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1 한수지 46(4), , 213 Original Article Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 46(4), , 년대동해에서어획된명태 (Theragra chalcogramma) 의체장에따른체급별어획마릿수추정 강수경ㆍ박정호 1 ㆍ김수암 2 * 국립수산과학원자원관리과, 1 국립수산과학원동해수산연구소, 2 부경대학교자원생물학과 Size-class Estimation of the Number of Walleye Pollock Theragra chalcogramma Caught in the Southwestern East Sea during the 197s-199s Sukyung Kang, Jung Ho Park 1 and Suam Kim 2 * National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan , Korea 1 East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Research & Development Institute, Gangreung , Korea 2 Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan , Korea Walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma fisheries in Korean waters have changed dramatically during the last three decades: the highest catches occurred in, followed by continuous decreases through the 199s, ending with a complete collapse of the population in the 2s. The major spawning ground of walleye pollock is located in North Korean waters, and some juveniles (called nogar in Korean, <3 mm) migrate to the south for feeding and growth. Since the 196s, Korean fishermen have often caught juveniles, and the weight (metric tons) of juvenile catch was recorded from. However, because the walleye pollock were not aged, the population age structure was not delineated. We developed a model to estimate the number of walleye pollock of each size class based on catch statistics of adults and juveniles, the catch proportion of each size class, and length and weight information on specimens collected by Danish-seine and drift-gill-net fisheries. The model results demonstrated that the recruitment size of walleye pollock was consistently within the 2-25mm size class, and the highest number of this size class occurred in, although values greatly fluctuated interannually. The number of juvenile pollock was 1.4 times higher than that of adult pollock during -. The total yield of juvenile pollock was.95 million tons, which was equivalent to about 68.2% of total pollock production. The number of juvenile pollock caught during the same period, however, was 16 billion, comprising about 91.2% of the total number caught. Such high fishing pressure on juvenile pollock is considered one of the main factors causing the collapse of the pollock population. Key words: Walleye Pollock, Pollock, East Sea, Korean Waters, Length-Frequency Distribution of Fish 서 론 (Theragra chalcogramma) (Family Gadidae). 1,2 m (FishBase, 213), 2-35 m (NFRDI, 21). 2-1ºC, 25 cm 2-3,. Article history; Received 12 April 213; Revised 31 July 213; Accepted 15 August 213 *Corresponding author: Tel: Fax: address: suamkim@pknu.ac.kr, 3-5ºC 12 3 (Park and Ok, ).,, 2 m (Kim, ; Kim, a).,., (Kendall and Kim, ). Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 46(4) , August pissn: , eissn: c The Korean Society of Fishereis and Aquatic Science. All rights reserved 445
2 446 강수경ㆍ박정호ㆍ김수암 Longitute ( N) Longitude ( E) Fig. 1. Spawning areas of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in the East Sea. Four major spawning stocks located in the Wonsan Bay, the Peter the Great Bay, Tartar Strait, and off the western Hokkaido, and several local stocks along the rim of the coast are indicated by dots [from Kim and Kang (1998)]., (Muigwa, ; Kim, b). (Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO) 25, (anchoveta), (FAO, 27) % (Kim, 199).,,,.,.,, (Kim and Kang, 1998, Fig. 1), 3 (Oh et al., 24)., 1932, 47,81 13,, (Gong and Zhang, ; Iwata, )., -, - (Gong and Zhang, ; Oh et al., 24)., (Kim and Kang, 1998), -.. 2, (Fig. 2). (Kim and Kang, 1998), 198., - 1.7, %. 198., (catch per unit effort: CPUE) 1977 Catch (X1, ton) Total Fig. 2. Annual yields of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Catch statistics (dotted line) between and indicate the portion of juvenile catches.
