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1 대한응급의학회지제 23 권제 3 호 Volume 23, Number 3, June, 2012 원 저 말초혈액의미성숙과립구를반영하는델타뉴트로필을이용한급성충수돌기염환자의천공에대한의의 연세대학교의과대학응급의학교실, 충주의료원진단검사의학과 1 이누가 김민정 김현종 정성필 이한식 이종욱 1 Assessment of Perforation of Acute Appendicitis using the Delta Neutrophil Index Reflecting Peripheral Immature Granulocyte Count Nu Ga Rhee, M.D., Min Joung Kim, M.D., Hyun Jong Kim, M.D., Sung Phil Chung, M.D., Hahn Shick Lee, M.D., Jong Wook Lee, M.D. 1 Purpose: The delta neutrophil index corresponds to calculated immature granulocyte counts and severity of sepsis. This study was conducted in order to investigate the diagnostic value of the delta neutrophil index as a preoperative laboratory marker for appendiceal perforation in patients with acute appendicitis. Methods: This study was conducted as a retrospective analysis of patients confirmed pathologically as appendicitis at two hospitals from November 2009 to September Delta neutrophil index was automatically calculated as a subset of routine complete blood count testing. The diagnostic performance of the delta neutrophil index for perforated appendicitis was evaluated. Results: During the study period, 308 patients were enrolled. Among them, 32 patients (10.4%) were confirmed as perforated appendicitis. The delta neutrophil index was significantly higher in the perforated group, compared with the non-perforated group (4.8±7.1% vs 2.0±2.0%, p<0.05). Sensitivity and specificity of the delta neutrophil index for prediction of perforated appendicitis was 25.0% and 96.7%, respectively, at a cutoff level of 5% with an area under the curve of 0.78 on the ROC (receiver operating 책임저자 : 정성필서울특별시강남구언주로 211 연세대학교의과대학응급의학교실 Tel: 02) , Fax: 02) emstar@yuhs.ac 접수일 : 2012년 3월 15일, 1차교정일 : 2012년 4월 6일게재승인일 : 2012년 6월 2일 389 characteristics) curve. Conclusion: Results of this study suggested an association of the delta neutrophil index with perforated appendicitis. However, the sensitivity was not high enough for use as clinical guidance. Key Words: Appendicitis, Neutrophils, Granulocytes Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungju Medical Center, Chungju, Korea 1 서 급성충수돌기염은응급센터에서흔하게접하게되는외과적응급질환이다. 급성충수돌기염은천공되면세균성복막염, 패혈증, 소장폐색, 복강내농양등의합병증이발생하여사망률이 0.3% 에서 6.5% 까지증가하므로천공여부를판별하는것이중요하다 1). 또한수술전에천공여부를아는것은수술방법이나시기에영향을미치게된다 2). 최근에는응급실에서 CT (computed tomography) 를이용한급성충수돌기염의진단이일반화되는추세이나 Bixby 3) 등은복강내농양, 장관외가스등의소견이없으면컴퓨터단층촬영을이용하여천공성충수돌기염을진단하기어렵다는보고도있으나 Tsuboi 등 4) 과 Choi 등 5) 은다중컴퓨터단층촬영 (multi-detector row computed tomography, MDCT) 과복부초음파가천공성충수돌기염의진단에유용하다고보고하였다. 하지만천공으로인한복막염이진행하여생기는균혈증, 패혈증은영상검사로진단하기어려울수있다. 패혈증등의합병증발생은균배양검사를확인하면알수있다. 하지만균배양검사를확인하는데시간이소요되기때문에전혈구계산 (complete blood count, CBC) 검사에서패혈증을시사할수있는백혈구, 절대호중구수 (Absolute neutrophil count, ANC) 등이제시되어왔다 6). 그중에서과립구의좌측이동을반영하는미성숙과립구의분율이감염및균혈증과연관이있고델타뉴트로필이미성숙과립구를반영하는지표로알 론
