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1 Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 1~3 GHz 대역용계산가능다이폴안테나의접지판위안테나인자특성 임성민 1 김상명 1 정성우 2 김기채 3* Characteristics of Antenna Factor for a Calculable Dipole Antenna above Ground Plane in 1~3 GHz Frequency Band Sung-Min Lim 1 Sang-Myung Kim 1 Sung-Woo Jung 2 Ki-Chai Kim 3* 1 SL Co., Kyeongsan, Korea 2 Gyeongbuk Research Institute of Vechicle Embedded Technology, Yeongcheon , Korea 3* Department of Electrical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Kyeongsan , Korea 요약 본논문은하이브리드발룬을갖는계산가능다이폴안테나가접지판위에수평및수직으로놓여있을경우의안테나인자특성을모멘트법으로검토하고있다. 안테나인자의표현식은전력부정합손실의개념을적용하여도출한식을사용하였으며, 안테나인자의계산에서나타나는안테나의입력임피던스및유효길이는모멘트법을적용하여계산하고있다. 그결과, 접지판위에서의안테나인자특성은안테나의편파상태에따라달라지며자유공간안테나인자와는최대 ± 0.14 db 의차이가발생함을알수있었다. 또한, 수평편파인경우의안테나인자변동폭이수직편파인경우보다 0.2 db 정도더크다는것도확인할수있었다. ABSTRACT This paper presents the antenna factor characteristics of a calculable dipole antenna with a hybrid balun, installed above ground plane vertically and horizontally, using Method of Moments (). An expression for the antenna factor is formulated using the concept of power mismatch loss. The input impedance and effective length of the antenna, which are in the formula of the antenna factor, are calculated using the. The results show that the antenna factors above a ground plane are agreed with the free space antenna factors within ± 0.14 db. The horizontal antenna factors are varied more by 0.2 db than the vertical antenna factors. 키워드 : 계산가능다이폴안테나, 안테나인자, 하이브리드발룬, 모멘트법, 접지판 Key word : Calculable dipole antenna, antenna factor, hybrid balun, method of moments, ground plane Received 30 June 2015, Revised 24 July 2015, Accepted 04 August 2015 * Corresponding Author Ki-Chai Kim ( kckim@ynu.ac.kr, Tel: ) Department of Electrical Engineering, Yeungnam Unversity, Kyeongsan Korea Open Access print ISSN: online ISSN: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License( by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright C The Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering.

