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ISSN (Print) 00234001 ISSN (Online) 17380006 BRIEF COMMUNICATION Korean J Parasitol Vol. 56, No. 5: 501507, October 2018 https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.501 Morphological Characteristics and Fish Hosts of Isoparorchis sp.

1 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) BRIEF COMMUNICATION Korean J Parasitol Vol. 56, No. 5: , October Morphological Characteristics and Fish Hosts of Isoparorchis sp. (Digenea: Isoparorchiidae) in Korea WoonMok Sohn*, ByoungKuk Na Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea Abstract: We described here the morphological characteristics for the species identification and fish hosts of Isoparorchis sp. (Digenea: Isoparorchiidae) in the Republic of Korea (Korea). Total 1,371 freshwater fishes collected in Yangcheon (Stream) in Sancheonggun, Gyeongsangnamdo were examined by the artificial digestion methods to survey the infection status of digenetic trematode metacercariae for 4 years ( ). Adult and larval worms of Isoparorchis sp. were detected in 38 (8.4%) out of 451 fish in 4 species, i.e., Pungtungia herzi, Acheilognathus koreensis, Squalidus japonicus coreanus and Odontobutis platycephala, examined. The infection density was 1.1 worm per fish infected. They were mainly found in the subcutaneous tissues and abdominal cavities. Nodules with worms in the subcutaneous tissues were revealed as the blue inkcolored bulges. Adults leaflike, mm in average size. The ratio of body length to body width was 2.20: 1. Oral sucker subterminal, mm. Pharynx muscular, mm. Esophagus very short. Ceca convoluted, terminated near the posterior end. Ventral sucker anterior 1/3.75, mm. The ratio of ventral sucker to oral sucker was 1.74: 1. Testes round to elliptical, both sides of ventral sucker, mm. Vitellaria highly dendritic, posterior 1/3 level. Eggs operculated, embryonated, µm in size. By the present study, 4 fish species aforementioned are to be listed as the fish hosts of Isoparorchis sp. in Korea and additionally the morphological characteristics are to be described for the species identification. Key words: Isoparorchis sp., Pungtungia herzi, Acheilognathus koreensis, Squalidus japonicus coreanus, Odontobutis platycephala Isoparorchis sp. (Digenea: Isoparorchiidae) is a fish fluke, which is associated with the ink spot disease in variety of fish hosts [1,2]. This fluke species has been reported in several Asian countries, i.e., Japan, China, the Republic of Korea (Korea), Vietnam, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan and India, and Australia and Russia [313]. Especially in Japan, Nagasawa et al. [14] reported 7 fish species, i.e., Anguilla japonica, Silurus asotus, Acanthogobius flavimanus, Candidia temminckii, Pungtungia herzi, Rhinogobius fluviatilis, and Rhinogobius sp., from western Japan as the fish hosts of I. hypselobagri. Additionally they reviewed the literatures published in on the hostparasite relationships of I. hypselobagri infecting Japanese freshwater fishes. As the fish hosts of I. hypselobagri, total 26 fish species in 10 families were thus listed in Japan [14]. In Korea, only Chu et al. Received 20 March 2018, revised 16 August 2018, accepted 2 September * Corresponding author (wmsohn@gnu.ac.kr) 2018, Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [6] detected I. hypselobagri from a snake head, Channa argus. Recently, Shimazu et al. [18] analyzed lots of Isoparorchis spp. samples from various countries with morphological and molecular data, and they made the differential key for the identification of 4 valid species, i.e., I. hypselobagri, I. trisimilitubis, I. eurytremum and I. tandani., and an undetermined species, Isoparorchis sp. 3. Therefore, we intended to describe here the morphological characteristics for the specis identification of Isoparorchis sp. detected in some species of fish from Yancheon (a branch stream of Gyeonghogang) in Sancheonggun, Gyeongsangnamdo, Korea. The fish collection site in Yangcheon is located in Saengbiryangmyeon, Sancheonggun (Latitude: ; Longitude: ), Gyeongsangnamdo, Korea. Total 1,371 freshwater fish in 23 species (No. of fish), i.e., Pungtungia herzi (280), Acheilognathus majusculus (157), Zacco koreanus (154), Zacco platypus (152), Acheilognathus koreensis (91), Hemibarbus longirostris (70), Squalidus japonicus coreanus (62), Zacco temminckii (62), Coreoperca herzi (61), Squalidus chankaensis (51), Carassius auratus (43), Pseudogobio esocinus (39), Acheilognathus rhombeus 501

