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1 J Korean Surg Soc 2009;77: DOI: /jkss 원 저 복강경충수절제술과개복충수절제술의임상적비교 : 2,745 명의환자를대상으로한후향적분석 가톨릭대학교성빈센트병원외과 전예원ㆍ정헌ㆍ김성집ㆍ전경화ㆍ진형민ㆍ박우배 Comparison of Clinical Outcomes between Laparoscopic and Open Appendectomy: A Retrospective Analysis of 2,745 Patients Ye-Won Jun, M.D., Hun Jung, M.D., Sung-Jeep Kim, M.D., Kyong Hwa Jun, M.D., Hyung Min Chin, M.D., Woo Bae Park, M.D. Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Suwon, Korea Purpose: Despite the reported advantages of laparoscopic appendectomy (LA), there is debate about the postoperative complication rates. Our study attempts to determine if laparoscopic appendectomy is safe and feasible compared with open appendectomy (OA). Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of all patients who underwent open appendectomy (OA, 2,109 cases) and laparoscopic appendectomy (LA, 500 cases) at our hospital between 1997 and Incidental and interval appendectomies were excluded from this study. Demographic data, pathology, operation time, length of hospital stay, days to regular diet, and in hospital complication rate were identified. Results: The peak age was 27 years. Seven of the 500 were converted to OA, yielding a conversion rate of 1.2%. The presence of non-visualized appendix, adhesion and technical failures were reasons for conversion. The distribution of histological stages of inflammation was comparable in both groups. The mean operating time was longer for the laparoscopic (64 min) than for the open procedure (58 min) (P<0.001). The complication rate after OA (7%) was significantly higher than that following LA (2.8%) (P=0.001). Hospital stay and frequency of analgesic administration were significantly lower in LA group than in OA group. Conclusion: Laparoscopic appendectomy is a safe and clinically beneficial operating procedure even in patients with appendicitis with peritonitis, perforation and abscess, resulting in shorter hospital stays and lower complication rates. (J Korean Surg Soc 2009;77: ) Key Words: Appendicitis, Open appendectomy, Laparoscopic appendectomy 중심단어 : 충수염, 개복충수절제술, 복강경충수절제술 서 론 책임저자 : 전경화, 경기도수원시팔달구지동 , 가톨릭대학교성빈센트병원외과 Tel: , Fax: dkkwkh@catholic.ac.kr 접수일 :2009 년 7 월 29 일, 게재승인일 :2009 년 8 월 27 일 복강경하충수절제술은 1983년산부인과의사인 Semm(1) 에의해처음으로시행되었고, 최근에는미세침습수술의개념이확산되면서복강경하충수절제술빈도가지속적으로증가되고있는추세이다.(2) 복강경하충수절제술은개복하충수절제술과비교하여통증의감소, 재원기간의단 320