3 동해명태어획머릿수추정 447, 197 (Lee, ) (Kim, ), (, )., %. (climate regime shift) (Seo et al., 26; Kim et al., 27)., (foodweb).,,,,.,,, (Park and Ok, ; Lee and Kim, 21).,,,..,, 197, -.,. Table 1. Biological parameters measured for walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma collected from Danish seine and drift gill net fisheries during the mid 196s through the early 198s. Note that Danish seine targets only on small-size pollock, while drift gill net on large one. TL=total length, FL=fork length, BL=standard length, and BW=body weight Sampling date (month/day/year) Fishery Sample number TL FL BL BW Sex Remark 11/21/1965 Danish seine 3 O O O O 11/28/1965 Danish seine 3 O O O O 12/11/1965 Danish seine 29 O O O O 11/12/1965 Danish seine 29 O O O O 1/3/1966 Danish seine 3 O O O O 3/21/1966 Danish seine 3 O O O O 3/6/1977 Danish seine 1 O O O O 18 pollock > 3 mm 3/22/1977 Danish seine 1 O O O O 35 pollock > 3 mm 2/24/ Danish seine 6 O O O O O Sampling date (month/day/year) Fishery Sample number TL FL BL BW Sex Remark 1/27/ Drift gill net 1 O O O O O 2/18/ Drift gill net 1 O O O O O 1 pollock < 3 mm 1/7/ Drift gill net 1 O O O O O 11/16/ Drift gill net 1 O O O O O 12/15/ Drift gill net 1 O O O O O 1/28/ Drift gill net 1 O O O O O 2/1/ Drift gill net 1 O O O O O 2/25/ Drift gill net 1 O O O O O 1/7/ Drift gill net 1 O O O O O 1 pollock < 3 mm 2/1/ Drift gill net 9 O O O O O 1/3/ Drift gill net 1 O O O O O 11/23/ Drift gill net 1 O O O O O 12/4/ Drift gill net 1 O O O O O
4 448 강수경ㆍ박정호ㆍ김수암 생물학적시료 재료및방법 ,, (Danish seine,, ), (longline), (drift gill net) 1-17,., (Fig. 3a), 197 (Fig. 3b) (Table 1).,, (total length TL), (fork length, FL), (standard length). - (, 1 (a) Frequency (%) (b) 2 Frequency (%) Fork length (mm) Fork length (mm) n=385 mean=216mm n=1,198 mean=367mm Fig. 3. Length-frequency of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma caught from (a) Danish seine in 196s and 197s and (b) drift gill net fisheries in the early 198s. 3 ) mm 385, 198 1,2 3 mm 1,198. 모델의개발 1-55 mm 5 mm. (1) TL, FL, BL,. (2) (random sampling) (Park et al.,), (3),.. 1 단계 : FL 자료의생산 TL, FL, BL, FL,., 6 TL, FL, BL (regression analysis) FL = TL (r 2 =.99) FL = BL (r 2 =.986) FL TL BL FL , 1198 FL. 2 단계 : 체장 - 체중관계식 385 1,198, 1,583 1 body length(bl).