argus (6), Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis morii (3), Liobagrus mediadiposalis (3), Siniperca scherzeri (1), Micropterus salmoides (1), were examined for 4 years (20132016).

After the identification of fish species, they were individually digested with artificial gastric juice to detect the metacercariae of digenetic trematodes. Worms of Isoparorchis sp.

2 502 Korean J Parasitol Vol. 56, No. 5: , October 2018 (28), Acheilognathus yamatsutae (27), Sarcocheilichthys variegatus (23), Acanthorhodeus gracilis (20), Acanthorhodeus macropterus (19), Odontobutis platycephala (18), Channa argus (6), Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis morii (3), Liobagrus mediadiposalis (3), Siniperca scherzeri (1), Micropterus salmoides (1), were examined for 4 years ( ). All collected fishes were transferred to the laboratory of the Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea. After the identification of fish species, they were individually digested with artificial gastric juice to detect the metacercariae of digenetic trematodes. Worms of Isoparorchis sp. were found in the characteristic ink spot lesions of fish and sometimes were detected in the sediment of digested fish meat (Fig. 1). For the light microscopic observation, recovered flukes were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin under the slight pressure of cover glass. After washing with distilled water, the specimens were stained with Semichon s acetocarmine, followed by dehydration with graded ethanol series (70%, 80%, 90%, 95% and absolute), and cleared with carbolxylol and xylene. The specimens mounted with Canada balsam were observed under a light microscope with a micrometer (OSM4, Olympus Co., Tokyo, Japan). Some worms were washed with 0.2 M cacodylate buffer (ph 7.2) and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). They were washed, dehydrated, dried, and mounted on aluminum stubs, followed by coating with gold using a JFC1100E ion sputtering device (Jeol, Tokyo, Japan). The mounted specimens were observed using a XL30S scanning electron microscope (Philips, Amsterdam, Netherlands) at an accelerating voltage of 15 kv. The worms of Isoparorchis sp. were detected in 38 (8.4%) out of 451 fish in 4 species, i.e., P. herzi, S. japonicus coreanus, A. koreensis and O. platycephala, and their average density was 1.1 per fish infected. The infection status by the fish species was detailedly shown in Table 1. Juvenile worms (n=7) (Fig. 2A, B): Body somewhat slender, mm (6.639 in average) long and (2.707) mm wide, with the attenuated forebody and the broadelliptical hindbody, the ratio of body length to body width 2.45: 1 in average. Forebody tapering anteriorly, (1.926) B A C Fig. 1. Three striped shinner, Punctungia herzi, infected with Isoparorchis sp. (A). Isoparorchis sp. (arrow) found in subcutaneous tissue (B) and abdominal cavity (C) of fish.

Sohn et al.: Isoparorchis sp. fluke in fish of Korea 503 Table 1.

in freshwater fish from Yangcheon, a branch of Gyeonghogang (River), in Sancheonggun,

(%) of fish infected Total Range Average 280 32 (11.4) 35 12 1.1 Acheilognathus koreensis 91 2 (2.

0 451 38 (8.4) 42 12 1.1 Pungtungia herzi Total A E B C F D G Fig. 2.

herzi, (Semichon s acetocarmine stained). The scale bar is 1.5 mm.

japonicus coreanus (D) (Semichon s acetocarmine stained). The scale bar is 7.5 mm.