2 390 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 23 권제 3 호 2012 려져있다 7). 델타뉴트로필은자동혈액분석기의일종인 (ADVIA 2120; Siemens, Forchheim, Germany) 을이용하여측정한다. ADIVA 2120은독립적인측정법인 peroxidase 와 lobularity/nuclear density channel을이용하여백혈구를측정하는데, Peroxidase channel에서측정된호중구와호산구를합한값에서 lobularity channel에서측정된다형핵호중구의값을뺀차이가델타뉴트로필 (Delta Neutrophil Index, DN) 이다 8,9). 이는패혈증이의심되는환자들의중증도를판별하는데유용하다고보고되었다 9). 이지표는특정혈액검사장비에서 CBC를시행하면서자동으로계산된값을얻을수있으므로추가비용없이응급실에서빠른결과를얻을수있다는장점이있다. 따라서저자들은내원시 DN이급성충수돌기염을진단받은환자들에서천공으로인한복막염, 균혈증등의여부에사용될수있는지를알아보고자연구를계획하였다. 대상과방법 1. 대상환자및의무기록조사 (reflected light beam을이용하여 nuclear lobularity channel에서분석된백혈구분율 ) 의공식으로계산할수있다 8,9). CBC 검사는자동혈액분석기 (ADVIA 2120; Siemens, Forchheim, Germany) 를이용하여시행되었으며대상병원들은연구기간직전부터 CBC 결과에 DN을포함시켜보고해왔다. 연구대상환자들의수술전영상검사들도조사하였다. 수술전에 MDCT, 복부초음파를시행하였다면영상의학과판독을조사하였다. 3. 분석방법수집한자료는범주형변수는건 (%) 으로, 연속형변수는평균 ± 표준편차의형태로제시하였다. 천공군과비천공군의비교를위해범주형변수는카이제곱검정을, 연속형변수는 Student t 검정을사용하였다. DN의정상치를 5% 미만으로할때천공군과비천공군을진단하는민감도와특이도를계산하였다. 또한 DN의예측능력을알기위해수신자조작특성 (receiver operating characteristics, ROC) 분석과다중회귀분석을사용하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 18(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 를이용하였으며 p값이 0.05 미만일때통계적으로유의하다고해석하였다. 이연구는 2009년 11월부터 2010년 9월까지수도권의일개지역응급의료센터와지방의일개응급의료기관에서최종진단명이급성충수돌기염 (K35.2, K35.3, K35.8) 으로수술을시행받은환자를대상으로하였다. 대상환자들의의무기록, 수술및병리기록을후향적으로검토하여병리진단결과정상충수돌기로진단된환자들은연구대상에서제외하였다. 나이, 성별, 증상발현에서내원까지의시간, 체온, 발열여부, 맥박수, 오심, 구토, 설사등의증상과압통및반발압통여부와위치등의임상양상및신체검사소견, 내원후수술까지의시간등을조사하였다. 병리학적진단을기준으로천공이동반된급성충수돌기염 ( 천공군 ) 과천공이동반되지않은급성충수돌기염 ( 비천공군 ) 의두군으로나누어서비교분석하였다. 병리학적진단에천공이포함되어있는경우만천공성충수돌기염으로판단하였고, 충수주위농양은천공군에포함시켰다. 2. 델타뉴트로필및기타검사내원당시 CBC, 적혈구침강속도 (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR), C반응성단백질 (C-reactive protein, CRP), 총빌리루빈 (total bilirubin, TB) 등의혈액검사를조사하였다. CBC 에서는총백혈구, 다형백혈구, DN 등을조사하였다. DN은 CBC 결과중백혈구분율을이용하여 DN=(cytochemical reaction을이용한 myeloperoxidase 채널에서분석된백혈구분율 ) 결과 1. 대상환자들의임상적특징연구기간동안응급의료센터에내원하여급성충수돌기염추정하에수술을시행받은환자는총 314명이었다. 그중병리소견에서급성충수돌기염으로확진된환자 308 명을대상으로하였다. 대상환자들의나이는평균 35.9± 19.1세였고, 남자는 178명 (57.8%) 여자는 130명 (42.2%) 이었다. 천공된충수돌기염환자는 32명 (10.4%) 이었는데, 평균나이는 48.0±21.4세로비천공군에비해높았으며, 성별은남자가 19명 (59.4%) 으로비천공군과차이가없었다. 천공군에서증상발현후응급진료센터내원시간과재원기간이의미있게길었으나기타임상양상에서는차이가없었다 (Table 1). 대상환자에서 MDCT를시행한환자는 248명 (81%), 복부초음파를시행한환자는 47명 (15.2%), 복부초음파에서소견이명확하지않아복부초음파와 MDCT를같이시행한환자는 5명 (1.6%) 이었다. 복부자기공명영상촬영을시행한임산부가 1명있었고, 17명은별다른영상검사를시행하지않고증상과신체검사로급성충수돌기염으로수술하였다.