2 Ye-Won Jun, et al:comparison of Clinical Outcomes between Laparoscopic and Open Appendectomy: A Retrospective Analysis of 2,745 Patients 321 축, 사회로의복귀기간단축, 창상감염감소등의장점이알려져있다. 그러나여러다른보고에서는수술후복강내염증성합병증의증가, 장기간의수술시간, 의료비상승등복강경하충수절제술의단점을제시하며개복충수절제술에대한복강경충수절제술의효용성에대해의문을제시하고있다.(3,4) 이에저자들은지난 10년간급성충수염으로충수절제술을시행받은 2,745명의환자를대상으로급성충수염에대한복강경하충수절제술의안정성및수술결과에대해알아보고자하였다. 방법 1) 대상 1997년 1월부터 2007년 1월까지 10년간본원에서급성충수염으로진단되어충수절제술을받은총 2,745명중 504 명이복강경충수절제술을, 2,241명이개복충수절제술을받았다. 이중수술중소견과수술후조직병리소견에서충수돌기에특이한병적소견이없는경우와간격충수절제술 (interval appendectomy) 을시행한환자들은본연구에서제외하여최종적으로복강경충수절제술을받은 500명 (LA 군 ) 과개복충수절제술을받은 2,109명 (OA군) 을비교분석하였다. 충수염의진단은술전환자의증상, 이학적검사, 검사실검사를종합하여이루어졌으며, 진단이불확실한경우나소아, 여성, 노인과같이다른동반질환의가능성이높은군에서는복부초음파나복부전산화단층촬영을시행하였다. 본원에서는 1997년부터복강경충수절제술을시행하였으나연구초기에는환자와보호자들이복강경에대한정보가부족한상태였으며, 비교적합병증이없는환자를대상으로수술동의를얻은후에선택적으로시행된경우가많아서 2003년까지는개복충수절제술을 1,815예 (97.4%) 시행하는데반해복강경충수절제술은 49예 (2.6%) 에서만시행하였다. 이후복강경수술에대한정보가대중과의료진에게알려지고복강경술기가널리보급됨에따라 2004년부터는복강경충수절제술의횟수가급격히증가하여개복충수절제술이 294예 (39.5%) 시행되고복강경하충수절제술은 451예 (67.7%) 에서시행되었다 (Table 1) 년이전에는비교적합병증이없는환자를대상으로보호자의동의하에복강경충수절제술을시행하였으나 2004년이후의수술은충수염의심한정도와는상관없이복강경및개복수술에대한방법, 장단점, 수술비용에대한설명 Table 1. Changes of operation method Operation method (%) OA (%) LA (%) P-value ,815 (97.4) 49 (2.6) < (39.5) 451 (67.7) Total 2,109 (80.9) 500 (20.9) 을들은환자나보호자의선택에의하여결정되었다. 성별, 연령, 증상, 과거력, 충수염의중증도, 수술소요시간, 수술후연식식사를시작한시간, 진통제사용횟수, 입원기간, 수술후합병증등을의무기록을바탕으로후향적분석을시행하였다. 충수염의중증도는국소형, 화농성, 괴사성, 천공성, 농양성으로분류하였고합병증은재원기간중과퇴원후재입원을요하는경우를모두포함하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS (ver 12.0 for window, SPSS Inc. Chigago, USA) 를이용하여나이, 수술시간, 재원기간등은 independent t-test 로분석하였고합병증발생빈도는 Chi-square test로분석하였다. 2) 수술방법 모든환자는기관내삽관을통한전신마취하에수술이시행되었고개복충수절제술은우하복부의횡행절개를통한통상적인방법으로시행되었다. 복강경충수절제술은제대하에복강경을위한 10 mm 투관침과치골상부와제대부우측에 5 mm 투관침을사용한표준화된술식으로시행되었고필요에따라하나이상의투관침을더설치하였다. 충수간막은 Endoclip (Ethicon, Cincinnati, USA) 과전기소작을이용하여결찰및분리하였고, 충수기저부는 Endo loop (Ethicon, Somerville, USA) 를사용하여결찰한후잘려진충수돌기의점막은전기소작을하였다. 절단된충수는투관침삽입부위감염을막기위하여 Lap-bag (Sejong Medical, Paju, Korea) 을이용하여 10 mm 투관침부위를통해체외로배출하였다. 생리식염수로복강내세척및흡입을시행하고, 배액관은수술자의판단에의하여충수돌기의염증정도에따라선택적으로삽입하였다. 수술후항생제는 1세대 cephalosporin과 aminoglycoside계를병용하여사용하였으며, 천공성및농양성충수염인경우는 metronidazole을추가하였다.

