Journal of Radiation Industry 10 (2) : 43 ~ 47 (2016) Technical Paper 무릎자기공명영상에대한정량적, 정성적평가 : 1.5 T 와 3.0 T 기기비교 구은회 1 1 청주대학교방사선학과 Qualitative and Qu

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1 Journal of Radiation Industry 10 (2) : 43 ~ 47 (2016) Technical Paper 무릎자기공명영상에대한정량적, 정성적평가 : 1.5 T 와 3.0 T 기기비교 구은회 1 1 청주대학교방사선학과 Qualitative and Quantitative Assessments of Knee Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Comparison with 1.5 T and 3.0 T Eunhoe Goo 1 1 Department of Radiological Science, Cheongju University Abstract - This study aims to conduct an analysis in order to compare the differences in the generation of artifacts occurring due to the difference between 1.5 T and 3.0 T MRI equipment with three types of pulse sequence applied to the knee MRI. with data on 121 patients transmitted to PACS, this study qualitatively analyzed SNRs and carried out a qualitative evaluation, dividing AC, ACL and PCL into three steps. In the quantitative analysis, The SNRs of 3.0 T MRI showed a more significant result, which was higher than that measured in the 1.5 T MRI (p<0.05). In the qualitative analysis, also showed similar to results when compared with 1.5 T (p<0.05). In conclusion, the increased signal to noise ratio at 3.0 T resulted in a better visibility of the majority of AC, ACL, PCL structures as compared to 1.5 T equipment. This study will become the guidelines for musculoskeletal system when examining the patients in knee MRI using the two types of equipment in the clinical setting in the future. Key words : Signal to noise ratio, Picture archiving and communication system, Magnetic resonance image, Musculoskeletal system 서 무릎자기공명영상 (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) 은 비침습적인검사방법으로전산화단층촬영 (computed tomography, CT) 을비롯하여 X-ray 와같은전리방사선을이용한 방사선학검사에비해우수한정보를제공해주는장점을가지고있다 (Lee et al. 2012). 영상의학검사에서비전리방사선검사방법으로초음파 (ultrasonography) 검사또한많은진단적소견을제공해주는장점을가지고있으나대학병원을포함하여 3차의료기관에서는해상도가낮아움직임이 론 * Corresponding author: Eunhoe Goo, Tel , Fax , . eunhoegoo@gmail.com 심한소아나환자상태가좋지않은환자를제외하고는크게선호하지는않는다 (Nielsen et al. 2012). 일반적으로무릎질환은걸으면통증이발생하거나, 물이차는증상이대부분차지하고있는질환으로관절연골 (articular cartilage) 이약하거나전방, 후방십자인대 (anterior, posterior cruciate ligament) 의파열을볼수가있다. 관절연골에대한기존보고에의하면 1.5 T와 3.0 T에대한연구에서각각의기기에따라서로우위성보고도있었다 (Scott et al. 2009). MRI는연골및인대를묘출해주는큰장점을가지고있기때문에이러한질환에서정확한진단을제공해주는영상의학검사로서크게역할을하고있다 (Prasad et al. 2014). 근골격계 (muscuolskeletal system) 를구성하는관절, 근육 (muscle), 지방 (fat) 은조직의이완시간 (relaxation time) 이다르기때 43