3 이누가외 : 말초혈액의미성숙과립구를반영하는델타뉴트로필을이용한급성충수돌기염천공진단에대한의의 / 델타뉴트로필값등의검사소견 대상환자의백혈구, 다형핵호중구숫자는두군에서차 이를보이지않았다. 비천공군의 DN은평균 1.2±2.0% 였으며, 천공군에서는평균 4.8±7.1% 로두군에서유의한차이를보였다 (p=0.008, Table 2, Fig. 1). DN의정 Fig. 1. Box and whisker plot of delta neutrophil index (DN) in patients with acute appendicitis. 상치를 5% 미만으로할때민감도는 25%, 특이도는 96.7%, 양성예측도는 47.1%, 음성예측도는 91.8%, 정확도는 89.3% 였다 (Table 3). 단변량검사에서유의하였던나이, 증상발현후내원시간, DN 등을변수에포함시켜다중회귀분석을시행하였고, 나이와증상발현후내원시간은유의하지않았으나 DN 은통계학적으로유의하였다 (Odds Ratio, 1.23; 95% CI, ; p=0.002). ROC 분석에서 DN 만의곡선하면적 (area under curve, AUC) 은 0.78 이었으나, 나이, 증상발현후내원시간등을종합하면 AUC는 0.81 이었다 (Fig. 2). 응급진료센터내원시 CRP를시행한환자는 102명으로전체의 33.1% 였고, TB을시행한환자는 219명 (71.1%) 였고, ESR 을시행한환자는 161명 (52.2%) 였다. CRP의경우비천공군 45.46±75.0 mg/dl, 천공군 118.7± mg/dl 였으며유의한차이를보이지않았다 (p=0.268). TB는비천공군 0.83±0.53 mg/dl, 천공군 1.14±0.9 mg/dl로유의한차이를보이지않았다 (p=0.472). 비천공군의 ESR은 19.5±20.2 mm/hr 였고, 천공군은 32.8±33.6 mm/hr 로역시유의한차이를보이지않았다 (p=0.09). Table 1. Clinical manifestations of patients with acute appendicitis No Perforation (N=276) Perforation (N=32) p Value Male gender, n (%) 159 (57.6%) 19 (59.4%) 0.85 Age, mean (±SD*) 34.3 (±18.3) 48.0 (±21.4) 0.01 Body temperature ( C), mean (±SD*) 36.8 (±0.6) (±0.8) Heart rate (bpm), mean (±SD*) 84.4 (±15.1) (±15.4) Nausea, n (%) 090 (32.6%) 11 (34.4%) 0.84 Vomiting, n (%) 050 (18.1%) 09 (28.1%) 0.17 Diarrhea, n (%) 026 (09.4%) 06 (18.8%) 0.10 Fever, n (%) 016 (05.8%) 03 (09.4%) 0.42 Localized tenderness, Not RLQ, n (%) 062 (16.8%) 03 (09.4%) 0.31 Direct tenderness, n (%) 230 (83.3%) 32 (100%) Rebound tenderness, n (%) 127 (46.0%) 15 (46.9%) 0.92 Pain duration (days), mean (±SD*) 2.3 (±2.3) 3.5 (±2.2) 0.01 Hospital Days (days), mean (±SD*) 3.7 (±2.2) 6.9 (±3.9) 0.01 Admission to OP Day (days), mean (±SD*) 0.1 (±0.4) 0.3 (±1.4) 0.40 * SD: standard deviation RLQ: right lower quardrant abdomen OP: operation Table 2. Laboratory finding of patients with acute appendicitis No Perforation (N=276) Perforation (N=32) p value White blood cells (10 3 /μl) (±7.51) (±5.31) PMN* (%) (±8.90) (±13.10) Delta Neutrophil Index (%) (±2.02) 4.78 (±7.13) * PMN: polymorphonuclear neutrophil
4 392 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 23 권제 3 호 2012 고 본연구결과에서는천공군과비천공군에서나이, 증상 발현후내원시간, DN이통계학적으로유의하게차이를보였고, 그중에서도 DN이유의하게의미가있었다. 하지만 DN의교차비는 1.23(95% CI, ) 였고, AUC는 0.78 이었다. DN 값의정상기준을 5% 미만으로할때특이도는높은반면낮은민감도를보였다. 임상소견만으로급성충수돌기염의천공유무를진단하고자하는여러연구들이보고되었는데, Narsule 등 10) 은증상발현후응급센터내원시간이길어질수록천공의가능성이높다고보고하였다. Augustin 등 11) 은남성, 55세이상, 증상발현 36시간이후내원하는환자들은천공의가능성이높다고보고하였으나, Oliak 등 12) 은성별, 나이, 내원당시증상, 체온, 신체검사소견, 증상발현후응급센터에내원한시간등은천공을진단하는데독립변수가되지못한다고보고하였다. 