3 Sohn et al.: Isoparorchis sp. fluke in fish of Korea 503 Table 1. Infection status with Isoparorchis sp. in freshwater fish from Yangcheon, a branch of Gyeonghogang (River), in Sancheonggun, Gyeongsangnamdo, Korea Species of fish No. of metacercariae detected No. of fish examined No. (%) of fish infected Total Range Average (11.4) Acheilognathus koreensis 91 2 (2.2) Squalidus japonicus coreanus 62 3 (4.8) Odontobutis platycephala 18 1 (7.7) (8.4) Pungtungia herzi Total A E B C F D G Fig. 2. Larval (A) and juvenile (B) worms of Isoparorchis sp. recovered from P. herzi, (Semichon s acetocarmine stained). The scale bar is 1.5 mm. Two adult worms of Isoparorchis sp. recovered from P. herzi (C) and S. japonicus coreanus (D) (Semichon s acetocarmine stained). The scale bar is 7.5 mm. Anterior portions of adult worms ((E) magnified view of Fig. 2C; (F) that of a fresh worm unstained) with the oral (OS) and ventral suckers (VS), sinus sac (SS), genital atrium (GA) and 2 testes (LT: left testis; RT: right testis). The scale bar is 2.5 mm. An egg (G) of Isoparorchis sp. naturally discharged from an adult worm. The scale bar is 20 μm.

504 Korean J Parasitol Vol. 56, No. 5: 501507, October 2018 B D A C D Fig. 3. SEM views of Isoparorchis sp. adults.

The oral (B) and ventral sucker (C) commonly muscular and covered with the cytoplasm of striated wrinkles without sensory papillae.

0)% of body length, and hindbody almost elliptical. Oral sucker subterminal, 0.30.7 (0.534) 0.340.8 (0.607) mm. Pharynx muscular, 0.170.36 (0.28) 0.170.36 (0.283) mm. Esophagus very short, 0.070.

94) mm; the sucker width ratio 1: 1.261.71 (1.55). Testes round or slightly elliptical, right testis 0.450.64 (0.563) 0.40.5 (0.447) mm, left one 0.450.8 (0.573) 0.50.65 (0.

Excretory pore in posterior end. Adult worms (n=10) (Fig. 2C, D): Body very big, 14.727.5 (21.6 in average) mm long and 6.07514.0 (9.

4 504 Korean J Parasitol Vol. 56, No. 5: , October 2018 B D A C D Fig. 3. SEM views of Isoparorchis sp. adults. Whole ventral view with a slight ventral concave, an attenuate anterior end, 2 suckers and smooth body surface (A). The oral (B) and ventral sucker (C) commonly muscular and covered with the cytoplasm of striated wrinkles without sensory papillae. Body surfaces in the ventral (D) and dorsal side (E) commonly covered with the smooth cytoplasmic layer without tegumental spines. mm long, occupying (29.0)% of body length, and hindbody almost elliptical. Oral sucker subterminal, (0.534) (0.607) mm. Pharynx muscular, (0.28) (0.283) mm. Esophagus very short, (0.14) mm long. Intestinal ceca convoluted about 56 times and terminated nearly in the posterior end. Ventral sucker larger than the oral sucker, (0.949) (0.94) mm; the sucker width ratio 1: (1.55). Testes round or slightly elliptical, right testis (0.563) (0.447) mm, left one (0.573) (0.573) mm, smaller than the ventral sucker, in each side of the ventral sucker. Vitellaria highly dendritic, between the last convolutions of ceca in the posteror body, observed in some specimen. Excretory pore in posterior end. Adult worms (n=10) (Fig. 2C, D): Body very big, (21.6 in average) mm long and (9.835) mm wide, with the pointed forebody and the broadelliptical hindbody, the ratio of body length to body width 2.20: 1 in average. Forebody tapering anteriorly, (4.848) mm long, occupying 22.4% of body length, and hindbody almost elliptical, rarely pointed. Oral sucker subterminal, (1.03) (1.205) mm. Pharynx muscular, (0.55) (0.541) mm. Esophagus very short, (0.253) mm long. Intestinal ceca convoluted about 56 times and terminated nearly in the posterior end. Ventral sucker larger than the oral sucker, (1.985) (2.095) mm, the sucker width ratio 1: (1.74). Testes round or slightly elliptical, right testis (1.445) (1.4) mm, left one (1.41) (1.253) mm, smaller than the ventral sucker, in each side of the ventral sucker. Seminal vesicle anterodorsal to ventral sucker. Pars prostatica posterolateral to the sinus sac. Sinus sac elliptical, large, (3.125) by (2.05), occupying % (64.5%) of forebody length, anterior to or overlapping ventral sucker. Genital atrium elliptical, elongated, (2.773) by (0.89), occupying % (88.7%) of sinus sac length (Fig. 2E, F). Ovary dextral or sinistral. Seminal receptacle rudimental. Vitellaria highly dendritic, between the last convolutions of ceca in the posteror body. Uterus tubular, broadly occupied in the middle part of body from the just behind of the ventral sucker and testes to the anterior of vitellaria. Eggs oval, symmetrical, embryonated, 5054 (52) 3133 (32) μm (Fig. 2G). Excretory pore in the posterior end. In the SEM study, adult worms were robust with a slight ventral concave and an attenuate anterior end, and they had 2 suckers and smooth body surface (Fig. 3A). The oral sucker was slightly smaller than the ventral sucker, and they were commonly muscular and covered with the cytoplasm of striat