2 Ⅰ. 서론 MHz의주파수대역에서사용하는 Roberts 발룬을내장한다이폴안테나는 ANSI 규격에제시되어있으나 [1], 최근에는계산가능다이폴안테나 (calculable dipole antenna) 가제안되어안테나인자의교정과안테나시험장또는 EMC 시험야외시험장의적합성평가에사용된다 [2]. 이러한계산가능다이폴안테나에대한연구는 MHz의주파수대역에걸쳐안테나인자의교정및안테나시험장평가용으로보고되고있다 [2-10]. 하이브리드발룬을내장한계산가능표준다이폴안테나는 4개의다이폴안테나를사용한 MHz 주파수대역용표준안테나가보고되어있으며 [4, 5], 850 MHz 2.2 GHz 주파수대역용 [6] 및 1 3 GHz 주파수대역용 [7, 8] 뿐만아니라, 3개의안테나 A (1 2 GHz),B (2 4 GHz),C (4 6 GHz) 를사용하여 1 6 GHz의주파수대역을커버하기위한계산가능다이폴안테나도보고되어있다 [9]. 30 MHz 2 GHz대역을커버하기위해광대역발룬을사용한계산가능다이폴안테나 [11] 및다이폴안테나의안테나인자에대한불확도산출에관한연구도보고되어있다 [12]. 계산가능한다이폴안테나의기본개념은문헌 [8] 에서언급한바와같이, 안테나소자를제외한 balun 부분의 S-파라미터측정결과를안테나소자에대한이론계산결과 ( 입력임피던스, 유효길이 ) 와결합하여안테나의특성 ( 안테나인자 ) 을결정하는것이다. 이와같은계산가능다이폴안테나의안테나인자에대한이론해석과실험적연구는영국의측정표준기관인 NPL (National Physical Laboratory) 을중심으로 [3-6] 많은연구자들에의해연구되고있다. 자유공간에서공진하도록설계된다이폴안테나를무한히넓은접지판위에서사용하게되면안테나높이에따라서안테나의급전점임피던스가변하게되어안테나인자도변한다. 즉, 접지판위의안테나인자는자유공간안테나인자와는다른값을가지게된다. 실제로야외시험장에서 EMC 시험을실시할때에는접지판위에서시험하도록규정하고있으므로측정용 EMC 안테나는접지판위에서사용하게된다. 이경우에는 EMC 안테나가접지판과의결합에의한영향뿐만아니라 EUT와의결합에의한영향도동시에 받게된다. 또한, 야외시험장의적합성을평가할때에는자유공간에서설계된다이폴안테나가접지판위의송수신위치에각각놓이므로접지판및안테나간의상호결합에의해송 수신안테나의안테나인자는변하게된다. 본논문에서는자유공간에서설계된계산가능다이폴안테나가접지판위에놓여질때접지판위에서안테나인자가어떻게변하는지를수평편파및수직편파에대하여모멘트법 (, Method of Moments) 을적용하여계산한결과를비교검토하였다. 그결과, 접지판위에서의안테나인자특성은안테나의편파상태 ( 수평편파및수직편파 ) 에따라달라지며자유공간안테나인자와는최대 ± 0.14 db 의차이가발생함을알수있었다. 이론해석의타당성을검증하기위해실험결과와도비교하였다. Ⅱ. 이론해석 2.1. 계산가능다이폴안테나의구조그림 1은접지판위에놓여진하이브리드 balun을사용한계산가능다이폴안테나의구조를나타낸다. 그림 1에서보는것처럼, 3 db 180⁰ 하이브리드커플러는입력단 (0⁰ 단자와 180⁰ 단자 ) 과출력단 (Δ 단자, Σ 단자는 50 Ω으로종단함 ) 으로구성되며, 안테나소자에서하이브리드의입력단까지는 50 Ω 동축케이블 (semirigid coaxial cable) 을이용하여연결한다. 동축케이블과하이브리드커플러의입력단사이에는 3 db pad가삽입되어있으며, 하이브리드커플러출력단의 Δ 단자는동축케이블 (coaxial line) 을통하여측정기와연결되어있다. 그림 1에서보는것처럼, balun은다이폴소자의급전부에서하이브리드커플러의 Δ 단자까지이며, 위상정합된 2개의동축케이블과 2개의 50 Ω 3 db pad, 3 db 180⁰ 하이브리드커플러 (50 Ω이연결된 Σ 단자는내장되어있음 ) 로구성된다. 본논문에서사용한하이브리드커플러는 3개의외부단자로구성 (50 Ω이연결된 Σ 단자는내장되어있음 ) 된 Picosecond Pulse Labs, Inc. 사의 Model 5310A- 104 Phase-Matched Balun (4 MHz 6.5 GHz) 을사용하였다 [15]. 1992

3 1~3 GHz 대역용계산가능다이폴안테나의접지판위안테나인자특성 그림 1. 접지판위에놓여진하이브리드 balun 을갖는다이폴안테나 Fig. 1 The dipole antenna with a hybrid balun above a ground plane (a) Horizontal polarization 2.2. 안테나인자표현식그림 1에서안테나소자에입사하는전기장의세기 와측정기에서측정되는전압 로부터안테나인자를계산할수있으며, 본논문에서는전력부정합손실의개념을도입하여유도한안테나인자표현식을사용하며 [7,8,13], 최종적인표현식은다음과같다. (1) 여기서, 는안테나의입력저항을나타내며, 은수신기의임피던스, 는안테나의유효길이이다. 또한, 는수신기가다이폴안테나에직접연결되었을때의안테나인자를나타낸다. 안테나와수신기사이의전체전력손실 는전력부정합손실을나타내며, 각접속부의부정합손실로부터 로나타낼수있다. (b) Vertical polarization 그림 2. 접지판위의다이폴안테나 Fig. 2 Dipole antennas above an infinite ground plane ㆍ ㆍ ㆍ ㆍ (2) Ⅲ. 모멘트법해석그림 2와같은접지판위의수평및수직다이폴안테나의중앙에서전압 V로급전하면전류분포에관한적분방정식은각각다음과같이주어진다. 여기서, 는단위다이애딕,, 는 Dirac의델타함수, 및 는각각자유공간의유전율 및투자율을나타내며 는각주파수이다. 는자유공 간의다이애딕그린함수이며, 는안테나가놓여지는 방향의단위벡터 ( 수평편파는 방향, 수직편파는 1993

