580 이재철ㆍ김대현 , Aanderaa Weather Station P Q ADCP 4 m,. P Q 84 m 124 m. ADCP. ADCP (Sea-Bird Electronics, 2000), inverse barometric effect

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1 한수지 51(5), , 2018 Original Article Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 51(5), ,2018 한국남동해안의용승과관련된물리환경 이재철 * 김대현 1 부경대학교해양학과, 1 오션테크 해양시스템연구소 Physical Envirionment Associated with Upwelling off the Southeast Coast of Korea Jae Chul Lee* and Dae Hyun Kim 1 Department of Oceanography, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea Oceantech Co., Jwadongsunwhanro, Haeundaegu, Busan 48097, Korea Data from the two bottom moorings of ADCP (acoustic doppler current profiler), coastal weather station and CTC (conductivity temperature depth) observations for 2001 were analyzed to describe the physical processes associated with upwelling off the southeast coast of Korea. Winds were favorable for upwelling during summer, but were not correlated with currents. Shoaling of isotherms toward the coast due to the baroclinic tilting of the strong East Korean Warm Current (EKWC) provided a favorable background for immediate upwelling-response of surface temperature to southerly winds. This baroclinic effect was supported by a significant inverse coherence between the upper-layer current and bottom temperature near the coast. This upwelling is similar to the Guinea Current upwelling, which is driven by remote forcing (Houghton, 1989). Persistent southward flow was observed below approximately 10 isotherm throughout the observation period. Key words: Upwelling, East Korean Warm Current (EKWC), Baroclinic tilting, Coherence, Bottom temperature 서론 An (1974) Lee (1978) Lee (1983) Byun (1989) Lee et al. (1998). Lee et al. (2003), 20 m Aanderaa RCM-9 wave-tide gauge.. Lee (2011)., ADCP (acoustic doppler current profiler) (Fig.1 P Q) 5 CTD (conductivity temperature depth) 6.,,. 재료및방법 Fig. 1 Line-A Line-E CTD.,,,, Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 51(5), , October 2018 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received 13 July 2018; Revised 9 August 2018; Accepted 17 August 2018 *Corresponding author: Tel: Fax: address: jaechul@pknu.ac.kr Copyright 2018 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 579 pissn: , eissn:

580 이재철ㆍ김대현 6 18 11 19 154, Aanderaa Weather Station P Q ADCP 4 m,. P Q 84 m 124 m. ADCP. ADCP (Sea-Bird Electronics, 2000), inverse barometric effect.,,. ADCP, 40 low-pass filtering.

, Q 102 m 46. 결과 바람의조건 Fig. 2 4. 8 10. 6 22 7 6 24, 7 8-15 8, 7 19-24 6, 7 28-8 2 6, 8 6-9 4, Fig. 1. Positions of ADCP mooring ( ), CTD observation ( ), tide gauge ( ) at Ulsan, weather station (+) at Ganjeol Cape, and coastal SST ( ) observations at Gampo, Ulsan and Gijang.

2 580 이재철ㆍ김대현 , Aanderaa Weather Station P Q ADCP 4 m,. P Q 84 m 124 m. ADCP. ADCP (Sea-Bird Electronics, 2000), inverse barometric effect.,,. ADCP, 40 low-pass filtering. Lee (1983) Lee et al. (2003) 22.5., P 17, Q 102 m 46. 결과 바람의조건 Fig , , , , , Fig. 1. Positions of ADCP mooring ( ), CTD observation ( ), tide gauge ( ) at Ulsan, weather station (+) at Ganjeol Cape, and coastal SST ( ) observations at Gampo, Ulsan and Gijang. ADCP, Acoustic doppler current profiler; CTD, Conductivity temperature depth; SST, Sea-surface temperature CTD. I III, V, II, IV, VI. 수온과유속의수평분포 6 CTD Fig. 2. Stick vector plot of wind velocity at 4-hour interval. Vertical bars with numbers from I to VI at the bottom are periods of CTD observation. CTD, Conductivity temperature depth.

3 한국남동해안의용승 581 Fig. 3. Distribution of temperature of near-surface (upper group) and 50 m depth (lower group). Thick arrows depict the daily mean current velocity of 12 m at P and 14 m at Q. Magnitudes of respective velocity are given at the lower right corner of each figure.

4 582 이재철ㆍ김대현 Fig. 4. Vertical distribution of temperature at Line-C and current velocity at P. Upward arrow indicates northward flow. Fig. 5. Vertical distribution of salinity for the Cruise-I and IV at Line-C.

5 한국남동해안의용승 m CTD Fig. 3. (0 m) P Q 12 m 14 m. -, m 30 km. P, Q. 6 P, 50 m. 50 m II III 8 Fig. 8., P cm/s Q cm/s 50 m Q cm/s. 수온과유속의연직구조 CTD Line-A Line-E 5 Line-C Line-B. I VI. Fig. 4 Line-C, 50 m. III 42 m V 60 m 6-11 CTD ADCP. baroclinic tilting (Lee and Na, 1985). Q P 4. I 20 m. VI 2, Fig. 3. Line-C Fig m Lee (2016). Line-B Fig. 6. (Fig. 4) m 100 m. IV VI 92 m, 82 m, m. I II, IV, VI (Fig. 7) Line-C , Line-C , Lee and Kim (2016) I. 유속의연직구조와변화 P Q Fig. 8 Fig. 9. P. 56 cm/s cm/s. 3, m 8 10

6 584 이재철ㆍ김대현 Fig. 6. Vertical distribution of temperature at Line-B and current velocity at Q. Upward arrow indicates northward flow. Fig. 7. Vertical distribution of salinity for the Cruise-I and IV at Line-B.