2 44 구은회 Table 1. Scan parameters for analysis of pulse sequence on 1.5 T and 3.0 T T2 T1 PDfs TR (msec) TE (msec) Th./G (mm) Matrix MP FOV (mm) 1.5 T 3.0 T 1.5 T 3.0 T 1.5 T 3.0 T PDfs: proton density fat saturation, TR (ms): repetition time, Th./G (mm): slice thickness/gap, Matrix MP: frequency and phase encoding matrix, FOV: field of view 문에자기장의세기 (magnetic field) 에따라서대조도 (contrast) 를크게좌우하게된다. 1.5 T MRI 검사에서십자인대에대하여민감도 (sensitivity) 91.1%, 특이도 (specificity) 82.9% 로높은진단적정보를제공하였지만, 낮은신호대잡음비 (Signal to noise ratio), 대조도대잡음비 (contrast to noise ratio) 를얻었고, 영상의질 (image quality) 에대한개선이필요하다는보고가있었다 (Lee et al. 2010; Oldrini et al. 2012). 1.5 T와 3.0T 비교에서반월상연골판 (Meniscus) 에대하여민감도와특이도가 92.7% 와 82.2% (3.0 T), 92.6% 와 76.1% (1.5 T) 로유의성있는차이를보이지않았고 (p = 1.0, p =0.61), (Grossman et al. 2009), 관절연골 (articular cartilage) 평가에서민감도 60% 와특이도 96% (1.5 T), 민감도 69% 와 96% (3.0T) 로민감도에서는유의성있는평가를얻었지만 (p<0.05), 특이도에서는유의성있는평가를얻지못했다 (p>0.05), (Van et al. 2014). 앞에보고와같이각부위에대한민감도와특이도가 3.0 T MRI 기기가높지않은이유는실질적으로 3.0 T MRI 기기에대한몇가지이론 (theory) 으로인하여화학적이동효과 (chemical shift effect) 와자기감수성효과 (magnetic susceptibility effect) 가발생하여영상의질을저하시키므로영상매개변수의조절이필요하기때문이다 (Meyer et al. 2008). 따라서본연구에서는기존에 3차의료기관에서무릎검사시일반적으로적용되는 1.5 T MRI 프로토콜 (protocol) 과실험을통하여최적의영상매개변수 (image parameter) 로변화시킨 3.0 T MRI 프로토콜을이용하여영상을획득한후기법에따라 SNR (signal to noise ratio, SNR) 과영상의질을평가하였다. 재료및방법 1. 연구방법본연구는 PACS 네트워크로전송된총 121명 ( 남자 70, 여자 51, 평균연령 48세 ) 의 knee MRI 검사를한환자를무작위로선정하여분석을하였다. 분석한모든데이터는 1.5 T 와 3.0 T (Philips, Medical system, Achieva, The Netherlands) 자기공명영상기기가이용되었고, 수신코일 (received coil) 로는 knee coil (16 channel) 이었다. 데이터분석에적용된펄스시퀀스영상은 knee MRI 검사시관절연골 (articular cartilage, AC), 전십자인대 (anterior cruciate ligament, ACL), 후십자인대 (posterior cruciate ligament, PCL) 묘출에필수적으로적용되고있는 TSE (turbo spin echo) T2, T1 sagittal, PDfs (proton density fat saturation) coronal 영상을기본으로분석을하였다. 각각의펄스시퀀스의매개변수는같이적용되었다 (Table 1). 2. 평가방법 모든영상들은 DICOM (digital imaging and communications in medicine) 파일로 PACS (INFINIT Healthcare, Co., Ltd, Korea) 시스템에전송된데이터를분석하였다. 데이터분석범위로는 Image Viewer 프로그램을이용하여일정한크기의관심영역 (region of interest) 을설정한후 AC, ACL, PCL에대하여 SNR (signal to noise ratio) 를적용하여정량적평가를하였다 (Eq. 1). 정성적분석으로는각각의기법에따른 3 영역에서인대및관절묘출정도를중심으로두기기에대하여영상의질을평가하였다. Signal vessel SNR = (1) σ background 정성적분석방법으로는두기기에대하여 3단계로구분하여영상의질을평가하였다. 인대및관절연골의신호강도및경계부위가뚜렷하게나타난경우 (excellent 3), 신호강도는강하나경계부위가흐릿하게나타난경우 (good 2), 신호강도및경계부위가흐릿하게나타난경우 (poor 1) 로평가를하였다. 두기기에대한영상의질평가는임상경험 18년이상 MRI실에근무를하였으며국제자기공명영상전문방사선사자격증을취득한자이었다. 3. 통계분석 두기종에대한정량적분석으로 SNR 에대한통계적유