3 322 J Korean Surg Soc. Vol. 77, No. 5 결 1) 대상군의임상양상 대상환자의평균연령은 32±11.3세 ( 범위, 2 88세 ) 였고 60세이하가 87.2% 를차지하였으며 27세에서충수염발생률이가장높았다. 전체남녀의성비는남자 1,272명 (48.8%), 여자 1,336명 (51.2%) 으로차이가없었다. 초기에상복부나배꼽주위에통증이있다가시간이경과하면서우하복부에국한된통증을호소하는전형적인충수염증상을보인환자는전체환자중에서 1,620명 (64.7%) 이었고 883명 (35.3%) 은비전형적인복부통증을호소하였다. OA군은국소형이 197예 (9.3%), 화농성 1,212예 (57.5%), 괴사성 55예 (2.6%), 천공성 66예 (3.1%), 농양성 579예 (27.5%) 였다. LA군은국소형 67예 (13.6%), 화농성 242예 (49.1%), 괴사성 9예 (1.8%), 천공성 13예 (2.6%), 농양성 162예 (32.9%) 였다 (Table 2). 합병성충수염은현미경적검사에서괴사성, 천공성, 농양성을확인한경우로정의하였는데, 대상군의연령이높고증상의지속시간이길며수술전발열증상이있었을때합병성충수염의비율이통계학적으로의미있게높았다 (P<0.01). 수술도중개복술로전환한경우는총 6예 (1.2%) 였고원인은심한유착및염증으로인한충수돌기괴사 5예, 투관침손상 1예였다. Table 2. Patient distribution according to appendiceal pathology OA (%) LA (%) Total (%) Focal 197 (9.3) 67 (13.4) 264 (10.2) Suppurative 1,212 (57.5) 242 (48.4) 1,454 (55.8) Gangrenous 55 (2.6) 9 (1.8) 64 (2.5) Perforated 66 (3.1) 13 (2.6) 79 (3.1) Abscess 579 (27.5) 169 (33.8) 748 (28.4) Total appendicitis 2,109 (80.8) 500 (19.2) 2,609 (100) Table 3. Clinical outcome Operation method OA (n=2,109) LA (n=500) P-value OP time (min) <0.001 Soft diet (days) Hospital day (days) <0.001 Frequency of analgesics (times) <0.001 과 2) 수술후임상경과 수술시간은피부절개에서창상봉합까지의시간으로산정하였다. LA군은평균 64.32±27.25분, OA군은평균 58.76±29.36분으로 LA군에서통계학적으로유의하게수술시간이길었다 (P<0.001). 수술후연식이가능한기간은 LA군에서평균 3.65±2.24일, OA군에서 3.75±2.58분으로두군간에차이가없었다 (P=0.394). 수술후통증은입원부터퇴원할때까지관찰하였고진통제는비스테로이드항염증약 (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) 과 pethidine (Demerol) 을사용하였다. 두군에서진통제를사용한빈도는 LA군평균 1.88±1.56회, OA군평균 2.48±2.24회로 LA군에서통계적으로유의하게낮았다 (P<0.001). 재원기간은수술후퇴원까지소요된기간으로 LA군평균 4.74±3.14일, OA군평균 5.66±3.59일로 LA군에서유의하게짧았다 (P<0.001) (Table 3). 3) 합병증 합병증발생예는총 163예 (6.2%) 로 LA군 16예 (3.2%), OA군 147예 (7.0%) 로 LA군에서의미있게적게발생하였다 (P=0.001). LA군에서원인은복강내농양 6예 (1.2%), 창상감염 5예 (1.0%), 장마비 2예 (0.4%), 폐합병증, 방광손상, 출혈이각각 1예 (0.2%) 였다. OA군에서원인은창상감염 70 예 (3.3%), 장마비 52예 (2.5%), 복강내농양 11예 (0.5%), 장액종 4예 (0.2%), 폐합병증 3예 (0.1%), 배뇨장애, 췌장염각각 2예 (0.1%), 심부정맥혈전증, 복벽탈장, 출혈각각 1예였다. Table 4. Postoperative complications Operation method OA (%) (n=2,109) LA (%) (n=500) Total (%) Wound infection 70 (3.3) 5 (1.0) 75 (2.9) Seroma 4 (0.2) 4 (0.2) Urinary difficulty 2 (0.1) 2 (0.1) Abscess 11 (0.5) 6 (1.2) 17 (0.7) Pancreatitis 2 (0.1) 2 (0.1) Ileus 52 (2.5) 2 (0.4) 54 (2.1) DVT 1 (0.04) 1 (0.03) Pulmonary complications 3 (0.1) 1 (0.2) 4 (0.2) Bladder wall injury 1 (0.2) 1 (0.03) Ventral hernia 1 (0.04) 1 (0.03) Bleeding 1 (0.04) 1 (0.2) 2 (0.1) Total 147 (7.0) 16 (3.2) 163 (6.2)