4 방향 ). 또한, 는접지판위의다이폴안테나에흐르는전류분포를나타내며, 는영상전류분포를나타낸다. 식 (2) 의복호에서 - 부호는수평편파인경우, + 부호는수직편파인경우에해당한다. 전류분포에관한적분방정식 (2) 의해는구분적정현함수를사용한 Galerkin의모멘트법으로해석하였으며 [14], 구체적인정식화과정의기술은생략하기로한다. 안테나인자를계산하기위해서는다이폴안테나의입력임피던스뿐만아니라, 유효길이도계산하여야한다 [8]. 또한, 본논문의계산에사용한안테나는자유공간에서공진하는반파장공진다이폴안테나를사용하였다 [7]. 그림 3 및그림 4는접지판위에놓인수평다이폴안테나의안테나인자를모멘트법으로계산한결과를나타낸다. 그림 3으로부터알수있는것처럼, 안테나높이가 h=1 m, 2 m, 3 m, 4 m에서계산한안테나인자의주파수특성은거의같은값을가진다. 또한, 그림 4에서보는것처럼, 접지판위의안테나높이에따라서안테나인자는주기적으로변동하는특성을가지는데변동의폭은최대 0.28 db ( 주파수 1 GHz의 1 m에서최대변동폭을가짐 ) 이내로서매우작다는것을알수있다. 그림 5 및그림 6은접지판위에놓인수직다이폴안테나의안테나인자를모멘트법으로계산한결과를나타낸다. 그림 5로부터알수있는것처럼, 안테나높이가 h=1 m, 2 m, 3 m, 4 m에서계산한안테나인자의주파수특성은수평편파의경우와마찬가지로거의같은값을가진다 GHz 2 GHz 1 GHz GHFIG2A 25 그림 4. 접지판위안테나인자의높이특성 ( 수평편파 ). Fig. 4 Height characteristics of the antenna factor above a ground plane (horizontal polarization) 또한, 그림 6에서보는것처럼, 접지판위의안테나높이에따라서안테나인자는주기적으로변동하는특성을가지는데변동의폭은최대 0.11 db ( 주파수 1 GHz의 1 m에서최대변동폭을가짐 ) 이내로서무시할수있을정도로작다는것을알수있다. 그림 4 및그림 6에나타낸안테나인자의높이특성은안테나높이에따라서주기적으로변하는특성을가지는데그림 4 및그림 6에서는구체적인변화양상이잘나타나있지않다. 안테나높이에따른안테나인자의변화를구체적으로파악하기위하여수평편파에대해서는그림 7에, 수직편파에대해서는그림 8에자세한변화특성을나타내었다 h=1 m, 2 m, 3 m, 4 m a=0.75 cm GHFIG h=1 m, 2 m, 3 m, 4 m a=0.75 cm GVFIG Frequency, f (GHz) 그림 3. 접지판위안테나인자의주파수특성 ( 수평편파 ) Fig. 3 Frequency characteristics of the antenna factor above a ground plane (horizontal polarization) Frequency, f (GHz) 그림 5. 접지판위안테나인자의주파수특성 ( 수직편파 ) Fig. 5 Frequency characteristics of the antenna factor above a ground plane (vertical polarization) 1994

5 1~3 GHz 대역용계산가능다이폴안테나의접지판위안테나인자특성 50 GVFIG2A 28.5 GHFIG GHz 2 GHz 1 GHz f=1 GHz (=14.10 cm) 25 그림 6. 접지판위안테나인자의높이특성 ( 수직편파 ) Fig. 6 Height characteristics of the antenna factor above a ground plane (vertical polarization) 그림 7 및그림 8에서알수있는것처럼, 접지판위에서는안테나인자가주기적으로변하며접지판에서멀어질수록 ( 높이가높아질수록 ) 자유공간안테나인자에수렴하게된다. 접지판위에서안테나인자가주기적으로변하는것은안테나의입력임피던스가주기적으로변화하기때문이다. 그림 7 및그림 8에서알수있는것처럼, 접지판위에수평으로놓여진다이폴안테나 ( 수평편파 ) 는수직으로놓여진안테나 ( 수직편파 ) 보다접지판과의결합이강하므로수평편파인경우의안테나인자변동폭이수직편파인경우보다 0.2 db 정도더크다. 그림 9는안테나발룬의산란행렬측정값을사용하여구한안테나인자의높이특성을나타낸다. 그림 9의이론계산값은이상적인발룬을사용한경우의접지판위에서의안테나인자이며, 산란행렬측정값을사용한안테나인자와도그경향이잘일치하고있음을알수있다. 그림 9에는 1 GHz, 2 GHz, 3 GHz의 3가지주파수에대하여나타내었으며, 안테나높이에대한주기적감쇠진동의모양 ( 그림 7 참조 ) 은안테나인자의다이나믹레인지를작게하면확인할수있다. 본논문에서는 3 가지의주파수전체를비교하기위하여다이나믹레인지를크게하였기때문에주기적진동의모양은직선의형태를보이고있다 (a) 1 GHz 34.5 GFIG3 f=2 GHz (=6.979 cm) (b) 2 GHz 38.0 GFIG4 f=3 GHz (=4.651 cm) 37.5 (c) 3 GHz 그림 7. 접지판위안테나인자의높이특성 ( 수평편파 ) Fig. 7 Height characteristics of the antenna factor above a ground plane (horizontal polarization) 1995

