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1 대한응급의학회지제 25 권제 6 호 Volume 25, Number 6, December, 2014 Pediatrics 우하복통등록체계를이용한소아충수염점수의전향적평가 원 저 동국대학교일산병원응급의학과 박성호 서준석 이승철 이정훈 도한호 Prospective Evaluation of the Pediatric Appendicitis Score with Right Lower Quadrant Abdominal Pain Registry Seong Ho Park, M.D., Jun Seok Seo, M.D., Seung Chul Lee, M.D., Jeong Hun Lee, M.D., Han Ho Doh, M.D. area under curve (AUC) With the Alvarado score 5, sensitivity 72.7%, specificity 67.2%, and AUC Conclusion: Usefulness of PAS in diagnosis of pediatric acute appendicitis is limited. PAS showed no significant superiority over the Alvarado score. Therefore, it seems reasonable to use both scores for evaluation of pediatric acute appendicitis in South Korea. Purpose: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies in the emergency department (ED) and various scoring systems such as the Alvarado score or the pediatric appendicitis score (PAS) have been developed to aid diagnosis. This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic value of PAS in South Korea children, prospectively. Methods: All patients visiting our ED with right lower quadrant (RLQ) abdominal pain or RLQ tenderness were enrolled in our registry. Patients under age of 18, whose guardian agreed with the informed consent were included in this study. Those who were diagnosed at previous hospitals were excluded. Appendicitis was confirmed by operative and histopathological findings. A follow up call was made to verify final outcome within 14 days. Results: We collected data on 1648 patients and a total of 512 patients participated in the study. The mean age was 11.9 years. Seventy four patients (14.5%) had pathologyproven appendicitis and negative appendectomy was performed in three patients (3.9%). Statistical analysis showed that with PAS 4, sensitivity 70.1%, specificity 60.4%, and 책임저자 : 서준석경기도고양시일산동구동국로 27 동국대학교일산병원응급의학과 Tel: 031) , Fax: 031) drsjs75@dongguk.edu 접수일 : 2014년 7월 5일, 1차교정일 : 2014년 7월 7일게재승인일 : 2014년 9월 1일 본연구는 2012 년도대한응급의학회추계학술대회포스터에발표하였음. 