5 Sohn et al.: Isoparorchis sp. fluke in fish of Korea 505 Table 2. Comparative dimensions a of Isoparorchis spp. from the present study and Shimazu et al. (2014) [18] Organs Present study (2018) Shimazu et al. (2014) [18] Adults (n=10) Juveniles (n=7) I. eurytremum b Isoparorchis sp. 3 c I. hypselobagri d Body (BL) (21.6) Body (W) a (9.835) Oral sucker (L) a Oral sucker (W) Pharynx (L) Pharynx (W) (1.030) (1.205) (0.550) (0.541) (6.639) (2.707) (0.534) (0.607) (0.280) (0.283) in diameter Esophagus (L) (0.253) (0.140) Ventral sucker (L) Ventral sucker (W) (1.985) (2.095) (0.949) (0.940) Sucker width ratio 1: (1.74) 1: (1.55) 1: :01.9 1: Forebody (FBL) (4.848) (1.926) FBL/BL x (22.4)% (29.0)% 2737% 25% 2129% Sinus sac (SSL) Sinus sac (W) (3.125) (2.050) SSL/FBL x (64.5)% 4374% 38% 2840% Genital atrium (GAL) Genital atrium (W) (2.773) (0.890) GAL/SSL x (88.7)% 7295% 54% 4569% Right testis (L) Right testis (W) Left testis (L) Left testis (W) Eggs (L) Eggs (W) (1.445) (1.400) (1.410) (1.253) (0.052) (0.032) (0.563) (0.447) (0.573) (0.573) a (L): length; (W): width; unit in mm. b Total 10 adult specimens from Lake Biwa and Uji River in Japan, c 2 adults recovered in the air bladder of Wallgo attu from India and d 2 adult specimens found in the air bladder of Silurus asotus from northern Vietnam were measured respectively. ed wrinkles, but they had no sensory papillae (Fig. 3B, C). Body surfaces in the ventral and dorsal side were commonly covered with the smooth cytoplasmic layer, but they had no tegumental spines (Fig. 3D, E). It has been known that members in the genus Isoparorchis (Digenea: Isoparorchiidae) are trematodes living in the air bladder of freshwater catfishes in Asia and Australia [1]. Since the first nomination of a new species, Distomum hypselobagri, by Billet [15], the generic name was emended as Isoparorchis by Southwell [16], and then 5 species, i.e., I. hypselobagri, I. trisimilitubis, I. eurytremum, I. tandani and I. pakistani, were described by some workers [8,9,1517]. The debate on the species validity has long been existed in the genus Isoparorchis and I. hypselobagri only used to be treated as the valid one. However, in Japan, Shimazu et al. [3] reviewed the morphological characteristics of 4 species, i.e., I. hypselobagri, I. trisimilitubis, I. eurytremum and I. tandani and they asserted that Japanese specimen is I. hypselobagri, of which the sinus organ is morphologically different those of other species. Shimazu et al. [18] performed a molecular and morphological study with the samples of Isoparorchis broadly collected to confirm their previous study [3] and revise the species validity of the genus. They molecularly defined that 4 out of 5 species, i.e., I. hypselobagri, I. trisimilitubis, I. eurytremum and I. tandani, are valid ones, and presented the identification key on the species of the genus Isoparorchis [18]. Our specimen is nearly identical with Isoparorchis sp. 3 from India and Bangladesh and possibly Pakistan as regards the sucker (width) ratio, 1:1.72.0, in the identification key of Shimazu et al. [18]. However, another morphological characters, the shape and size of sinus sac and genital atrium, are very similar with those of I. eurytremum from Japan and Russia [18] (Table 2). Strictly speaking, our specimen is far from the species in the identification key of Isoparorchis in Shimazu et al. [18]. The sucker width ratio is slightly overlapped with Isoparorchis sp. 3 and I. eurytremum, and the shape and size of sinus sac and genital atrium are nearly identical with those of I. eurytremum. Additionally, tegumental spines and sensory papillae were not observed in our specimen unlike in other trematode species in the SEM study of tegumental ultrastructures. According to the geographical distribution (Ja