3 무릎자기공명영상의정량적, 정성평가 45 Table 2. SNRs values for three tissues obtained with 1.5 T and 3.0 T (n =121) T2WI (AC) T2WI (ACL) T2WI (PCL) T1WI (AC ) T1WI (ACL ) T1WI (PCL ) PDfs (AC) PDfs (ACL) PDfs (PCL) Means±SD 1.5 T 3.0 T t p-values 45.35± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Numbers: average values±standard deviation. AC : articular cartilage, ACL : anterior cruciate ligament, PCL : posterior cruciate ligament, *significant differences, p< * 0.004* 0.008* 0.005* 0.001* 0.003* Table 3. Qualitative analysis for scoring on 1.5 T and 3.0 T in knee structures (n =121, with score of 1=poor, 2=good, 3 =excellent) T2WI (AC) T2WI (ACL) T2WI (PCL) T1WI (AC) T1WI (ACL) T1WI (PCL) PDfs (AC) PDfs (ACL) PDfs (PCL) Means±SD Numbers: average values±standard deviation. *significant differences, p< T 3.0 T z p-values 2.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± * 0.002* 0.007* 의성은독립표본 t 검정 (independent sample t-test) 로계산되었으며, AC, ACL, PCL에대한영상의질적차이는 Wilcoxon signed rank test를적용하여유의성을알아보았다 (p<0.05). 본데이터분석에적용된프로그램은 PASW Statistics (release 18.0) 프로그램을이용하여 p값이 0.05 이하일때유의성을두었다. 결 과 Fig. 1. Comparison of two sections of the TSE T2 WI sequence obtained with 1.5 T (left) and 3.0 T (right) in the knee MRI. 본데이터분석에적용된 121명에대하여 PACS 전송된 TSE T2, T1 sagittal images, PDfs coronal images을분석하였다. 두기종에서 T2, T1. PDfs에대한평균 SNRs이 32.66± 22.4, 51.42±32.9로 AC, ACL, PCL 모두 3.0 T가높은결과를얻었다 (Table 2, t = , p = ). 또한정성적분석에서도데이터분석에적용된 3종류펄스시퀀스를 3등급으로평가를했을때 2.07±0.17, 2.54±0.18로 3.0 T가모두높은점수를얻었다 (Table 3, z = , p = ). 본데이터분석결과는기존의결과와다르게 3.0 T가높은값을얻은이유는 3.0 T 매개변수를고자기장의특성에맞게조절한후데이터를얻었기때문이다. Fig. 1은 TSE T2 WI 기법을적용하여 1.5 T와 3.0 T를비교한영상이다. 두영상모두자기감수성인공물 (magnetic susceptibility artifacts) 이발생하였지만, ACL, PCL를모두확인할수가있었다. 정성적으로분석했을때 1.5 T (white line circle) 에비해 3.0 T (white dot circle) 영상에서높은신호강도로나타나인대 (ligament) 부분이잘구분되었다. 3.0 T 기종에서는 1.5 T 기종에비해자기감수성인공물이많이발생하지만, 깊은조직 (tissues) 에서는크게영향을받지않은결과이었다. Fig. 2 영상또한 TSE T2 WI 기법을적용하여 1.5 T와 3.0

