 한국건설기술연구원지반연구소연구위원 *Corresponding Author( ) ; sooho@kict.re.kr Address; Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Korea 그러나기계식굴착장비들은규격화된일반시공장비와는달리, 굴착조건에최적화되도록설계 제작되는주문자제작방식 (taylor-made) 의장비로서장비의기종선정, 설계및제작의모든과정에서심도있는검토가필요하다. 하지만기계식굴착장비의설계 제작기술을일부국가에서비공개에서보유 활용하고있는관계로, 기계식굴착장비에대한이해도가부족할경우에최적활용을기대하기어렵다. 더욱이, 모든기계식굴착장비에는암반과토사를굴착하기위한소모성굴착도구들이사용되는데, 계획및설계단계에서굴착도구들의소요량과그에따른비용을추정하는것도쉽지않다. 따라서기계식굴착장비들에대한독자적인기술확보가무엇보다시급하며, 기계식자동화장비라할지라도장비운용에대한충분한경험과숙련도역시중요하다. 이에본논문에서는기계식암반굴착장비들에대한기술적이해도를높이는데도움이되고자, 굴착장비들가운데가장대표적인 TBM 과로드헤더의개념과설계방법들을정리하였다. 이와더불어대표적인암반굴착도구인디스크커터 (disc cutter) 와픽커터 (pick cutter) 의설계개념을 531
2 532 함께정리하였다. 기계식암반굴착장비의분류 기계식암반굴착장비는크게 TBM 으로대표되는전단면굴착기 (full-face excavation machine) 과로드헤더등의부분단면굴착기 (partial-face excavation machine) 으로구분된다. TBM 과같은전단면암반굴착기는암반굴착도구인디스크커터가장착된커터헤드 (cutterhead) 의회전에의해서암반을굴착한다. 토사지반의경우에는사각단면과같은비원형커터헤드가장착된 TBM 이일부사용되는경우도있으나, 거의대부분의 TBM 은원형단면의터널을전단면으로굴착하는데사용된다고보는것이맞다. 반면, 부분단면굴착기는무한궤도나바퀴가장착되어자주식 ( 自走式 ) 으로이동이가능한장비에이동이가능한붐 ( 예 : telescopic boom) 에장착된커팅헤드 (cutting head) 에의해암반을굴착하는장비이다. 또한부분단면굴착기는말그대로암반을전단면이아니라부분적으로굴착하기때문에, TBM 과달리굴착대상터널이나갱도의형상에좌우되지않는다는특징을가지고있다. 부분단면굴착기의커팅헤드에는 TBM 의디스크커터와는상이한특징을가지는 픽커터를굴착도구로사용한다는점을또다른특징으로들수있다. 이상과같은전단면굴착기와부분단면굴착기의특징을비교하면다음의 Table 1 과같다. TBM 의경우에는연약지반부터경암반까지의굴착이가능한반면, 부분단면굴착기는연암 보통암정도의굴착에일반적으로사용된다는점이큰차이점이다. 반면, 앞서기술한바와같이부분단면굴착기는장비의이동성, 유연성, 교체용이성등에있어서상대적으로유리하다는장점을가지고있다. 이러한기계식암반굴착장비들의장단점을일반적인천공 - 발파법과비교하면 Table 2 와같다. Table 2 에서보는바와같이기계식암반굴착장비들은친환경성, 시공속도, 시공연속성, 지반교란의최소화등에있어서는장점을가지고있으나, 고가의장비도입으로인한초기투자비, 작업조건에대한대응성, 경암및마모성암반의굴착성능등에있어서는천공 - 발파법대비불리한점들을가지고있다. 따라서이와같은다양한조건들을고려하여현장여건에적합한굴착공법을선정하는것이가장중요하다고할수있다. Tatiya(2013) 는이상과같은대표적인암반굴착공법인 TBM, 로드헤더및천공 - 발파법에대해굴착대상터널 / 갱도의형상, 암반특성, 시공조건, 굴착성능및시공비용별로 Table 1. General comparison of full-face and partial-face underground excavation machines (Bilgin et al., 2014) Criterion Full-face machines Partial-face machines Cuttable ground types Mobility Flexibility Selective excavation Very hard rock to soft ground, up to very abrasive rocks Since they are very large and heavy machines, they are not mobile. It is very difficult or impossible to move these machines from one face to another They are not flexible: cannot excavate sharp turns, can excavate only circular cross-section shape, not easily adaptable to a working mine design They are not suitable Medium strength to soft rocks, no or low abrasive rocks Since they are small machines, they are mobile. It is easy to move these machines from one face to another They are flexible: can excavate sharp turns, can excavate any cross-section shapes, easily adaptable to a working mine They are