4 Ye-Won Jun, et al:comparison of Clinical Outcomes between Laparoscopic and Open Appendectomy: A Retrospective Analysis of 2,745 Patients 323 Table 5. Postoperative complications of open appendectomy according to period (n=1,815) (%) Period (n=294) (%) Conversion 7 (1.2) Wound infection 60 (3.3) 10 (3.4) Seroma 3 (0.2) 1 (0.3) Urinary difficulty 2 (0.1) Abscess 10 (0.5) 1 (0.3) Pancreatitis 1 (0.05) 1 (0.3) Ileus 43 (2.3) 7 (2.3) DVT 1 (0.3) Pulmonary complications 1 (0.05) 2 (0.6) Bladder wall injury Ventral hernia 1 (0.05) Bleeding 1 (0.05) Total 122 (6.7) 30 (10.2) 개복술로전환하여충수절제술을시행한경우에합병증은 2예에서발생하였으며각각창상감염, 복강내농양이었다 (Table 4). 어느군에서도충수절제술과관련된사망환자는없었다. LA군은 2004년이전에는합병증이없었으나복강경수술이증가한 2004년이후에합병증이발생하기시작하였다. OA군은 2004년을기준으로합병증을나누어비교한결과시기별차이를보이지않았다 (Table 5). 고 개복충수절제술은충수염의표준치료법으로 Semm(1) 에의해복강경충수절제술이처음으로시행된이후로복강경하충수절제술의효용성과안전성은많은연구에서최근까지논란이되고있다. 1990년대초반 Nowzaradan 등 (5) 은복강경충수절제술의적응증에서복막염증상이나합병증성충수염의예를제외시켰으며, 복부통증시진단및치료의수단으로복강경술식이용을제안하였다. 이후충수염의수술방법으로복강경시술의비율이급격하게증가되면서복강경술과개복술을비교하는많은연구가발표되었고단순충수염에대한복강경술식의효용성은대체로인정되었다. Lin 등 (6) 과 Fukami 등 (7) 은합병증성충수염에서재원기간, 연식시작까지의기간, 수술후진통제사용횟수및수술후합병증등을비교하여복강경술식이개복술식보다우월하다고보고하기도하였지만합병증성충수염에서복강경술식의효용성과안정성에대해서는아직도 찰 여러논문에서논란의여지가되고있다.(8,9) Ortega 등 (10) 과 Katkhouda 등 (11) 은복강경군의수술시간이개복군에비하여통계학적으로유의하게길다고보고하였다. 본연구에서도수술시간은복강경군이개복군에비하여약 6분정도길게나타났으며, 이것은통계학적으로유의하였다. 이것은복강경충수절제술에서는충수를절제하기전에이산화탄소를주입하여복강기종을형성하고, 투관침을삽입한이후진단을위해복강내를확인하는과정등이필요하여수술시간이개복군에비하여길게나타난것으로생각된다. 복강경수술시개복술로의전환은 1990년대에발표된논문에서는 15% 로높게보고하였으나,(12-14) 이후의논문에서는약 7% 내외로낮은전환율을보고하였다.(4,11,15) 이것은복강경수술의빈도가증가되면서수술자의숙련도가향상되고, 수술기구가발달한것과관련이있는것으로사료된다. Hellberg 등 (16) 은총 500예의충수염에서복강경에서개복술로전환한 30예에대한보고를하였는데, 개복술로의전환은대부분농양형성이나염증으로인하여해부학적구조가어려웠을때시행되었으며, 전환후수술시간, 재원기간, 회복기간이길었으나합병증비율에서는큰차이가없었다고하였다. Piskun 등 (17) 도복강경에서개복술로전환한예에서수술후합병증이증가하지않는다고보고하였다. 본연구에서개복술로의전환은 6예로 1.2% 를차지하였다. 1예는투관침에의한방광손상이었고, 5예는심한유착및염증으로인하여충수절제술의시행을위한해부학적구조의구별및안전한맹장기저부의처리가어려운경우였으며, 개복으로전환하여수술후창상감염및일시적장마비등의경한합병증은발생하였으나심폐혈관합병증, 패혈증, 복강내농양형성등의중한합병증의빈도는증가하지않았다. Apelgren 등 (3) 과 Minne 등 (4) 은재원기간및사회로의복귀기간이복강경군과개복군에서통계학적으로유의한차이가없다고하였으나, Ortega 등 (10) 은복강경군의평균재원기간이 2.16±3.2일, 개복군에서는 2.83±1.6일로복강경군에서재원기간이통계학적으로유의하게짧다고보고하였다. 본연구에서도복강경군에서유의하게재원기간이짧게나타났다. 이것은개복군과복강경군의절개창크기차이가영향을주었을것으로사료되며, 개복군의절개창이복강경군보다큼으로인해수술후통증의강도가높아지고이로인해환자의활동이제한되는것이재원기간에영향을주었을것으로생각된다. 개복군에서진통제사용