676 Key Words: Appendicitis, Pediatrics, Validation studies, Registries Department of Emergency Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea Article Summary What is already known in the previous study Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies in the emergency department (ED) and various scoring systems such as the Alvarado score or the pediatric appendicitis score (PAS) have been developed to aid diagnosis. What is new in the current study All patients visiting our ED with right lower quadrant (RLQ) abdominal pain or RLQ tenderness were enrolled in our registry. Usefulness of PAS in diagnosis of pediatric acute appendicitis is limited. PAS showed no significant superiority over the Alvarado score. Therefore, it seems reasonable to use both scores for evaluation of pediatric acute appendicitis in South Korea. 서 급성복통은소아가응급실을방문하는흔한원인이다. 이중급성충수염은응급수술을요하는가장흔한질환이 론
2 박성호외 : 우하복통등록체계를이용한소아충수염점수의전향적평가 / 677 고진단이늦어질경우천공및합병증의발생률이높아질수있기때문에이에대한빠른진단및치료가매우중요하다 1,2). 하지만전형적인증상이나신체소견을보이지않는경우진단이어렵고, 소아는성인에비해정확한의사소통이어려운경우가많아급성충수염을진단하기위해서는다양한검사와반복적인신체검사가필요하다 3-6). 증상, 신체검사, 혈액검사로급성충수염을진단하는임상점수체계가개발되어왔고, 이중 1986년 Alvarado가개발한 Alvarado 점수가급성충수염진단에가장널리사용되고있다. 하지만 Alvarado 점수는성인에적용하였을때는비교적높은민감도와특이도를보이나소아에서는연구에따라다양한결과를보여소아급성충수염진단에단독으로적용하기에는미흡한점이있었다 4,7-9). 소아충수염점수 (Pediatric appendicitis score, PAS) 는 2002년 Samuel 9) 이 Alvarado 점수를기반으로만 4세에서 15세까지의소아급성충수염진단을위해개발한임상점수체계이다. Alvarado 점수와 PAS는증상, 신체검사, 혈액검사항목마다각각배점하여이를합산후 0~10 점까지평가하는방식이다 (Table 1, 2) 7,9). Alvarado 점수와 PAS를이용하여소아급성충수염을진단하는다양한연구가있었다 2,7-12). 하지만대부분의연구들이급성충수염이의심되는환자를대상으로한연구였고복통을주소로내원한모든환자를대상으로한연구 는찾아보기힘들었다. 한국에서도 Alvarado 점수를이용하여성인과소아급성충수염을진단하는연구들이있었지만 PAS에대한연구는거의없었다 4-6). 이에저자들은응급센터로내원한소아복통환자를대상으로우하복통등록체계를구축하고소아급성충수염에서 PAS의진단적유용성을전향적으로평가하고자하였다. 대상과방법 1. 연구대상 2011년 8월부터 2013년 12월까지동국대학교일산병원응급의료센터를방문한환자중, 우하복통을호소하거나우하복부압통이있어우하복통등록체계에전향적으로등록된환자를대상으로하였다. 만 19세이상의성인, 의사소통이불가능한환자, 타원에서급성충수염을진단받은환자, 연구참여를거부한경우는제외하였다. Samuel 8) 은 PAS에관한연구에서소아환자의대상연령을 4~15세로한정하였고, Alvarado 7) 도16 세미만은연구대상에서제외하여연구하였다. 이후 PAS 와 Alvarado 점수의진단적유용성을확인하는연구들에서도대상환자들의연령이 1~17세, 4~18세등으로다양 Table 1. Alvarado score. Diagnostic indicants Symptoms Migration of pain 01 Anorexia 01 Nausea/Vomiting 01 Signs Tenderness in the right lower abdomen 02 Rebound tenderness 01 Elevated temperature ( 37.3 C) 01 Laboratory test Leukocytosis (>10,000/mm 3 ) 02 Neutrophilic shift to the left ( 75%) 01 Total score 10 Value Table 2. Pediatric appendicitis score (PAS). Diagnostic indicants Symptoms Migration of pain 01 Anorexia 01 Nausea/Vomiting 01 Signs Tenderness in the right lower quadrant 02 Cough or Percussion or Hop tenderness 02 Elevated temperature (>38.0 C) 01 Laboratory test Leukocytosis (>10,000/mm3) 01 Neutrophilic shift to the left ( 75%) 01 Total score 10 Value