6 506 Korean J Parasitol Vol. 56, No. 5: , October 2018 pan and Russia) and morphological similarity, our specimen is to be defined as I. eurytremum rather than I. hypselobagri previously described in Korea [6]. However, we will not nominate the species name of our Isoparorchis sp. samples until the molecular study is completely to be done with them. The prevalence of Isoparorchis sp., % (8.4% in average), was not so high, and the intensity of infection, 12 worms (1.1 in average) per fish infected, was very low in this study. Chu et al. [6] detected only 2 juveniles in the muscle of snake head, C. argus, purchased in a local market of Seoul. In Japan, 70.0% of 10 C. argus with 3.1 worms in average intensity (from Lake Shinji in Shimane Prefecture), [19] and 3.2% of 2,061 Z. temmickii with 1.1 worms in average intensity (from the Shirazuna River in Nara Prefecture), were reported [20]. In case of the latter fish species, no worm was found in small sized fish, but prevalences were steadily increased by the increase of fish size. And the seasonal prevalence was also showed and it was most highly observed in early and midwinter (December and January) [20]. However, in this study, we did not check the seasonal prevalence in the most prevalent fish species, P. herzi. Conclusively, by the present study, 4 fish species i.e., P. herzi, A. koreensis, S. japonicus coreanus and O. platycephala, are to be listed as the fish hosts of Isoparorchis sp., in Korea. Additionally, the morphological characteristics of larval and adult worms of this fluke are to be described with SEM findings for the species identification of Isoparorchis sp. from Korea. In Korea, only snake head, C. argus, has been known as a fish host of this trematode [6]. However, in Japan, total 26 fish species including C. argus have been listed in the fauna of this fluke [14]. Among 4 fish species, P. herzi was also reported in Japan, but remaining 3 ones were not included in the Japanese list. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank JungA Kim and Heeju Kim, Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea, for her help in the collection of worms from fish hosts. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest with this article. REFERENCES 1. Gibson DI. Family Isoparorchiidae Travassos, In Gibson DI, Jones A, Bray RA eds, Keys to the Trematoda, Vol. 1. London, UK. CAB International and The Natural History Museum. 2002, pp Dollfus RP. On a trematode (Genus: Isoparorchis) pathogenic agent of the ''ink spot disease'' in fish of Vietnam. BullA e la Soc de Path exotique 1959; 52: (in French). 3. Shimazu T, Urabe M, Grygier MJ. Digeneans (Trematoda) parasitic in freshwater fishes (Osteichthyes) of the Lake Biwa basin in Shiga Prefecture, central Honshu, Japan. Natl Mus Nat Sci 2011; 43: Wu K. On the occurrence of Isoparorchis among fishes in China (Trematoda: Isoparorchidae). Peking Nat Hist Bull 1938; 12: Li Y, Ye Q, Wang YH. The influence of Isoparorchis hypselobagri on its host, Pelteobagrus vachelli. Chin J Zool 2002; 37: 4143 (In Chinese). 6. Chu JP, Chu JK, Paek HG, Jung YH. Isoparorchis hypselobagri from a freshwater fish, Channa argus. New Medical J 1993; 36: 2426 (in Korean). 7. Moravec F, Sey O. Some trematodes of freshwater fishes from North Vietnam with a list of recorded endohelminths by fish hosts. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1989; 36: Bovien P On Isoparorchis eurytremum (Kobayashi) from Java. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1927; 84: Chandra KJ. Fish parasitological studies in Bangladesh: a review. J Agric Rural Dev 2006; 4: Bilquees FM, Khatoon A. Fresh water fish trematodes of West Pakistan. Histological study of Isoparorchis pakistani sp. n. In Bilquees FM, Saeed R, Rehana R, Khatoon A, Kaikabad SH eds, Helminth Parasites of Some Vertebrates Chiefly from Fishes of West Pakistan. Karachi, Pakistan. Agric Res Council, Govt Pakistan. 1972, pp Bhalerao GD. Studies on the helminths of India. Trematoda IV. J Helminthol 1937; 15: BykhovskayaPavlovskaya IE, Kulakova AP. Class Trematoda. In Bauer ON ed, Key to the Parasites of the Freshwater Fish Fauna of The USSR, Vol. 3. Moscow, Russia. Nauka. 1987, pp Cribb TH. Two new digenetic trematodes from Australian freshwater fishes with notes on previously described species. J Nat Hist 1998; 22: Nagasawa K, Katahira H, Nitta M. Isoparorchis hypselobagri (Trematoda: Isoparorchiidae) from freshwater fishes in western Japan, with a review of its hostparasite relationships in Japan ( ). Biogeography 2013; 15: Billet A. Notes sur la faune du HautTonkin. II. Sur quelques distomes. Bull Soc Fr Belg 1898; 28: (in French). 16. Southwell T. Notes from the Bengal fisheries laboratory, Indian Museum. Rec Indian Museum 1913; 9: Johnston TH. New trematodes from an Australian siluroid.