5 324 J Korean Surg Soc. Vol. 77, No. 5 횟수가평균 2.48±2.24회로복강경군의평균 1.88±1.56회보다통계적으로유의하게높다는것이이를뒷받침해주고있으며, Long 등 (18) 도복강경군에서개복군보다진통제사용기간이짧았으며, 개복군의진통제사용량의 60% 만사용되는것으로보고하였다. 또한복강경군과개복군의절개창크기의차이는수술후합병증중창상감염의발생시치료기간의차이와이어져재원기간에영향을주었을것으로생각된다. 충수절제술후합병증은개복군에서 %, 복강경군에서 3 19% 로다양하게보고되고있으며, Chung 등 (19) 은합병증중에서창상감염률이개복군에서 7.2%, 복강경군에서 2.8% 로개복군에서높다고보고하였다. 본연구에서도충수절제술후합병증은개복군이 7.0%, 복강경군이 2.8% 로복강경군에서통계적으로유의하게낮게나타났다. 수술후합병증은창상감염과복강내농양으로대표되는감염성합병증이가장많은부분을차지하였으며, 이중창상감염은개복군에서 3.3% 로 0.8% 인복강경군보다유의하게높았다. 복강경군에서창상감염은충수를제거하는배꼽쪽투관침삽입부위에서주로발생하였으며, 충수제거과정에서 Lap-bag의오염이나손상에의해발생하였을것으로생각된다. 하지만개복군에비하여현저하게작은절개창에발생하는상처감염으로치료기간이짧아재원기간에영향을주지는않았다. 복강내농양의경우는개복군이 11예로 0.5%, 복강경군은 5예로 1.0% 였으나통계학적차이는없었다. Tang 등 (20) 은단순충수염일경우는개복군과비교하여수술후합병증발생에차이가없으나, 천공성충수염의경우는복강경군에서복강내농양의빈도가유의하게높다고보고하였다. Piskun 등 (17) 과 Yau 등 (21) 은천공성충수염수술후복강내농양발생빈도에서복강경군과개복군간에유의한차이가없거나오히려복강경군에서낮음을보고하였다. 이는복강경수술의빈도가증가하면서수술장비가발달하고, 수술자의복강경술기가향상되어합병증성충수염수술에서도수술후합병증이감소된것으로생각되며, 이것은 Katkhouda 등 (11) 이일반외과부서와복강경전문부서에서시행한복강경충수절제술을비교하여복강경전문부서에서시행한복강경하충수절제술에서복강내농양발생률이낮았다고지적한보고서를통해서도알수있다. Katkhouda 등 (11) 과 Hussain 등 (22) 은 Trendelenburg 자세를취하여 S자결장을견인한이후골반내를복강경으로직접보면서세척및흡입을시행하는것이복강내농양발생률을낮추는데도움이된다고보고하 였다. 복강경하충수절제술의고비용은효용성의관점에서문제가되어왔으며, Minne 등 (4) 은복강경군에서수술시간이길며, 수술비용및총병원비면에서고비용임을지적하였다. 실제로수술시사용되는일회용기구들은개복군에서사용하는수술기구에비하여고비용이었다. 그러나 Long 등 (18) 은비용부분을세분화하여비교한결과수술기구부분에서복강경군이높은비용을차지하였으나다른비용부분을고려한결과개복군과큰차이가없음을보고하였다. 이것은복강경군이개복군에비해입원기간이짧고합병증이적어사회활동의복귀가빨랐던때문이었던것으로생각된다. 또한최근실시된수술기구의보험인정은복강경충수절제술에서비용부담을많이완화시킨것으로예상되며복강경하충수절제술의효용성향상에기여할것으로사료된다. 결 본연구결과복강경충수절제술은재원기간이짧고수술후통증이경하며, 수술후합병증도적은빈도로나타나개복하충수절제술에비하여임상적으로효용성이있으며안전한수술방법으로나타났다. 비록전향적무작위대조군비교임상연구가아니고, 복강경군이개복군에비해차지하는비율이낮았지만, 본연구는 2,745명이라는충분히많은증례를바탕으로이루어진것으로이결과는설득력을가지고있을것으로사료된다. 결론적으로복강경충수절제술은충수염의치료에있어서 1차선택수술로사용될수있을것으로생각되나보편적인합의를위해서는향후동수의환자를대상으로전향적무작위대조군비교연구가필요할것이다. 론 REFERENCES 1) Semm K. Endoscopic appendectomy. Endoscopy 1983;15: ) Nguyen NT, Zainabadi K, Mavandadi S, Paya M, Stevens CM, Root J, et al. Trends in utilization and outcomes of laparoscopic versus open appendectomy. Am J Surg 2004;188: ) Apelgren KN, Molnar RG, Kisala JM. Laparoscopic is not better than open appendectomy. Am Surg 1995;61: ) Minne L, Varner D, Burnell A, Ratzer E, Clark J, Haun W. Laparoscopic vs open appendectomy. Prospective randomized

6 Ye-Won Jun, et al:comparison of Clinical Outcomes between Laparoscopic and Open Appendectomy: A Retrospective Analysis of 2,745 Patients 325 study of outcomes. Arch Surg 1997;132: ) Nowzaradan Y, Westmoreland J, McCarver CT, Harris RJ. Laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis: indications and current use. J Laparoendosc Surg 1991;1: ) Lin HF, Wu JM, Tseng LM, Chen KH, Huang SH, Lai IR. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for perforated appendicitis. J Gastrointest Surg 2006;10: ) Fukami Y, Hasegawa H, Sakamoto E, Komatsu S, Hiromatsu T. Value of laparoscopic appendectomy in perforated appendicitis. World J Surg 2007;31: ) Frazee RC, Bohannon WT. Laparoscopic appendectomy for complicated appendicitis. Arch Surg 1996;131: ) Bonanni F, Reed J 3rd, Hartzell G, Trostle D, Boorse R, Gittleman M, et al. Laparoscopic versus conventional appendectomy. J Am Coll Surg 1994;179: ) Ortega AE, Hunter JG, Peters JH, Swanstrom LL, Schirmer B. A prospective, randomized comparison of laparoscopic appendectomy with open appendectomy. Laparoscopic Appendectomy Study Group. Am J Surg 1995;169: ) Katkhouda N, Mason RJ, Towfigh S, Gevorgyan A, Essani R. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Ann Surg 2005;242: ) Cox MR, McCall JL, Toouli J, Padbury RT, Wilson TG, Wattchow DA, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of open versus laparoscopic appendectomy in men. World J Surg 1996;20: ) Tate JJ, Dawson JW, Chung SC, Lau WY, Li AK. Laparoscopic versus open appendicectomy: prospective randomised trial. Lancet 1993;342: ) Martin LC, Puente I, Sosa JL, Bassin A, Breslaw R, McKenney MG, et al. Open versus laparoscopic appendectomy. A prospective randomized comparison. Ann Surg 1995; 222: ) Sporn E, Petroski GF, Mancini GJ, Astudillo JA, Miedema BW, Thaler K. Laparoscopic appendectomy--is it worth the cost? Trend analysis in the US from 2000 to J Am Coll Surg 2009;208: e2. 16) Hellberg A, Rudberg C, Enochsson L, Gudbjartson T, Wenner J, Kullman E, et al. Conversion from laparoscopic to open appendicectomy: a possible drawback of the laparoscopic technique? Eur J Surg 2001;167: ) Piskun G, Kozik D, Rajpal S, Shaftan G, Fogler R. Comparison of laparoscopic, open, and converted appendectomy for perforated appendicitis. Surg Endosc 2001;15: ) Long KH, Bannon MP, Zietlow SP, Helgeson ER, Harmsen WS, Smith CD, et al. A prospective randomized comparison of laparoscopic appendectomy with open appendectomy: Clinical and economic analyses. Surgery 2001;129: ) Chung RS, Rowland DY, Li P, Diaz J. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of laparoscopic versus conventional appendectomy. Am J Surg 1999;177: ) Tang E, Ortega AE, Anthone GJ, Beart RW Jr. Intraabdominal abscesses following laparoscopic and open appendectomies. Surg Endosc 1996;10: ) Yau KK, Siu WT, Tang CN, Yang GP, Li MK. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for complicated appendicitis. J Am Coll Surg 2007;205: ) Hussain A, Mahmood H, Nicholls J, El-Hasani S. Prevention of intra-abdominal abscess following laparoscopic appendicectomy for perforated appendicitis: a prospective study. Int J Surg 2008;6:374-7.

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