suitable Table 2. Pros and cons of mechanical excavation machines over drill-and-blast method (Bilgin et al., 2014; Ozdemir, 1998; Ozdemir, 1990) Pros Safer and more environment-friendly operation Minimum ground disturbance Uniform muck size Selective mining/excavation capability Continuous operation Higher production/excavation rates in favorable ground conditions Cons Higher initial/capital cost Lesser flexibility on working conditions Very sensitive to ground conditions Limited opening cross-section shapes Difficult adoptability to a working mine design Lack of mobility with some underground machines Inability to cut very hard and very abrasive rock 한국자원공학회지
3 기계식암반굴착기술 - TBM 과로드헤더를위주로 533 각각의특징을 Table 3 과같이비교분석하였다. 한편국제터널협회 (ITA) 에서는 Fig. 1 과같이굴착면, 커팅헤드, 반력및 TBM 종류에따라터널굴착기를분류하고 각각에대한적용가능지반조건을제시하였다 (ITA, 2000). 그러나이분류법은로드헤더와같은부분단면굴착기보다는 TBM 에중점을둔것으로서기계굴착장비를선정하기 Table 3. Comparison of different techniques of tunnelling (Tatiya, 2013) Parameters Drill-and-blast TBM Roadheader Configuration Size Any 1.75~11 m dia. in civil Boom height governs it, but 1.75~8 m dia. in mining it can be any height Shape Any Any Arch and rectangular Length Shorter length up to 3 km Lengths more than 3 km Up to 3 km; longer can be tried Gradient Not exceeding 18 Not exceeding 6 Not exceeding 6 Turing radius Any 30~60 30~60 Rock strength Up to 70 MPa by light duty Uniaxial compressive strength & 150 MPa by heavy duty; Any Up to 220 MPa (UCS) beyond that performance not guaranteed RQD All ranges Not good if it is between 25~45% Good for all RQD Geological conditions Running ground Not suitable unless pre-grouted Specially designed machines Not suitable Squeezing ground Some difficulty Some difficulty Some difficulty Boulder and glacial till Drilling difficult Difficult for boulders but okay Boulders not that difficult; till for till okay Faults Precautions required, ground need to be supported but excavation not difficult Faults difficult to handle; beyond 10 m wide faults can not be handled Medium difficulty Operational details Air blasts and slaps Yes; by delay blasting can be None reduced None Dust generation Very dusty after blasting Very much Some dust Noise level high due to drill-and-blast Not that much Medium level Multi drift excavation Possible Not possible Not usually used Partial face excavation Possible Not possible Possible Working schedule Cyclic Continuous Continuous Muck removal Versatility Flexible using track or trackless Maximum mobility Conveyor belt discharge into rails or trucks Practically confined to circular cross-section Collecting arms and