7 Sohn et al.: Isoparorchis sp. fluke in fish of Korea 507 Trans R Soc S Aust 1927; 51: Shimazu T, Cribb TH, Miller TL, Urabe M, Van Ha N, Binh TT, Shed ko MB. Revision of Isoparorchis Southwell, 1913 (Digenea, Hemiuroidea, Isoparorchiidae), parasites of the air bladder of freshwater catfishes: a molecular and morphological study. Bull Natl Mus Nat Sci Ser A 2014; 40: Yamashita J, Nishida H. Memoirs On the occurrence of Jsoparorchis trisimilitubis Southwell in the muscle of Ophicephaltu argus (Cantor). J Fac Agric Hokkaido Univ 1955; 2: (in Japanese). 20. Sawada I, Osako J. Studies on the occurrence of Isoparorchis hypselobagri (Billet, 1898) (Trematoda) in the body cavity and the muscle of Zacco temminckii from Nara Prefecture. Bull Nara Univ Educ Nat Sci 1969; 18: 2126 (in Japanese).

ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) ORIGINAL ARTICLE Korean J Parasitol Vol. 53, No. 3: , June

ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) ORIGINAL ARTICLE Korean J Parasitol Vol. 53, No. 3: , June ISSN (Print) 3 ISSN (Online) 7386 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Korean J Parasitol Vol. 53, No. 3: 8998, June 5 http://dx.doi.org/.337/kjp.5.53.3.89 Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fish from Water Systems of