4 46 구은회 Fig. 2. Comparison of two sections of TSE T2 WI sequence obtained with 1.5 T (left) and 3.0 T (right) in the knee MRI. Fig. 3. Comparison of two sections of TSE PDfs sequence obtained with 1.5 T (left) and 3.0 T (right) in the knee MRI. T를비교한영상이다. AC에대한묘출을비교했을때 1.5 T (black line circle) 에비해 3.0 T (black dot circle) 가신호강도가높았으며관절연골부분에서경계면이뚜렷하게나타나는것을알수있었다. 그외에신호강도의균일성면에서 3.0 T가높은것을알수있었다. 그러나시각적으로는두영상모두 AC를구분할수있었다. Fig. 3은 PDfs 기법을적용하여 1.5 T와 3.0 T를분석한영상이다. 1.5 T 영상에비해 3.0 T 영상에서흔들림 (blurring) 없이지방소거가잘된것을알수있었다. 1.5 T 영상에서자기감수성인공물을비롯하여영상의신호강도가균일하지않은것을알수있었다. 특히 ACL, PCL 부분에서흔들림이강하게나타났다. 그러나 3.0 T 영상에서는자기감수성인공물이적었으며표면상조직에서신호강도가균일하게나타났으며 AC, ACL, PCL 부분의경계가뚜렷하게보였다. Signal intensity 1.5 T 3 T TR Fig. 4. Signal intensity - time curves on 1.5 T and 3.0 T (Chang et al. 2008). 3 T 1.5 T 고찰본데이터분석은 knee MRI 검사시 1.5 T와 3.0 T 기기를이용했을때영상에서나타나는특징을알수있었다. 분석에서큰차이점이있다면 SNR 값의차이가뚜렷하게 3.0 T 가높게나타난다. SNR 값은 NEX에비례하여증가하지만, 가장큰차이점은외부자기장 (B 0) 에직접적으로비례하여증가하게된다. 따라서고자기장일수록 SNR 값은증가하여영상의질을높이게된다. 고자기장의특징으로자기장의비균질성 (inhomogeneities) 과자기감수성으로인하여실제측정되는값보다 SNR 값이떨어져측정되는경우가있지만, 상대적으로높은공간분해능을비롯하여해상도를증가시키는요인이되기도한다 (Jung et al. 2013). Knee MRI 검사시인대및관절연골주변에발생되는인공물로는자기감수성인공물이가장많이발생하게된다. 본데이터분석에적용된 Figure 영상은기종에따라정도의차이는있지만모두자기감수성인공물이발생한영상이었다. 자기감수성인공물은자기장이높을수록신호감소효과가증가되는현상이발생하게된다 (Chang et al. 2008). 일반적으로물 (water) 성분이많이포함한 T2 이완시간 (relaxation time) 이긴조직에서주로발생하게되는데이를방지하기위해서는짧은신호수집시간 (echo time, TE) 을이용하여방지할수있다. 데이터분석에적용된 MRI 기기는 Table 1에서보았듯이모두 1.5 T에비해 3.0 T MRI가 TE 값이작게설정된것을알수있다. 그외에대역폭 (bandwidth) 도반비례관계가있기때문에가능한높게설정해야될것이다 (Eq. 2). Susceptibility artifact size ( Susceptibility) B 0 Te = (2) Band width 고자기장의특징중또다른하나는 T1 이완시간이증가한다는것이다. 인체조직이가지고있는고유의세차주파수와고자기장이세차주파수가일치하지않아종축으로회복되는시간이길어지기때문에대조도가떨어질수가있다. 액체성분이많이포함되어있는복부나골반에대한대부분조직에서 T1 이완시간은 1.5 T보다 3.0 T가약 20~40% 길어진다 (de Bazelaire et al. 2004). 따라서대조도를증가시키는방법으로 RF 인가시간 (repetition time, TR) 을길게하여조직의대조도차를크게할수있다. 본연구의분석에

5 무릎자기공명영상의정량적, 정성평가 47 서도관절연골부위에액체성분이많이포함되어있기때문에이러한근거를토대로매개변수를설정하여 TR 값이모두 1.5 T에비해 3.0 T가길게되어있다. Fig. 4 영상은 T1 이완시간에다른신호강도곡선을보여주고있다. 실선 (dashed curve) 은종양조직에대한조직이완시간을신호강도에따라보여주고있고, 점선 (solid curves) 은정상조직에대한이완시간을 TR과신호강도를보여주고있다. 또한관절연골및인대부분은깊고작은구조의조직이기때문에 matrix에크게영향을갖는다. 이러한점을해결하기위하여 matrix size (1.5 T:, 3.0 T: ) 를 T2, T1, PDfs에대하여 1.5 T보다높게설정하여높은해상도영상을얻었다. 본데이터분석에서두기법모두검사시간을단축하고 SNR, 해상도를높일수있는 parallel 영상기법으로 SENSE (sensitive encoding) 를이용하였다. 영상분석에있어서제한점이있다면, 다양한질환별분석이이루어지않았지만향후후속연구로서진행할것이다. 결 결론적으로, knee MRI 검사시필수적으로적용되는 T2, T1, PDfs 기법은자기장의특성에따라영상의질에차이가발생하였다. 기존보고에서인체의깊은위치에있는관절연골, 인대에서 1.5 T가우위의평가를얻었지만, 본데이터분석에서 3.0 T 설치시고자기장에대한특성을이해하고그에따른매개변수를조정하여 1.5 T에비해 3.0 T knee MRI가높은 SNR과정성적분석에서유의성있는평가를얻고 AC 및 ACL, PCL이잘묘출되었다. 향후이러한분석정보를기반으로근골격계검사를시행할때 3.0 T 자기장을적용함으로서임상에서유용성있는정보를환자에게제공하기를기대한다. 