conveyor belt discharge into rails or trucks Face is accessible/ Without significant shut down support work can be done Performance & Costs Progress rate 5~40 m/week Faster (50~200 m/week) About 15~90/week Equipment utilization 35%; Higher in multiple faces 40% 60% Initial cost Not high Very high Medium (0.15~0.3 times TBM) Lead time Very less 3~18 months to get a TBM Not more than 3~6 months Renting option Usually not Usually not Usually rented, if small 제 52 권제 5 호
4 534 위한일반적인활용이어렵다고할수있다. 따라서쉴드 (shield) 의유무, 굴진면및굴착면에대한지보방법, 반력을얻는방법, 굴진면안정화방법, 전단면또는부분단면굴착여부등에대한다양한인자들을고려하여기계굴착장비들을분류하는것이필요하다고하겠다. 이러한측면에서세계각국의분류기준을토대로하여제시된국내기계화시공법분류기준 (KTA, 2001) 이개념과적용에있어서보다합리적이고체계적이라고할수있다 (Fig. 2). 이상과같은국내기계화시공법분류기준에사용된주요고려인자들을설명하면다음과같다 : 쉴드의유무 : 쉴드가없는경우는 Open(Gripper) TBM 과메인빔 (main beam) TBM 으로구분하고, 쉴드가있는경우는쉴드 TBM 으로분류한다. 쉴드가있는경우는대부분세그먼트를조립하므로반력을얻는방법과도밀접하게연관이있다. 지보방법 : 터널굴착중터널의주면및굴진면을대상으로하는지보방법을말한다. 터널주면에대한지보방법은무지보또는쉴드에의한지보로구분하며, 굴진면에대한지보는뒤이어설명할굴진면의안정화방법과같은의미를갖는다. 반력을얻는방법 : 기계굴착장비를추진하기위한반력 (reaction force) 을얻는방법이다. 로드헤더와같은부분단면굴착기는자중에의한반력을이용하는반면, 쉴드가없는 TBM 은일반적으로유압그리퍼 (gripper) 에의해터널굴착벽면을지지하여굴진을위한반력을얻는다. 쉴드 TBM 은기설치된세그먼트단면에대해유압잭 (hydraulic jack) 을밀어내는힘에의해반력을얻는다. 특수한형식인더블쉴드 (double shield)tbm 에서는그리퍼와세그먼트모두에서반력을얻을수있다. 굴진면안정화방법 : 밀폐형 TBM 은커터헤드부에격벽이있어서굴진면과차단되는형태를말한다. 쉴드가없는 TBM 은모두개방형 (open-type) 이며, 쉴드가있는 TBM 은개방형과밀폐형 (closed-type) 두가지형태로적용할수있다. 일반적인쉴드 TBM 에사용되는토압식 (Earth-Pressure Balanced, EPB) 과이수식 (slurry) 시스템은모두밀폐형으로설계된다. 전단면굴착과부분단면굴착 : 로드헤더, 유압식해머등의붐형굴착장비는부분단면굴착기에해당하며, TBM 은전단면굴착기로분류된다. 다만, TBM 의경우에도커터헤드가없으면부분단면굴착기로분류할수있다. 즉, TBM 전면의개폐여부와커터헤드의유무가중요한분류항목이된다. Fig. 1. Classification of tunnel excavation machines (ITA, 2000). 한국자원공학회지
5 기계식암반굴착기술 - TBM 과로드헤더를위주로 535 Fig. 2. Classification of mechanized tunnelling machines (KTA, 2001). TBM 의종류와설계개념 TBM 의종류과거에는암반굴착에는 Open(Gripper) TBM 그리고토사지반굴착에는쉴드 TBM 이사용되는것으로인식되어왔으나, 현재는 TBM 기술의발전과더불어암반과토사지반이동시에나타나는복합지반에서의시공조건이증가하고있어과거와같이 Open TBM 과쉴드 TBM 으로단순구분하는것이불가능해진상황이다. 순수암반만을굴착할수있는 Open TBM 은앞서살펴본바와같이, 터널주면을지지하고내부작업공간을보호하기위한쉴드가없으며, 굴착벽면에대한그리퍼의지지력으로추진력을얻는다. 또한굴착후터널안정성을확보하기위해쉴드 TBM 에적용되는세그먼트라이닝 (segment lining) 이아닌숏크리트, 록볼트등과같은일반적인터널지보재가활용되는굴착장비이다 (Fig. 3). 반면, 쉴드 TBM 은커터헤드회전및추진에의해지반을굴착하는것은 Open TBM 과동일하나, 주면지지를위한쉴드가포함되어있으며굴진단계에서는추력실린더를이미시공된세그먼트라이닝에지지해반력을얻음으로인해쉴드를전진하는굴착장비이다 (Fig. 4). 또한쉴드 TBM 은경우에따라암반, 토사지반및복합지반을굴착할수있 (a) Phase of advance (b) Repositioning of the gripper assembly Fig. 3. Advance sequence of a open TBM. 제 52 권제 5 호