본연구에서는나이와증상이발생하여응급센터에내원하는데소요된시간이천공군에서통계학적으로의미있게높았다. 한편임상병리검사를이용하여천공을진단하려는연구들도시도되었다. Sand 등 1) 과 Estrada 등 13) 은급성충수돌기염을의심할만한임상양상을보이면서, 고빌리루빈 Fig. 2. ROC curve and area under the curve (AUC) of delta neutrophil index. 찰 혈증이동반되어있으면빌리루빈이정상인환자들보다천공이동반되어있을가능성이더높다고보고하였다. Kaser 등 14) 은고빌리루빈혈증도천공성충수돌기염과상관성이있지만, 천공성충수돌기염을의심하는데 CRP가더좋다고보고하였다. Anderson 15) 은백혈구와과립구, CRP 수치가높을수록천공을판별하는데도움이될수있다고보고하였다. 본연구에서는 DN이천공군에서의미있게높았으나 TB, CRP는두군에서유의한차이는없었다. 하지만모든환자에서 CRP와 TB를시행하지는못하였다. ADVIA 2120은유체역학을바탕으로 2개의독립적인백혈구분석방법을가지고있다. Peroxidase 채널은텅스텐할로겐을기반으로빛을조사하여굴절되거나흡수되는정도를측정하여백혈구를크기와염색정도에따라구분한다. Lobularity/nuclear density 채널은레이저다이오드를기반으로빛을조사하여백혈구를구분한다. Peroxidase 채널에서는호중구와호산구를구분해내고, Lobularity/nuclear density 채널에서는다형핵호중구를구분해내며두채널의차이가 DN 이다. Nam 등 9) 은DN 은패혈증이의심되는환자에서파종성혈관내응고, 혈액배양검사양성율, 사망률등과상관성이있다고보고하였다. 패혈증환자에서 DN이병의중증도와연관을보였듯이, 본연구에서도천공성충수돌기염환자에서상관관계를보였으며이는천공군에서미성숙과립구가증가함을보여주었다. 델타뉴트로필은전골수구 (promyelocyte), 골수구 (myelocyte), 후골수구 (metamyelocyte) 등의미성숙과립구들을반영하므로주로세균감염시증가하게된다. 이에반해바이러스감염증의경우에는델타뉴트로필대신비특이적림프구를반영하는거대비염색세포 (large unstained cell, LUC) 수치가증가하게된다. 미성숙과립구의분율은패혈증과같은질환에서증가한다고알려져있으며 7), 바이러스감염과세균감염을구분하는부분에대해서는추가적인임상연구가필요하다. 하지만, 이번연구에서 DN의진단능력은 AUC는 0.78 정도로매우높은수준은아니었다. 각각의임상소견이나임상병리학적검사들을조합하면진단력을증가시킬수있는데 15), 본연구의경우천공군과비천공군을판별하는데있어서 DN만의 AUC는 0.78 이었으나, 통계적으로의미있었던나이, 증상후내원까지시간, DN을종합한경우의 Table 3. The sensitivity and specificity for predicting perforated appendicitis at various cutoff values of delta neutrophil index Delta Neutrophil Index (%) Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) > > > > >
5 이누가외 : 말초혈액의미성숙과립구를반영하는델타뉴트로필을이용한급성충수돌기염천공진단에대한의의 / 393 AUC는 0.81로약간증가되는소견을보였다. 하지만천공을진단하기위한고빌리루빈혈증은 ROC 곡선의 AUC는 0.82 였다고보고되었다 1). 또한 CRP > 50 mg/l 인경우민감도는 77%, 특이도는 76% 였다고보고하였다 14). DN 의정상치를 5% 미만으로할때민감도는 25%, 특이도는 96.7% 로특이도가높다. 따라서영상검사에서천공이없으면서 DN이낮은경우천공을배재하는데도움을줄수있을것이다. 이번연구의제한점들은다음과같다. 첫째, 내원시점에시행한일회의 DN 값을분석한것이므로계속변화하는환자상태를반영하지못하였다. 둘째, 후향적연구인관계로 ESR, CRP, TB 등의검사가일부환자에게만적용되었기때문에이러한검사들을 DN과결합한경우의진단능력을분석할수없었다. 결 미성숙과립구의지표인 DN은비록저렴하고빠른결과를얻을수있다는장점은있으나급성충수돌기염환자들의천공여부를판정할때민감도 25.0%, 특이도 96.7% 로높은예측력을보여주지못하였다. 하지만천공성충수돌기염을배제하려는경우참고할수있을것이다. 추후 DN 값에 ESR, CRP, procalcitonin 등의검사들을조합하는경우에예측력을상승시킬수있는지에대한연구가필요하다. 