론 참고문헌 Chang KJ, Kamel IR, Macura KJ and Bluemke DA T MR imaging of the abdomen: comparison with 1.5T. Radiographics 28(7): de Bazelaire CM, Duhamel GD, Rofsky NM and Alsop DC MR imaging relaxation times of abdominal and pelvic tissues measured in vivo at 3.0 T: preliminary results. Radiology 230(3): Grossman JW, De Smet AA and Shinki K Comparison of the accuracy rates of 3-T and 1.5-T MRI of the knee in the diagnosis of meniscal tear. AJR 193(2): Jung JY, Yoon YC, Kim HR, Choe BK and Wang JH Knee derangements: comparison of isotropic 3D fast spinecho, isotropic 3D balanced fast field-echo, and conventional 2D fast spin-echo MR imaging. Radiology 268(3): Laurell L, Court-Payen M, Nielsen S, Zak M, Boesen M and Fasth A Comparison of ultrasonography with Doppler and MRI for assessment of disease activity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a pilot study. Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J. 10(1): Lee PP, Chalian M, Carrino JA, Eng J and Chhabra A Multimodality correlations of patellar height measurement on X-ray, CT, and MRI. Skeletal Radiol. 41(10): Lee SY, Jee WH, Kim SK, Koh IJ and Kim JM Differentiation between grade 3 and grade 4 articular cartilage defects of the knee: fat-suppressed proton density-weighted versus fat-suppressed three-dimensional gradient-echo MRI. Acta Radiol. 51(4): Meyer JS and Jaramillo D Musculoskeletal MR imaging at 3 T. Magn. Reson. Imaging Clin. N. Am. 16(3): Oldrini G, Teixeira PG, Chanson A, Erpelding ML, Osemont B, Louis M and Blum A MRI appearance of the distal insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee: an additional criterion for ligament ruptures. Skeletal Radiol. 41(9): Prasad A, Brar R and Rana S MRI imaging of displaced meniscal tears: Report of a case highlighting new potential pitfalls of the MRI signs. Indian J. Radiol. Imaging 24(3): Scott W, Lynne S, Jian Z, Christoph S, Benjamin MC and Thomas ML Comparitive study of imaging at 3.0 T versus 1.5 T of the knee. Skeletal Radiol. 38(8): Van Dyck P, Kenis C, Vanhoenacker FM, Lambrecht V, Wouters K, Gielen JL, Dossche L and Parizel PM Comparison of 1.5- and 3-T MR imaging for evaluating the articular cartilage of the knee. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 22(6): Received: 26 March 2016 Revised: 20 May 2016 Revision accepted: 30 May 2016

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