6 536 (a) Phase of advance (b) Installation of segmental lining Fig. 4. Advance sequence of a shield TBM. 으며, 굴진면의안정성을확보하기위해앞서설명한토압식, 이수식, 혼합식, 개방형등의안정화시스템을채용할수있다. TBM 의굴착도구 TBM 에사용되는굴착도구 (excavation tool 또는 cutting tool) 는크게암반을절삭하기위한디스크커터 ( 또는롤러커터 ) 와토사지반용커터비트로구분할수있으며, 복합지반의경우에는디스크커터와커터비트가동시에사용된다. 암반절삭용디스크커터는경암용 open TBM 뿐만아니라복합지반및암반대응형쉴드 TBM 에서도주된절삭도구로적용되고있다. 특히디스크커터관련기술의발전으로인해 TBM 의굴진성능이더욱향상되고있다. 과거에는암석을갈아내는방식인 tooth cutter 나 button cutter 가사용되었으나, 현재에는암석을절삭하는방식으로서절삭효율이높은디스크커터가일반적으로적용되고있다 (Fig. 5). 특히싱글디스크커터 (single disc cutter) 의개발은현대식 TBM 에서가장혁신적인개선사항중의하나로서, 1956 년캐나다토론토의하수구터널시공에서처음사용된이후로발전을거듭하고있다. 일반적인디스크커터의구조는 Fig. 6 와같으며, 여기서중요한부분은실제로암반을절삭하게되는커터링 (cutter ring) 과디스크커터의최대허용하중을결정하는롤러베어링 (roller bearing) 이다. 또한현재에는직경 17 인치이상의디스크커터도개발 적용됨으로인해 TBM 의큰추력 (thrust) 에도견딜수있게되어 TBM 의굴진효율과굴진속도향상에기여하고있다 (Table 4). 디스크커터는커터헤드에장착되는위치에따라센터커터 (center cutter), 페이스커터 (face cutter) 및게이지커터 (gage cutter) 로분류되며, 절삭효율및에너지효율을극대화하기위하여인접한디스크커터는동시에같은궤적을 Fig. 5. Evolution of rock cutting tools for mechanized rock excavation. 한국자원공학회지
7 기계식암반굴착기술 - TBM 과로드헤더를위주로 537 Fig. 6. Main structure of a disc cutter. 돌지않도록설계된다 (Fig. 7). 토사지반을굴착하는데사용되는커터비트 (cutter bit) 의절삭각 (scoop angle) 과여유각 (clearance angle) 은지반조건에따라주의하여선택되어야한다 (Fig. 8). 일반적으로점토지반의경우에는절삭각과여유각이큰커터비트가사용되며, 반면자갈층의경우에는절삭각과여유각이작은커터비트가사용된다. 커터비트의돌출길이는지반조건, 굴진에따른예상마모도, 굴착율, 커터헤드회전속도, 커터헤드 1 회전당절삭깊이등과같은인자들을고려하여결정해야한다. 또한장대터널의경우에는커터비트의내구성과교환방법을충분히고려하여설계하여야한다. Fig. 7. An example of an array of disc cutters for a open TBM cutterhead (Wittke, 2007). TBM 의커터헤드의형상 TBM 에의한최적의굴착공사를위하여커터헤드는굴착면의안정성을도모함과동시에굴진속도를향상시킬수있는형식으로선정되어야하며, 다음과같은항목들이고려되어야한다. 커터헤드의지지방법 커터헤드의구조 (TBM) 커터헤드의추력 (TBM) 커터헤드의토크 (TBM) 커터헤드의동력 굴착도구 ( 디스크커터, 커터비트등 ) 커터헤드는기본적으로앞쪽외관의형상에따라평탄형, 오목형, 볼록형의세가지로구분된다. 하지만최근들어서는원형단면이아닌특수커터헤드가제한적으로적용되는경우도있다. Fig. 8. Shapes of typical cutter bits (KTA, 2008). Table 4. Examples of maximum allowable cutter loads dependent on cutter diameters Disc cutter diameter Cutter tip width (mm) Cutter allowable load (kn) mm (17 inches) mm (19 inches) 제 52 권제 5 호
8 538 Fig. 9. Dome-type cutterhead for rock excavation (KTA, 2008). Fig. 10. Deep flat-face cutterhead (KTA, 2008). Fig. 11. Flat-face cutterhead (KTA, 2008). (a) Spoke type (b) Flat-plate type Fig. 12. Typical cutterhead structures for soil and mixed-ground excavation (KTA, 2008). 한국자원공학회지
9 기계식암반굴착기술 - TBM 과로드헤더를위주로 539 지반조건이경암또는극경암인경우에는큰추력을가할수있고절삭효과를높일수있도록돔 (dome) 형식의커터헤드단면형상을적용한다 (Fig. 9). 반면지반조건이불리해질수록막장자립을위하여보다편평한형상인심발형 (deep flat face) 이나평판형 (shallow flat face 또는 flat face) 이적용된다 (Fig. 10 및 Fig. 11). 반면, 토사용커터헤드의구조는스포크 (spoke) 형과면판 (face plate) 형의두종류로구분할수있다 (Fig. 12). 스포크형의경우에는커터에발생하는부하가적으며굴착토사의배토가수월하여토압식에적용되는경우가많다. 반면면판형은단면형상으로평판형, 심발형및돔형의적용이모두가능하며일반적으로굴진면의안정성확보에유리하다. 면판형은토압식과이수식모두에적용이가능하다는특징을가지고있다. TBM 핵심사양의설계개념굴착대상지반조건에대한최적의추력 (thrust force) 및토크 (torque) 의산정은 TBM 시공에서가장중요한과정중의하나이다. 