론 참고문헌 01. Sand M, Bechara FG, Holland-Letz T, Sand D, Mehnert G, Mann B. Diagnostic value of hyperbilirubinemia as a predictive factor for appendiceal perforation in acute appendicitis. Am J Surg 2009;198: Liu SI, Siewert B, Raptopoulos V, Hodin RA. Factors associated with conversion to laparotomy in patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy. J Am Coll Surg 2002;194: Bixby SD, Lucey BC, Soto JA, Theysohn JM, Ozonoff A, Varghese JC. Perforated versus nonperforated acute appendicitis: accuracy of multidetector CT detection. Radiology 2006;241: Tsuboi M, Takase K, Kaneda I, Ishibashi T, Yamada T, Kitami M, et al. Perforated and nonperforated appendicitis: defect in enhancing appendiceal wall--depiction with multi-detector row CT. Radiology 2008;246: Choi GC, Kim S, Im HH, Lee SJ, Yang SB, Lee SW, et al. High-resolution ultrasonography (US) of appendiceal specimens: differentiation of acute non-perforated appendicitis from perforated appendicitis. J Korean Soc Ultrasound Med 2007;26: Wenz B, Gennis P, Canova C, Burns ER. The clinical utility of the leukocyte differential in emergency medicine. Am J Clin Pathol 1986;86: Ansari-Lari MA, Kickler TS, Borowitz MJ. Immature granulocyte measurement using the Sysmex XE Relationship to infection and sepsis. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;120: Kratz A, Maloum K, O'Malley C, Zini G, Rocco V, Zelmanovic D, et al. Enumeration of nucleated red blood cells with the ADVIA 2120 Hematology System: an International Multicenter Clinical Trial. Lab Hematol 2006;12: Nahm CH, Choi JW, Lee J. Delta neutrophil index in automated immature granulocyte counts for assessing disease severity of patients with sepsis. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2008;38: Narsule CK, Kahle EJ, Kim DS, Anderson AC, Luks FI. Effect of delay in presentation on rate of perforation in children with appendicitis. Am J Emerg Med 2011;29: Augustin T, Cagir B, Vandermeer TJ. Characteristics of perforated appendicitis: effect of delay is confounded by age and gender. J Gastrointest Surg 2011;15: Oliak D, Yamini D, Udani VM, Lewis RJ, Vargas H, Arnell T, et al. Can perforated appendicitis Be diagnosed preoperatively based on admission factors? J Gastrointest Surg 2000;4: Estrada JJ, Petrosyan M, Barnhart J, Tao M, Sohn H, Towfigh S, et al. Hyperbilirubinemia in appendicitis: a new predictor of perforation. J Gastrointest Surg 2007;11: Kaser SA, Fankhauser G, Willi N, Maurer CA. C-reactive protein is superior to bilirubin for anticipation of perforation in acute appendicitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45: Andersson RE. Meta-analysis of the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of appendicitis. Br J Surg 2004;91:28-37.
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