6 28.30 GVFIG2 80 GHFIG9A f=1 GHz (=14.10 cm) Measured Calculated, f= 1 GHz (a) 1 GHz 0 (a) 1 GHz GVFIG3 80 GHFIG9b f=2 GHz (=6.979 cm) Measured Calculated, f=2 GHz (b) 2 GHz 0 (b) 2 GHz GVFIG4 80 GHFIG9c f=3 GHz (=4.651 cm) Measured Calculated, f=3 GHz (c) 3 GHz 0 (c) 3 GHz 그림 8. 접지판위안테나인자의높이특성 ( 수직편파 ) Fig. 8 Height characteristics of the antenna factor above a ground plane (vertical polarization) 그림 9. 안테나인자의이론값과측정값 Fig. 9 Calculated and measured antenna factors 1996

7 1~3 GHz 대역용계산가능다이폴안테나의접지판위안테나인자특성 Ⅳ. 결론자유공간에서설계된다이폴안테나가접지판위에수평또는수직으로놓여지면안테나인자의특성이변하게되는데, 본논문에서는접지판위의안테나높이에따른안테나인자의변화특성을모멘트법으로검토하였다. 그결과, 안테나높이에따라안테나인자는주기적인변동을하며수평편파인경우의변동폭은 0.28 db이내이며, 수직편파인경우의변동폭은 0.11 db 이내임을알수있었다. 안테나높이가접지판에서멀어질수록안테나인자는자유공간안테나인자로수렴함을확인할수있었다. 또한, 수평편파는수직편파보다접지판과의결합이강하므로수평편파인경우의안테나인자변동폭이수직편파인경우보다 0.2 db 정도더크다는것도확인할수있었다. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the KRISS/University cooperative research program in REFERENCES [ 1 ] ANSI C63.5:1998, "American National Standard for Electromagnetic Compatibility Radiated Eission Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Control Calibration of Antennas (9 khz to GHz)," (The methods of antenna calibration are unchanged from C63.5:1988), ANSI, Washington, DC. [ 2 ] CISPR 16-4 ( ), "Specification for Radio Disturbance and Immunity Measuring Apparatus and Methods, Part 4: Uncertainty in EMC Measurements," IEC, Geneva. [ 3 ] M.J. Salter and M.J. Alexander, EMC antenna calibration and the design of an open-field site, Jnl. of Phys. E, Meas. Sci. Technol., pp , Feb [ 4 ] M.J. Alexander and M.J. Salter, Low measurement uncertainties in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 GHz using a calculable standard dipole antenna and national reference ground plane, IEE Proc. Sci. Meas. Technol. vol. 143, no. 4, pp , July [ 5 ] M.J. Alexander, M. Salter, M. Loader, B. Knight, D., "Broadband calculable dipole reference antennas", IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 44, no. 1, pp , Feb [ 6 ] B.G. Loader and M.J. Alexander, A Calculable Dipole Antenna to Cover the Frequency Range 850 MHz to 2.2 GHz, 2004 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Digest, pp , June [ 7 ] K.-C. Kim, S.-M. Kim, J.-Y. Kwon, T.-W. Kang, J.-H. Kim, "The design of calculable standard dipole antennas in the frequency range of 1-3 GHz", Proceedings of ISAP 2011, SE , Oct [ 8 ] K.-C. Kim, S.-M. Kim, K.-C. Kim, J.-Y. Kwon, T.-W. Kang, J.