최종적으로산정된추력과토크로부터 TBM 의구동부와유압잭 (hydraulic jack) 등을적절하게설계할수있게된다. Open TBM 에필요한추력은디스크커터에작용하는커 터하중 F C, 추진부 (sliding shoe) 의저항 F R 및안전을위한여유추력 ΔF 의합으로계산된다 (Fig. 13). (1) 쉴드 TBM 에필요한추력을평가할때는, 쉴드외판 (skin) 뿐만아니라지반사이의마찰력과함께필요하다면굴진면에대한지지압력을고려해야한다. 밀폐형쉴드에필요한추력은다음과같이계산된다 (Fig. 14). (2) 여기서 F C 는디스크커터와기타굴착도구에작용하는커터작용하중, F S 는굴진면의지지압력으로인한하중, F F 는쉴드외판과지반사이의마찰력, 그리고 ΔF 는안전여유이다. 커터헤드가회전하기위해서는암반굴진면에서디스크커터의회전등으로인한저항력을극복할수있을만큼 TBM 의토크가충분히커야한다. 반면, 이수식또는토압식쉴드 TBM 의토크는이수또는굴착토 (earth mud) 로충만된커터헤드의회전으로인한저항력을극복할수있어야한다. 쉴드 TBM 의구동을위해필요한토크는다음과 Fig. 13. Thrust, cutterhead torque and gripper load required for open TBM advance (Wittke, 2007). 제 52 권제 5 호
10 540 Fig. 14. Thrust required for a closed-type shield TBM (Wittke, 2007) Fig. 15. Operating torque required for a closed-type shield TBM (Wittke, 2007). 한국자원공학회지
11 기계식암반굴착기술 - TBM 과로드헤더를위주로 541 Fig. 16. Torque required to overcome frictional resistance of a disc cutter (Wittke, 2007). 같이계산된다 (Fig. 15). (3) 여기서 M C 는굴착도구에의한굴진등으로인한저항토크, M S 는이수또는굴착토로충만된커터헤드의회전으로인한저항토크, 그리고 은안전을위한여유토크이다. Girmscheid(2005) 는디스크커터의마찰저항을극복하기위해필요한토크를결정하기위한관계식을다음과같이정리하였다 (Fig. 16). 디스크커터의관입깊이 P 와디스크커터의지름 d 에의해다음과같이회전마찰계수에대한경험식을제시하였다. mm rev mm mm rev (6) Hughes(1986) 는식 (6) 과유사한경험식을다음과같이제시하였다. mm rev mm (7) (4) 여기서 는 i번째디스크커터에작용하는회전하중 (rolling force), 는회전축에서 i번째디스크커터까지의거리, 그리고 는 i번째디스크커터의회전마찰계수 (coefficient of rolling friction) 이다. 모든디스크커터의작용하중과회전마찰계수가동일하다고가정하면커터헤드의소요토크를식 (4) 를단순화하여다음과같이계산할수있다. (5) Roxbourough and Phillips(1975) 는커터헤드 1 회전당 Fig. 17. Coefficient of rolling friction as a function of cutter penetration depth. 제 52 권제 5 호
12 542 Fig. 18. TBM cutterhead design procedure. 식 (6) 과식 (7) 은 17 인치 (432 mm) 및 19 인치 (483 mm) 디스크커터에대한경험식들이며 Fig. 17 과같이표현된다. 커터헤드에장착된디스크커터의개수는지반조건에따라선정된커터간격 (cutter spacing 또는 cutting groove spacing) S 와 TBM 직경 D 에좌우된다. 커터헤드에한종류의디스크커터만을장착하고커터간격이모두동일한경우에디스크커터의개수는다음과같이계산할수있다. (8) 예를들어, 커터간격 S 가 65 mm 이고 TBM 직경 D 가 10 m 인경우디스크커터소요개수는대략 77 개가된다. 최근들어한국건설기술연구원에서는국토교통 R&D 사업을통해, Fig. 18 과같이 TBM 커터헤드를설계하기위한설계절차, 설계방법및설계시스템을개발완료하여, 실제 TBM 커터헤드제작에활용및굴착시공을수행하였다 (MOLIT, 2015). 로드헤더의주요구성과설계개념 로드헤더의개요와구성대표적인광산기계굴착장비인컨티뉴어스마이너의경 우에는전면에커팅헤드가장착되는커팅붐 (boom) 이수직방향으로만이동이가능하지만, 로드헤더의커팅붐은수직뿐만아니라수평방향으로도이동이가능하여다양한굴착단면형상에대해대응이가능하다는특징을가지고있다 (Fig. 19). 또한굴착속도를향상시키기위한트윈붐 (twin boom) 로드헤더나굴착작업시낙반등에대한안전성을확보해야하는경우에쉴드 (shield) 내부에로드헤더를장착한장비등도개발되어사용되고있다 (Park et al., 2013). 로드헤더는앞서설명한바와같이단면형상에대한대응력이좋을뿐만아니라, 장비의제작기간이짧고장비의이동과조립이수월하고 TBM 과비교할때초기투자비용이적다는것이큰장점이다. 특히, 단면크기가유사하다고가정할때, 대단면터널에서로드헤더의투자비용은 TBM 대비 15% 수준이며, 소단면에서는 30% 수준이다. 특히, 로드헤더는장비대여형식으로도많이활용되고있기때문에소규모프로젝트에서도효과적이다 (Tatiya, 2005). 암반을굴착하는부분인커팅헤드이외에도로드헤더는다음의 Fig. 20 과같이다양한부분으로구성된다. 로드헤더의전방부는굴착작업과직접적인관련이있는부분으로서커팅헤드, 붐, 버력처리를위한로딩테이블 (loading table 또는 apron) 로구성되어있다. 중앙부에는로드헤더의이동과운영을위한설비와동력설비가포함되어있으 한국자원공학회지