5 동해명태어획머릿수추정 449 (L)- (W) (W=aL b, a b ). 3 단계 : 체급별체중추정치와출현비율 -, (, 385 1,198 ) 5 mm (1-3 mm) (3-55 mm). W 1,j, W 2,j P 1,j, P 2,j. 4 단계 : 어획미수계산 (N) (B) (N 1 ), (N 2 ), (B 1 ), (B 2 ).. N = N 1 + N 2 B = B 1 + B 2, (j)., (B 1 ) B 1 = (W 1,j (N 1 P 1,j ) = (W 1,j P 1,j ) N 1 = k N 1 [ k= (W 1,j P 1,j )]. N 1 = B 1 / k N 1. B 1 gram., (N 1 ) (N 1,j ), (N 1 ) (P 1,j ) (N 1,j )., N 1 = N 1,j = (N 1 P 1,j ), (1-3 mm, 5 mm ) (N 1,j ). (N 2 ) (N 2,j ), (3-55 mm, 5 mm ). 결 과 385, 1,198 1,583. -, W=.55 L 3.11 (r 2 =.972, n=1583) (Fig. 4). Body weight (g) 9 8 y=.55x r 2 = Fork length (mm) Fig. 4. Length-weight relationship on walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma subsampled from Danish seine and drift gill net fisheries in Korean waters during the mid 196 through the early 198s. (FL) mm g. 1 mm, 3 mm mm,, 55 mm., 1 g, 2-4 g. 8 g. 5 mm. 3 mm mm 1.1% (Table 2a) mm, 75.8% mm, 25-3 mm 8.6% 5.5% mm 5-6%, 2-25 mm (recruitment)., 515 mm, mm 28.8%, 35-4 mm 59.8% (Table 2b)., 5-55 mm.1%. -, mm 11. g, 2-25 mm 64.8 g mm g. 2 g, 35-4 mm
6 45 강수경ㆍ박정호ㆍ김수암 Table 2. Estimated individual weight of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma at mid-length of each size-class, and the proportion of pollock at each size-class caught by (a) Danish seine and (b) drift gill net fisheries. Size-class (Fork length, mm) Mid-length (mm) Estimated weight (g) Proportion in sample Danish seine Drift gill net fisheries mm 31.8 g g (Table 2) , 3,7 (Table 3) mm , 1, , mm., 19.5, , 35-4 mm 2-25 mm, 1-15 mm 3-35 mm. 199-, 2-25 mm 6% (Table 3) , % (Fig. 5a), 97% (Fig. 5b) % (Fig. 5c) % (Table 3)., %, 8%., 15% (Fig. 5c).,, 7, 37 (Fig. 5a-d). 토 의., 1945., Figure 2, -. -2,.,, 3 mm, mm (Park et al., ; NFRDI, 21),. 197 (Huh, ),, (recruitment overfishing) ,. 2 mm, 2-25 mm, 35 mm
7 동해명태어획머릿수추정 451 (a) 1% 8% Adult (b) 1% 8% Adult Ratio (%) 6% 4% Ratio (%) 6% 4% 2% 2% (c) Catch (x1, ton) % Total Fig. 5. Catch variability of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma adult and juvenile in Korean waters. (a) Relative catches in ton, (b) Relative catches in number, (c) Absolute catches in ton, and (d) Absolute catches in number. (d) Number (million) % Total (Fig. 6a).,, 95.6, 1-18 (Ianelli et al., 212),, 13.8, 18..,. (stable age distribution),.,,,... A Number (million) Number (million) 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, B 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, Fork length (mm) Fig. 6. Walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma numbers estimated in size class and at recruitment size. (a) Length-frequency distribution of walleye pollock estimated in, and (b) recruitment variability of walleye pollock in the southwestern East Sea assuming the recruitment size at 2-25 mm.