-H. Kim, A Comparison of Antenna Characteristics for a Calculable Dipole Antenna by and EMF Method, KJKIEES, vol.23, no. 3, pp , Mar [ 9 ] M. Sakasai, A. Suzuki, T. Sugiyama, K. Koike, H. Hasuzawa, and K. Fujii, "Trial model of calculable dipole antenna for the frequency range from 1 to 6 GHz", National convention records of the IEICE, Communications (1), B-4-12, Mar [10] W.-S. Jo, Study on the evaluation techniques of Antenna calibration open area test site, KEIT, Nov [11] A. Kazemipour and X. Begaud, Calculable Dipole Antenna for EMC Measurements with Low-Loss Wide- Band Balun from 30 MHz to 2 GHz, Electromagnetics, Vol. 25, Issue 3, [12] T. Morioka, Uncertainty of free-space dipole antenna factor from 1 GHz to 2 GHz, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. IM-58, no. 4, pp , April [13] W.S. Bennett, Properly applied antenna factors, IEEE Trans. Electromag. Compat., vol. EMC-28, no.1, pp.2-6, Feb [14] R.F. Harrington, Field computation by Moment Methods, IEEE Press, New York, [15] Picosecond Pulse Labs, Inc.,

8 임성민 (Sung-Min Lim) 2002 년 2 월 : 영남대학교전기공학과 ( 공학사 ) 2004 년 2 월 : 영남대학교전기공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2004 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : SL 주식회사연구개발본부전자시험팀 2010 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 영남대학교전기공학과박사과정 관심분야 : EMC/EMI, 전자파차폐 김상명 (Sang-Myeong Kim) 2011 년 2 월 : 영남대학교전기공학과졸업 ( 공학사 ) 2013 년 2 월 : 영남대학교전기공학과석사과정졸업 ( 공학석사 ) 2013 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : SL 주식회사연구개발본부전자시험팀 관심분야 : EMC/EMI, 전자파차폐 정성우 (Sung-Woo Jung) 2002 년 2 월 : 영남대학교전기공학과졸업 ( 공학사 ) 2008 년 8 월 : 영남대학교전기공학과석사과정졸업 ( 공학석사 ) 2010 년 8 월 : 영남대학교전기공학과박사과정졸업 ( 공학박사 ) 2009 년 9 월 ~ 2011 년 2 월 : ( 주 ) 한국전자파연구소선임연구원 2011 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 경북차량용임베디드기술연구원장비응용연구부선임연구원 관심분야 : EMC/EMI 및 EMP 김기채 (Ki-Chai Kim) 1984 년 2 월 : 영남대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1986 년 3 월 : Keio University 전기공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1989 년 3 월 : Keio University 전기공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1989 년 4 월 ~ 1993 년 3 월 : 한국표준과학연구원전자파연구실선임연구원 1993 년 4 월 ~ 1995 년 8 월 : 일본후쿠오카공업대학정보공학과조교수 1995 년 9 월 ~ 현재 : 영남대학교전기공학과교수 2012 년 : 한국전자파학회회장 1988 년 IEICE Japan, Young Scientist Awards 년 IEE Japan, Paper Presentation Awards. 관심분야 : EMC/EMI 관련안테나및전자파차폐, 전자파이론및응용 1998

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