한국남동해안의용승 585 Fig. 8. Stick vector plot of current velocity with 4 hour interval at P.. CTD (Fig. 3VI) 22 9 11-12 10 17-18. 68-76 m. Q P.

7 한국남동해안의용승 585 Fig. 8. Stick vector plot of current velocity with 4 hour interval at P.. CTD (Fig. 3VI) m. Q P. 45 cm/s, m cm/s. 106 m m. (Lee and Kim, 2016), CTD (Fig. 4-7). Q 44 P %, Fig. 10a. P 56 cm/s 2 cm/s Q 45 cm/s 102 m 10 cm/s. Fig. 10b (Rikiishi and Ichiye, 1986)

8 586 이재철ㆍ김대현 Fig. 9. Stick vector plot of current velocity with 4 hour interval at Q. P. Q 1 80 m, 102 m (Lee and Kim, 2016).. Fig. 11,,,, CTD ,. 8. ADCP

9 한국남동해안의용승 587 Fig. 10. (a) Average principal velocity and (b) direction stability of current velocity at P (solid curve) and Q (dashed curve). P 8 tilting 8 -, Q P. 10. P 8 (Lee et al., 2003). Q. Fig. 11. Time series of alongshore wind, coastal SST, bottom temperature, de-meaned sea level and principal velocity of currents. Vertical bars represent the periods of CTD observation along the Line B and C. SST, Sea-surface temperature; CTD, Conductivity temperature depth; SSH, Sea surface height.

588 이재철ㆍ김대현 Lee et al. (2003). P Q. 10. wavelet coherence (Grinsted et al., 2004),, P (Fig. 12). P 2-8 8 16. geostrophic tilting. Q (Fig. 6). baroclinic tilting, -. 고찰 ADCP CTD.

10 588 이재철ㆍ김대현 Lee et al. (2003). P Q. 10. wavelet coherence (Grinsted et al., 2004),, P (Fig. 12). P geostrophic tilting. Q (Fig. 6). baroclinic tilting, -. 고찰 ADCP CTD m Q 100 m 84 m P. 10, 34.3 (Lee and Kim, 2016). (Lee and Chang, 2014) (Lee, 2016). baroclinic tilting. wavelet coherence Fig. 12. Wavelet coherence between principal velocity of current and bottom temperature. Thick curves are the boundaries of 95% confidence level. White line indicates the cone of influence. Leftward phase arrows indicate the inverse coherence..., (Lie et al., 1998; Teague et al., 2003) (Takikawa et al., 2005), 2-10 (Lyu and Kim, 2005). (Smith, 1974). (Bakun, 1978; Philander, 1979; Houghton, 1989), baroclinic tilting remote forcing.

11 한국남동해안의용승 589 사사 ( ). CTD/ADCP. References An HS On the cold water mass around the southeast coast of Korean Peninsula. J Oceanol Soc Korea 9, Bakun A The Guinea upwelling. Nature 271, Byun SK Sea surface cold water near the southeastern coast of Korea: Wind effect. J Oceanol Soc Korea 24, Grinsted A, Moore JC and Jeverjeva S Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 11, Houghton RW Influence of local and remote wind forcing in the Gulf of Guinea. J Geophys Res 94, Lee KB Study on the coastal cold water near Ulsan. J Oceanol Soc Korea 13, Lee DK, Kwon JI and Hahn SB The wind effect on the cold water formation near Gampo-Ulgi coast. J Korean Fish Soc 33, Lee JC Variations of sea level and sea surface temperature associated with wind-induced upwelling in the southeast coast of Korea in summer. J Oceanol Soc Korea 18, Lee JC and Na JY Structure of upwelling off the southeast coast of Korea. J Oceanol Soc Korea 20, Lee JC, Kim DH and Kim JC Observations of coastal upwelling at Ulsan in summer J Korean Soc Oceanogr 38, Lee JC Upwelling-response of the cold water off Haewundae in summer. J Korean Soc Oceanogr 16, Lee JC and Chang KI Variability of the coastal current off Uljin in summer Ocean and Polar Res 36, Lee JC Water mass distribution and currents in the vicinity of the Hupo Bank in summer Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 49, Lee JC and Kim DH Observations of bottom currents in the Korea Strait. Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 49, Lie HJ, Cho CH and Lee JH Separation of the Kuroshio water and its penetration onto the continental shelf west of Kyushu. J Geophys Res 103, Lyu SJ and Kim K Subinertial to interannual variations in the Korea Strait and their possible mechanisms. J Geophys Res 110, C12016, Philander SGH Upwelling in the Gulf of Guinea. J Mar Res 37, Rikiishi K and Ichiye T Tidal fluctuation of the surface currents of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea. Prog Oceanogr 17, Sea-Bird Electronics SBE 26 Seagauge wind and tide recorder Operating Manual. Sea-Bird Electronics manual version 3, 54. Smith RL A description of current, wind, and sea level variations during coastal upwelling off the Oregon coast, July-August J Geophys Res 79, Takikawa T, Yoon JH and Cho KD The Tsushima Warm Current through Tsushima Straits estimated from ferryboat ADCP data. J Phys Oceanogr 35, Teague WJ, Jacobs GA, Ko DS, Tang TY, Chang KI and Suk MS Connectivity of the Taiwan, Cheju, and Korea Strait. Continental Shelf Res 23,

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