8 452 강수경ㆍ박정호ㆍ김수암 Table 3. Estimates of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma numbers caught at each size class, mm 15-2 mm 2-25 mm 25-3 mm 3-35 mm 35-4 mm 4-45 mm 45-5 mm 5-55 mm Total 94,395,694 79,873,28 76,757,56 5,828,451 4,535,533 9,412,875 1,722,188 65,732 13, ,64,46 14,864, ,193,422 1,54,681,188 75,85,359 5,54,543 11,498,635 2,13,81 8,298 16,6 1,49,829, ,91,341 15,539,519 1,332,46,652 95,797,876 18,565,716 38,53,587 7,49, ,68 53,814 1,82,763, ,724, ,35,558 1,188,4,699 85,467,174 11,283,887 23,418,154 4,284,66 163,535 32,77 1,66,81,72 116,294,294 98,42,864 87,716,254 62,62,5 11,74,473 24,291,22 4,444,37 169,63 33,926 1,188,676, ,492,224 98,57, ,198,193 62,726,582 28,84,341 58,285,184 1,663,99 47,19 81,44 1,247,59,22 197,169,31 166,835,562 1,476,241,945 16,168,85 5,233,528 14,252,771 19,74,18 728,22 145,64 2,12,848, ,337, ,285,924 1,267,863,331 91,181,952 38,375,27 79,642,458 14,571, , ,232 1,84,925,632 96,8,144 81,237,66 718,83,25 51,696,693 29,612,836 61,457,364 11,244, ,172 85,834 1,5,62,22 113,932,781 96,44, ,35,179 61,348,42 39,866,738 82,737,925 15,137,85 577, ,556 1,263,156,844 64,922,848 54,934, ,89,12 34,958,456 46,452,252 96,45,253 17,638, , ,644 82,28,796 55,425,65 46,898, ,981,455 29,844,557 46,843,866 97,217,995 17,787,91 678, ,779 79,813,835 23,132,252 19,573, ,195,32 12,455,828 2,142,163 41,82,287 7,648, ,915 58, ,299,776 4,934,67 4,175,437 36,946,291 2,657,96 13,334,867 27,674,681 5,63, ,259 38,652 95,18,275 14,385,78 12,172,583 17,78,914 7,746,189 15,77,469 32,729,436 5,988,27 228,558 45, ,775, ,199,95 23,861, ,138,88 15,184,589 9,788,36 2,314,394 3,716,74 141,86 28, ,373,848 17,26,888 14,65, ,235,366 9,294,324 1,94,59 2,948,83 3,832, ,291 29,258 25,447,199 8,61,437 7,278,139 64,4,52 4,631,543 9,494,649 19,74,837 3,65, ,64 27, ,881,447 12,911,54 1,925,149 96,671,18 6,952,368 9,34,13 18,749,37 3,43,341 13,929 26, ,83,67 5,362,888 4,537,828 4,152,92 2,887,79 7,597,518 15,767,62 2,884,855 11,19 22,22 79,323,431 3,859,641 3,265,85 28,897,825 2,78,268 6,896,28 14,312,131 2,618,56 99,945 19,989 62,48,418 6,526,581 5,522,492 48,865,686 3,514,313,44,627 9,215,99 1,686,151 64,357 12,871 79,848,987 1,552,729 1,313,848 11,625, ,85 6,366,73 13,213,271 2,417,512 92,271 18,454 37,436,462 Total 1,628,27,139 1,377,713,733 12,19,679,93 876,726, ,58, ,582, ,613,583 6,435,633 1,287,127 17,615,34,542 (Bailey, 2; Hollowed et al., 21; Hunt et al., 22), AIC (Akaike Information Criteria) (Park and Yoon, ).. (variability) (Fig. 6b),. 2-25cm , % 14.8, (interannual variability),.. Park et al.() FL-TL FL = TL, (FL = TL), W=.655 L W=.55 L 3.11.,. 3 mm,.,,. 사 사.. (213 ). 참고문헌 Bailey KM. 2. Shifting control of recruitment of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma after a major climatic and ecosystem change. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 198, FAO. 27. FAO yearbook, Fishery statistics: Capture production, 25. FAO Fisheries Series No. 75, FAO Statistics Series No. 194, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy FishBase Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas, 1814) Alaska pollock. Retrived from Theragra-chalcogramma.html on July 4.