13 기계식암반굴착기술 - TBM 과로드헤더를위주로 543 (a) Roadheader (b) Continuous miner Fig. 19. Cutting boom motions of roadheader and continuous miner (Pichler, 2011). Fig. 20. Main components of roadheaders (modified from Pichler, 2011). 며, 후방부는외부로의버력반출을위한체인컨베이어 (chain conveyor) 와같은버력반출시스템으로구성되어있다. 로드헤더커팅헤드의설계개념로드헤더의성능과용량은반력을지지하는장비자체의 자중에의해좌우되기때문에, 로드헤더커팅헤드의동력은경량 (light) 부터중차량 (heavy duty) 까지분류될수있다. 일반적으로대응할수있는암석의일축압축강도는 MPa 수준이다 (Table 5). 로드헤더의굴착성능을좌우하는가장중요한부분은커팅헤드이다. 커팅헤드에는암반을절삭하는도구로서픽 Table 5. Classification of roadheaders (Tatiya, 2013) Roadheader Weight range (tons) Cutting head power (kw) Roadheader with standard cutting range Max. section (m 2 ) Max. UCS (MPa) Roadheader with extended cutting range Max. section (m 2 ) Max. UCS (MPa) Light 8~40 50~170 ~25 60~80 ~40 20~40 Medium 40~70 160~230 ~30 80~100 ~60 40~60 Heavy 70~ ~300 ~40 100~120 ~70 50~70 Extra heavy > ~400 ~45 120~140 ~80 80~110 제 52 권제 5 호
14 544 커터가다수부착되어있으며커팅헤드의회전방향에따라종방향 (longitudinal 또는 axial) 커팅헤드와횡방향 (transverse) 커팅헤드로구분된다 (Fig. 21 및 Fig. 22). 종방향커팅헤드는붐의방향과커팅헤드의중심축방향이일치하는것이며, 횡방향커팅헤드는붐방향과커팅헤드의중심축방향이직각을이루는것으로정의된다. 일반적으로커팅헤드의회전과장비자중의균형을유지하는데있어횡방향커팅헤드가보다유리하며상대적으로높은강도의암반을굴착할때도횡방향커팅헤드가사용된다. 이상과같이로드헤더의장 단점은커팅헤드의종류에크게좌우되 며이를정리하면다음의 Table 6 과같다. 로드헤더에서암반을절삭하는데사용되는도구인픽커터는 Fig. 23 과같이구성되며, 이때가장중요한부분은암반과계속접촉하며큰응력을받는텅스텐카바이드삽입재 (insert) 이다. 텅스텐카바이드삽입재는매우높은수준의내마모성재료이고충격에견딜수있을만큼인성이커야한다 (Park et al., 2013). 픽커터의두부 (head) 와샤프트 (shaft) 는열처리강재로만들어지며텅스텐카바이드삽입재를지지하고커터박스 (box 또는 holder) 를보호하는역할도한다. 또한커터박스는암반을절삭하는방식을좌우 (a) Longitudinal cutting head (b) Roadheader Fig. 21. Roadheader with a longitudinal cutting head (modified from Pichler, 2011). (a) Transverse cutting head (b) Roadheader Fig. 22. Roadheader with a transverse cutting head (modified from Pichler, 2011). Table 6. General comparisons of longitudinal and transverse cutting heads (Bilgin et al., 2014) Criteria Longitudinal cutting head Transverse cutting head Profile smoothness Favorable Unfavorable Machine stability Unfavorable Favorable Muck loading efficiency Unfavorable Favorable Application limits Soft rock (UCS < 60~80 MPa), non-abrasive rock Soft to medium-strength rock (UCS < 100~120 MPa), moderately abrasive rock Production rate Higher for UCS < 40~60 MPa Higher for UCS > 60~80 MPa 한국자원공학회지
15 기계식암반굴착기술 - TBM 과로드헤더를위주로 545 하는픽커터의위치를결정하며커팅헤드에용접된다. 커터박스는특수열처리강으로제작되며적용분야에따라교환이가능한내마모성슬리브 (sleeve) 를삽입한다. 암반이약할경우에는두부가좁은형태의픽커터를사용하여관입성능을높이는반면, 경암에서는큰충격에대한저항성과내구성을확보할수있도록두부와삽입재의폭이넓은픽커터를사용한다. TBM 의디스크커터와마찬가지로픽커터는일정한깊이 (cutting depth, d) 만큼암반내로관입되어절삭하게되며, 이때픽커터선단에는연직력 (normal force), 절삭력 (cutting force 또는 drag force) 및암반과의마찰에의한구동력 (driving force) 이발생하게된다 (Fig. 24). 이상과같은커터작용력으로부터대상암반을굴착하기위해필요한소요추력, 토크및동력을구할수있으며, 커팅헤드의배열설계후에커팅헤드의회전에따른추력및토크의변동을파악하여커팅헤드의배열설계가균형있게이루어졌 는지를조사하게된다. 커팅헤드의배열설계에있어서가장중요한사항은픽커터의간격을설정하는것으로서, TBM 의커터헤드설계와마찬가지로최소의절삭비에너지 (specific energy) 로최적의절삭성능을얻을수있는최적의커터간격 (s) 을 Fig. 25 와같이결정해야한다 (Balci and Bilgin, 2007). 커터간격은 LCM(Linear Cutting Machine) 과같은실험이나현장자료에기반한데이터베이스등을활용하여구할수있다. 또는커터간격 (s) 이결정되어있는경우에는최적의커터간격과커터관입깊이의비율 (s/d) 로부터굴착대상암반조건에적합한커팅헤드 1 회전당커터관입깊이 (d) 와그에따른굴착속도 ( 굴진율 ) 를산정할수있다. 앞선 TBM 과마찬가지로, 한국건설기술연구원에서는자체주요사업을통해 Fig. 26 과같이로드헤더커팅헤드를설계하기위한방법과설계시스템을구축완료하였다 (KICT, 2014). Fig. 23. Main components of pick cutter and holder (Sandvik, 2010). Fig. 24. Cutter forces acting on a pick cutter with a cutting depth (Park et al., 2013). 제 52 권제 5 호
16 546 Fig. 25. Effect of pick cutter spacing on specific energy (Balci and Bilgin, 2007). Fig. 26. Schematic diagram of cutting head design procedure (KICT, 2014). 한국자원공학회지
17 기계식암반굴착기술 - TBM 과로드헤더를위주로 547 결 암반굴착을위해여전히천공 - 발파법이상당한비중을차지하고있으나, 굴착작업의효율화, 시공속도향상, 환경피해저감등을위해기계굴착장비의활용이증대되고있다. 하지만기계굴착장비의핵심설계 제작기술을일부국가의기업과기관에서보유한관계로기술적인종속이심화되고있는상황이다. 특히, 암반기계굴착장비들은일반적인굴삭기와달리, 굴착조건별로달리설계 제작되는주문자제작방식의시공장비이다. 더욱이굴착장비의도입을위해서초기투자비용이상당하기때문에, 잘못된굴착장비의선정과도입을미연에방지하고굴착장비를최적활용하기위해서라도독자적인기술확보가필요하다. 또한시공비용에서큰비중을차지하는각종소모성굴착도구의고성능화와국산화개발에도역량을강화할필요가있다. 기계굴착장비들은기계화 자동화시공장비인관계로인력을최소화할수있다는장점이있는반면에, 그만큼시 론 공장비의성능을최대한으로활용할수있는전문인력이매우중요하다. 이러한상황에서각종시공장비별로전문인력양성을위한시뮬레이터 (simulator) 들이최근개발되어활용되고있는상황이다. 광업분야에서는관련기술의도입이비교적빠른편으로서, 각종채굴작업에사용되는트럭, 굴삭기, 도저 (dozer), 로더 (loader), 컨티뉴어스마이너, 루프볼트시공장비, 천공장비, 롱월 (longwall) 채탄기등과관련된시뮬레이터들이상용화되어서비스중에있다 (Fig. 27). 반면, 건설분야의굴착장비에대한시뮬레이터는극히일부에국한되어있으며, TBM 의경우에도독일 Herrenknecht 사에서개발한세그먼트설치용이렉터시뮬레이터가유일하다 (Fig. 28). 사물인터넷 (IoT) 과가상현실 (VR) 의유용성과활용성이증대되고있는상황에서, 향후기계굴착장비분야에서도전문적인장비운용인력을양성하고각종시공리스크들에대한대처능력을함양하기위한시뮬레이터의활용이더욱증대될것으로기대한다. Fig. 27. Training schemes based on computer system and simulators (5DT, 2012). Fig. 28. Erector simulator (Herrenknecht, 2013). 제 52 권제 5 호
18 548 감사의글 본연구는한국건설기술연구원의주요사업인 운용중공간확장이가능한지하굴착및안정화기술개발 의연구비지원에의해수행되었습니다. References Balci, C. and Bilgin, N., 2007, Correlative study of linear small and full-scale rock cutting tests to select mechanized excavation machines, International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, Vol. 44, pp Bilgin, N., Copur, H. and Balci, C., 2014, Mechanical Excavation in Mining and Civil Industries, CRC Press. 5DT, 2012, Training Solutions for Mining, Construction and Transport, Revision 3.0, September Girmscheid, G., 2005, Tunnelvortriebsmaschinen - Vortriebsmethoden und Logistik, Betonkalender, Fertigteile und Tunelbauwerke, Teil I. Verlag Ernst & Sohn. Berlin. pp (in German). Herrenknecht, 2013, Herrenknecht erector simulator: fast and safe ring building thanks to perfectly trained staff, Herrenknecht AG, Schwanu, Germany. Hughes, H.M., 1986, The relative cuttability of coal measures rock, Mining Science and Technology, Vol. 3, pp ITA (International Tunnelling Association), 2000, Recommendations and Guidelines for Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs), ITA WG 14 Mechanized Tunnelling. KICT (Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology), 2014, Development of Underground Excavation and Stabilization Technologies for Expansion of Underground Space in Use, Annual Report (in Korean). KTA (Korean Tunnelling Association), 2008, Mechanized tunnelling Design Part, Tunnelling Engineering Series 3, CIR Press (in Korean). KTA (Korean Tunnelling Association), 2001, Guidelines for shield TBMs (in Korean). MOLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport), 2015, Development of optimized TBM cutterhead design and high-performance disc cutter, Final report, May 2015 (in Korean). Ozdemir, L., 1998, Mechanical hard rock mining: Present and future, Mining Engineering, March, pp Ozdemir, L., 1990, Recent developments in hard rock mechanical mining technologies, Proc. the 4th Canadian Symposium on Mining Automation, September 16-18, Sasakatoon, pp Park, Y.-T., Choi, S.-W., Park, J.-H., Lee, C.-H. and Chang, S.-H., 2013, Excavation Mechanism of Roadheader and Statistical Analysis of its Key Design Parameters Based on Database, TUNNEL & UNDERGROUND SPACE, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp (in Korean). Pichler, J., 2011, Mechanical excavation of tunnels with Roadheaders, Lecture note, Post graduate master course - Tunnelling and Tunnel Boring Machine, Politecnico Di Torino, pp Roxborough, F.F. and Phillips, H.R., 1975, Rock excavation by disc cutter, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., Vol. 12, pp Sandvik, 2010, Mineral Ground Tools - Mining, Product Catalog, Tatiya, R.R., 2013, Surface and Underground Excavations - Methods, Techniques and Equipment, 2nd edition, CRC Press. Wittke, Walter, 2007, Stability Analysis and Design for Mechanized Tunnelling, Geotechnical Engineering in Research and Practice, WBI-Print 6, Aachen, Germany 년서울대학교공과대학자원공학과공학사 1998 년서울대학교대학원자원공학과공학석사 2002 년서울대학교대학원지구환경시스템공학부공학박사 현재한국건설기술연구원지반연구소연구위원 ( ; sooho@kict.re.kr) 한국자원공학회지
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