3 678 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 25 권제 6 호 2014 하다 2,4,11,12). 좀더다양한연령층의소아를연구에포함시 키기위해본연구에서는 18세이하를소아로정하여연구하였다. 2. 연구방법 기관윤리심의위원회의승인을거쳐 2011년 6월부터우하복통등록체계를구축하고 8월부터운영을시작하였다. 동국대학교일산병원응급의료센터를방문한환자중우하복통을호소하거나신체검사상우하복부압통이있는경우우하복통등록체계에포함되어의무기록으로등록되었다 (Fig. 1). 환자본인이나보호자로부터자료수집및활용에대한서면동의를받고자료를수집하였다. 응급의학과의사가정해진서식에따라병력청취, 신체검사, 활력징후, 혈액검사, 응급실퇴실진단명, 복부전산화단층촬영소견, 응급실퇴실결과등을작성하였다. 증상, 증후, 혈액검사소견을의무기록에입력시 PAS와 Alvarado 점수가자동계산되어등록되었다. 병력은통증을호소하는부위, 통증발생시간, 통증강도변화, 통증이동여부, 열감, 오한, 식욕부진, 구역, 구역질, 설사여부를조사하였다. 신체검사소견은우하복부압통, 압통부위, 반동압통, 복부경직, 최대압통점, 장음이상여부, 체온, 혈압, 호흡수, 맥박수등을조사하였다. 혈액검사소견은백혈구수치, 호중구비율, C-반응단백질수치를조사하였다. 수술을통해조직병리학적으로급성충수염으로확진된경우를충수염환자로정의하였다. 우하복통등록체계에포함된모든환자는퇴원후최종 Table 3. Overall patient characteristics. Characteristics Number of patients N=512 (%) Mean age, years 12.0 (range 1-18) Sex, male 238 (46.5) Abdominopelvic CT 276 (53.9) Abdomen US 031 (06.1) Top 10 final diagnoses Abdominal pain, NOS 170 (34.6) Acute gastroenteritis 096 (18.8) Appendicitis 074 (14.5) Mesenteric lymphadenitis 041 (08.0) Colitis 026 (05.1) Constipation 022 (04.3) Ovarian cyst 005 (01.0) Ureter stone 005 (01.0) Ovarian cyst rupture 004 (00.8) Fever 003 (00.6) CT: computed tomography, US: ultrasonography, NOS: not otherwise specified 진단명, 복부전산화단층촬영정식판독소견, 조직병리학적소견, 수술방법, 수술소견, 수술후합병증여부등을확인하여전자의무기록으로등록하였다. 수술을시행한경우조직병리학적소견으로급성충수염을확진하였다. 모든우하복통등록체계환자는전담연구원이퇴원후 14 일이내에전화조사를통해급성충수염의진단여부, 복통재발및치료여부를확인하여최종진단을결정하였다. 3. 통계분석 충수염환자와비충수염환자비교시연속변수는 t-검정, 이산변수는카이제곱검정을이용하여통계학적유의성을분석하였다. PAS와 Alvarado 점수를독립변수로, 급성충수염여부를종속변수로하여 Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) 곡선을그리고곡선하면적 (area under curve, AUC) 을계산하였다. Youden index J 방법을이용하여결정점 (cut-off value) 을정하고민감도와특이도를계산하였다. PAS와 Alvarado 점수의 AUC 에대한쌍비교 (pairwise comparison) 를하여통계학적차이를검정하였다. 통계학적분석은 SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) 을사용하였으며, p값이 0.05 미만일경우유의한차이가있다고판정하였다. 결 연구기간내 1,648명의환자가우하복통등록체계에등록되었고, 선정기준을만족하는환자는 512명이었다. 평균연령은 12.0±4.0세, 남자는 238명 (46.5%), 여자는 274명 (53.5%) 이었다 (Table 3). 신체검사, 복부전산화단층촬영, 복부초음파검사를통해급성충수염으로진단받은환자는 81명이었고, 이중 77명의환자가수술을받았으며, 74명이조직병리학적검사를통해급성충수염으로확진되었다. 급성충수염으로진단되었으나수술받지않은 4명중 3명은타병원으로전원되었고, 1명은입원하여 과 Table 4. Histopathologic finding of appendix. Number of patients N=77 (%) Simple 04 (05.2) Suppurative 53 (68.8) Gangrenous 05 (06.5) Perforation 09 (11.7) Abscess 03 (03.9) Others 03 (03.9)
4 박성호외 : 우하복통등록체계를이용한소아충수염점수의전향적평가 / 679 Fig. 1. Right lower quadrant (RLQ) abdominal pain registry.
5 680 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 25 권제 6 호 2014 수술없이경과관찰후퇴원하였다. 수술한환자의조직병리학적소견은화농성이 53명 (68.8%) 으로가장많았고, 괴저성 5명 (6.5%), 천공성 9명 (11.7%), 농양성 3명 (3.9%) 이었다. 급성충수염이의심되어수술하였지만조직병리학적소견이급성충수염이아닌경우는 3명 (3.9%) 이었다 (Table 4). 급성충수염진단을위해시행된영상검사중복부전산화단층촬영은 276명 (53.9%), 복부초음파는 31명 (6.1%) 에서시행되었다. 최종진단은비특이적복통이 170명 (34.6%) 으로가장많았고, 급성위장관염 96명 (18.8%), 급성충수염 74명 (14.5%), 장간막림프절염 41명 (8.0%), 대장염 26명 (5.1%) 순으로조사되었다 (Table 3). PAS와 Alvarado 점수의인자들을단일변수통계로비교하면우하복부로통증이동, 식욕부진, 우하복부반동압통, 기침시우하복부통증, 체온상승, 백혈구증가, 중성구증가소견이통계학적으로유의한차이를보였다 (Table 5). PAS와 Alvarado 점수의분포를충수염환자와비충수염환자로나누어분석하였다 (Fig. 2, Fig. 3). PAS 평균은충수염환자 5.9±2.2점, 비충수염환자 3.9±2.0점이었고, Alvarado 점수평균은충수염환자 6.6±1.9점, 비충수염환자 4.1±2.1점으로통계적으로유의한차이를보였다. ROC 곡선에서 PAS의 AUC는 0.743, Alvarado 점수의 AUC는 0.806이었다 (Fig. 4). PAS와 Alvarado 점수의 ROC 곡선에대한쌍비교를시행한결과 Alvarado 점수가 PAS보다소아급성충수염을진단하는데더높은판별능력을나타냈고통계적으로유의한차이를보였다. PAS는결정점 4에서민감도 70.3%, 특이도 65.3% 였고, Alvarado 점수는결정점 5에서민감도 78.4%, 특이도 71.9% 였다. 고찰국내건강보험자료를이용한연구에서급성충수염의발생률은인구 10,000명당연간 22.7명, 충수절제술시행은 13.6명, 천공된충수의절제술은 2.9명이고, 여름에발생률이높은계절적특성을보인다. 남자가인구 10,000 명당연간 23.6명, 여자가 21.8명의발생률을보이고, 남자는 10~14세, 여자는 15~19세에가장높은발생률을보이며, 남녀모두 5세이하에서발생률이가장낮았다 20). 본연구에서는전체충수염환자 74명중 10~14세 34 명 (46.0%), 15~18세 21명 (25.4%) 이었고, 남자 21명 (47.7%), 여자 13명 (39.4%) 으로남녀모두 10~14세에서가장높은발생률을나타냈다. 발생률이가장낮은연령은 5세이하로 3세여자 1명 (1.4%) 만급성충수염으로진단되었다. Samuel 8) 은 PAS가결정점 6에서민감도 100%, 특이도 92% 라고하였고, 6점이상에서수술을시행하고 6점미만에서는경과관찰하도록하였다. Shul 등 6) 의연구에서는 PAS가결정점 6에서민감도 73.8%, 특이도 86.4% 로 6 점이상에서수술을시행하였고, 5점이하에서는초음파를시행하여양성인경우수술을결정하였다. Goldman 등 11) 의연구에서는 PAS 2점미만은퇴원, 7점이상은충수염으로수술을진행하도록하였고 3~6점은영상검사가필요하다고하였다. Bhatt 등 12) 의연구에서는결정점 6에서민감도 92.8%, 특이도 69.3% 로 4점이하는퇴원, 8점이 Table 5. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of non-appendicitis vs. appendicitis. Non-appendicitis Appendicitis N=438 (%) N=74 (%) p-value Age (years) 11.9± ±3.60 <0.089* Male sex 197 (45.0) 41 (55.4) <0.096* Mean symptom duration, hours 31.7± ±21.1 <0.155* Symptoms and signs Migration of pain 103 (23.5) 27 (36.5) <0.018* Anorexia 069 (15.8) 19 (25.7) <0.036* Nausea/Vomiting 208 (47.5) 42 (56.8) <0.140* Tenderness in RLQ 407 (92.9) 73 (98.7) 0.06* Rebound tenderness 126 (28.8) 42 (56.8) <0.001* Coughing tenderness 097 (22.2) 28 (37.9) <0.004* Body temperature (>38.0 C) 080 (18.3) 26 (35.1) <0.001* Laboratory test Leukocytosis (>10,000/mm 3 ) 137 (31.3) 65 (87.8) <0.001* Neutrophilic shift to the left ( 75%) 114 (26.0) 52 (70.3) <0.001* RLQ: right lower quadrant * statistically significant (p<0.05)
6 박성호외 : 우하복통등록체계를이용한소아충수염점수의전향적평가 / 681 상은수술을결정하였고, 5~7점은추가적인영상검사가필요하다고하였다. 하지만본연구에서는 PAS 5점이하의환자가 37명 (50%) 이었고, 결정점 4에서민감도 70.3%, 특이도 65.3% 로낮았으며, 4점미만의환자도 10 명 (13.5%) 이나되었다. 이는다른연구들은급성충수염이의심되는환자를대상으로한반면, 본연구는우하복통을호소하거나신체검사상우하복부압통이있는환자를모두포함시켰기때문에기존의연구들과비교하여낮은민감도와특이도를나타내는것으로생각된다. Alvarado 점수는소아급성충수염진단을위해만들어진임상점수체계는아니지만급성충수염진단에가장널 리사용되고있고, 소아급성충수염진단에관한연구도다양하게시도되고있다 4,5,7,8,10). 본연구에서는소아급성충수염진단에 Alvarado 점수가 PAS보다높은판별능력을보여주고있지만, Alvarado 점수 5점이상을급성충수염으로진단할경우음성충수절제술비율이 72.3% 로높아 PAS와마찬가지로 Alvarado 점수만으로소아급성충수염을진단하는데한계가있었다. 급성충수염으로진단된환자에서 Alvarado 점수의평균 (6.6±1.9) 이 PAS 평균 (5.9±2.2) 보다높게측정되었는데이는두점수체계상백혈구증가, 우하복부반동압통, 기침시우하복부통증의배점차이때문인것으로판단된다. Fig. 2. Frequency according to pediatric appendicitis score (PAS). Fig. 3. Frequency according to Alvarado score.
7 682 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 25 권제 6 호 2014 참고문헌 Fig. 4. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of pediatric appendicitis score (PAS) and Alvarado score. 임상점수체계는비교적간단하면서도빠르고쉽게수 행할수있고, 검사자의주관적인판단이아니라병력청취, 신체검사, 혈액검사를확인한뒤이를수치화하여평가하는것이어서객관적인판단이가능해급성충수염이의심되는환자들을평가할때널리사용되고있다. 그러나점수가낮다고급성충수염을배제할수없으므로반복적인신체검사를통해진단의정확도를높이고, 급성충수염이의심되면임상점수체계와함께영상검사를하는것이필요하다. 하지만영상검사도의료비용을증가시키고, 복부전산화단층촬영시행시조영제와방사선노출로인한부작용의가능성이있으므로검사시행전자세한병력청취와신체검사를시행하여불필요한검사를줄이도록해야한다. 결 본연구에서는 PAS가우하복부통증으로내원한소아복통환자에적용되었을때진단적유용성은있지만기존연구들에비해민감도와특이도가높지않음을확인할수있었다. 뿐만아니라 Alvarado 점수가 PAS보다소아급성충수염진단에더높은판별력을나타냄을확인할수있었다. 따라서우하복부통증으로내원한소아의급성충수염진단시 PAS 단독으로사용하는것보다는 Alvarado 점수를같이평가하고, 영상검사를적절히시행하여급성충수염진단율을높이는노력이필요하다. 추후우하복통등록체계를지속적으로운영하여대규모임상자료를수집하고, 다기관연구를통해한국형소아급성충수염에대한새로운임상진단체계를만드는노력이필요하다. 론 01. Jones PF. Active observation in management of acute abdominal pain in childhood. Br Med J. 1976;2: Meltzer AC, Baumann BM, Chen EH, Shofer FS, Mills AM. Poor sensitivity of a modified Alvarado score in adults with suspected appendicitis. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;62: Pearl RH, Hale DA, Molloy M, Schutt DC, Jaques DP. Pediatric appendectomy. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30: Oh BY, Kim KH, Lee RA, Chung SS. Diagnostic efficacy of the Alvarado score according to age in acute appendicitis. J Korean Surg Soc. 2010;78: Jang SO, Kim BS, Moon DJ. Application of Alvarado score in patients with suspected appendicitis. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2008;52: Shul YM, Kim GT. Diagnostic value of the pediatric appendicitis score in pediatric appendicitis. J Korean Soc Emerg Med. 2004;15: Alvarado A. A practical score for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15: Heineman J. An evaluation of the Alvarado score as a diagnostic tool for appendicitis in children. Emerg Med J. 2012;29: Samuel M. Pediatric appendicitis score. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37: Wu HP, Yang WC, Wu KH, Chen CY, Fu YC. Diagnosing appendicitis at different time points in children with right lower quadrant pain: comparision between pediatric appendicitis score and the Alvarado score. World J Surg. 2012;36: Goldman RD, Carter S, Stephens D, Antoon R, Mounstephen W, Langer JC. Prospective validation of the pediatric appendicitis score. J Pediatr. 2008;153: Bhatt M, Joseph L, Ducharme FM, Dougherty G, McGillivray D. Prospective validation of the pediatric appendicitis score in a Canadian pediatric emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16: Berry J Jr, Malt RA. Appendicitis near its centenary. Ann Surg. 1984;200: Bongard F, Landers DV, Lewis F. Differential diagnosis of appendicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. A prospective analysis. Am J Surg. 1985;150: Lau WY, Fan ST, Yiu TF, Chu KW, Wong SH. Negative findings at appendectomy. Am J Surg. 1984;148: Balthazar EJ, Megibow AJ, Siegel SE, Birnbaum BA. Appendicitis: prospective evaluation with high resolution CT. Radiology. 1991;180: Gaensler EH, Jeffrey RB Jr, Laing FC, Townsend RR. Sonography in patients with suspected acute appendicitis:
8 박성호외 : 우하복통등록체계를이용한소아충수염점수의전향적평가 / 683 value in establishing alternative diagnoses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;152: Lane MJ, Katz DS, Ross BA, Clautice-Engle TL, Mindelzun RE, Jeffrey RB Jr. Unenhanced helical CT for suspected acute appendicitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168: Kim K, Kim YH, Kim SY, Kim S, Lee YJ, Kim KP, et al. Low-dose abdominal CT for evaluating suspected appendicitis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366: Lee JH, Park YS, Choi JS. The epidemiology of appendicitis and appendectomy in South Korea: National registry data. J Epidemiol. 2010;20: Do HH, Kim JC, Kim JH, Kim SC, Shin TY, Kim YS, et al. Accuracy of emergency physician s ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. J Korean Soc Emerg Med. 2005;16: Jung SM, Jeon HM, Hong CK, Shin TY, Ha YR, Kim YS, et al. Bedside sonographic characteristics of early and late appendicitis. J Korean Soc Emerg Med. 2013;24: Larson JM, Peirce JC, Ellinger DM, Parish GH, Hammond DC, Ferguson CF, et al. The validity and utility of sonography in the diagnosis of appendicitis in the community setting. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;153: Linet MS, Kim KP, Rajaraman P. Children s exposure to diagnostic medical radiation and cancer risk: Epidemiologic and dosimetric considerations. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39:s4-26.
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