9 동해명태어획머릿수추정 453 Gong Y and Zhang CI.. The walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) stock in Korean waters. INPFC Ground Fish Symposium, Paper No. P Hollowed AB, Hare SR and Wooster WS. 21. Pacific basin climate variability and patterns of Northeast Pacific marine fish production. Prog Oceanogr 49, Huh SH.. Morphological comparison between adults and juveniles of Alaska Pollack, Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas) (Gadidae: Teleostomi), collected in Korean waters. Seoul National University, Master Thesis, Seoul, Korea. Hunt GL, Stabeno P, Walters G, Sinclair E, Brodeure RD, Napp JM and Bond NA. 22. Climate change and control of the southeastern Bering Sea pelagic ecosystem. Deep Sea Res II 49, Ianelli JN, Honkalehto T, Barbeaux S, Kotwicki S, Aydin K and Williamson N Assessment of the walleye pollock stock in the Eastern Bering Sea. In: Stock assessment and fishery evaluation report for the groundfish resources of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands regions. North Pac Fish Mgmt Council, Anchorage, AK, section 1, Iwata M.. Population identification of walleye Pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, PALLAS), in the vicinity of Japan. Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Japan 22, Kendall AW Jr and Kim S.. Buoyancy of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) eggs in relation to water properties and movement in Shelikof Strait, Gulf of Alaska. Can J Fish Aquat Sci Spec Pub 18, Kim S.. Spawning behavior and the early life history of walleye Pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, in Shelikof Strait, Gulf of Alaska, in relation to oceanographic factors. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Kim S Status of fishery and science of Bering Sea walleye Pollock: (I) History and importance of fisheries. Ocean Res 12, Kim S. a. Status of fishery and science of Bering Sea walleye Pollock: (II) Biological characteristics (Early life history). Ocean Res 14, Kim S. b. Status of fishery and science of Bering Sea walleye Pollock: (III) Biological characteristics (Adult). Ocean Res 14, Kim YM.. Stock assessment of small size fishes of Alasca pollack, Theragra chalcogramma (PALLAS), in the Eastern Sea of Korea. Bull Fish Res Dev Agency 19, Kim S and Kang S The status and research direction for fishery resources in the East Sea/Sea of Japan. J Korean Soc Fish Res 1, Kim S, Zhang CI, Kim JY, Oh JH, Kang S and Lee JB. 27. Climate variability and its effects on major fisheries in Korea. Ocean Sci J 42, Lee JU.. Estimation on optimum fishing effort of walleye pollock fishery in the east coast of Korea: Based on the economic analysis between Danish seine fishery and trawl fishery for walleye pollock. Susan-gyungyoung-nongib 22, Lee Y and Kim DY. 21. Measuring surface water temperature effects on the walleye pollock fishery production using a translog cost function approach. Environmental and Resource Economics Rev 19, Muigwa NM.. Vertical distribution pattern of prespawning and spawning pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in Shelikof Strait. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the biology and management of walleye pollock. Nov ,, Anchorage, USA. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, AK-SG-89-1, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA NFRDI. 21. Ecology and fishing ground of fisheries resources in Korean waters. National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan, Korea. 45. Oh TG, Sakuramoto K and Lee SG. 24. The Relationship between spawning area water temperature and catch fluctuation of walleye pollock in the East Sea/Sea of Japan. J Korean Soc Fish Res 6, Park BH, Hue JB and Kim HK.. Age and growth of Alaska pollack, Theragra Chalcogramma, in the Eastern Sea of Korea. Bull Fish Res Dev Agency 2, Park BH, Hue JB and Kim HK.. Spawning and maturity of Alaska pollack, Theragra Chalcogramma (PALLAS), in the Eastern Sea of Korea. Bull Fish Res Dev Agency 22, Park SK and Ok YS.. Bio-economic research in fishery resource management: walleye Pollock. Nongchon-gyungje 9, Park HH and Yoon GD.. Prediction of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, landings in Korea by time series analysis : AIC. Bull Korean Soc Fish Tech 32, Seo H, Kim S, Seong K and Kang S. 26. Variability in scale growth rates of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in relation to climate changes in the late 198s. Prog in Oceanogr 68,
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Introduction of Integrated Coastal Management Program and Sustainable Development of Fishing Villages in Cheonsu Bay Region* Boosung Kim** Abstract : Sustainable Development(SD) is an important concept
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Original Article Experiences of Unwed Mothers Choi, Yang-Ja 1) Kim, Kwuy-Bun 2) 1) Professor, Redcross College of Nursing, 2) Professor, Kyung Hee University, College of Nursing Science 1) 2) 1) 2) Purpose: