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1 대한안과학회지 2019 년제 60 권제 6 호 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2019;60(6): ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Case Report 구주위 Retinalamin 주사후발생한시신경주위염을동반한시신경염 Optic Neuritis Accompanied by Optic Perineuritis after Peribulbar Retinalamin Injection 이경민 하승주 Gyeong Min Lee, MD, Seung Joo Ha, MD, PhD 순천향대학교의과대학서울병원안과학교실 Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose: To report a case of optic neuritis accompanied by optic perineuritis after retinalamin peribulbar injection. Case summary: A 46-year-old Kazakhstan woman presented with sudden vision loss, headache, and pain in both eyes which began 2 hours after the peribulbar injection of retinalamin approximately 10 days prior to her initial visit. At the initial visit, the best-corrected visual acuity was light perception in both eyes. A fundus examination showed bilateral optic disc swelling and fluorescein angiography showed late-phase leakage around the optic nerve and optic nerve sheath enhancement. On brain magnetic resonance imaging, the tram track sign and donut sign were seen in both eyes. Steroid pulse therapy was started after the diagnosis of optic neuritis accompanied by optic perineuritis. After 6 months, the patient s visual acuity improved up to 0.8 in the right eye and 1.0 in the left eye. The light reflex was recovered, the relative afferent pupillary defect decreased, and there was no evidence of optic disc swelling. Conclusions: When an unverified drug injection is performed (e.g., retinalamin), it could result in complications such as optic neuritis and optic perineuritis from an allergic reaction or peribulbar injection trauma. In such cases, high-dose steroid pulse therapy may be considered. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2019;60(6): Keywords: Donut sign, Optic neuritis, Optic perineuritis, Retinalamin, Tram track sign 시신경염은시신경의염증및탈수초화로발생하는질환으로급성혹은아급성으로발생하는단안의시력저하, 시 Received: Revised: Accepted: Address reprint requests to Seung Joo Ha, MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, #59 Daesagwan-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04401, Korea Tel: , Fax: sjha@schmc.ac.kr * This work was supported by the Soonchunhyang University search Fund. 야감소, 색각이상, 안구운동시통증을특징으로한다. 호발나이는 20대에서 50대사이에많이발생하고, 여자에서보다많으며, 양안보다단안에국한되어침범하는경우가많다. 시신경염을일으키는원인으로는감염 ( 결핵, 매독, 바이러스성질환등 ), 탈수초성질환 ( 다발성경화증, 시신경척수염등 ), 자가면역질환등이있고원인이밝혀지지않은경우가전체환자군중 2/3를차지한다. 1,2 시신경주위염은안와에국한된시신경수초와시신경수초주위안와조직의염증으로안구운동시동반되는안구통과시기능의저하가발생하는안와의염증성질환이다. 시신경주위염의경우탈수초성시신경염과임상적으로유 c2019 The Korean Ophthalmological Society This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 600
2 - 이경민 하승주 : Retinalamin 유발시신경염 - 사하여임상증상만으로는감별이어려울수있으나안와자기공명영상검사소견상시신경수초의조영증강이특징이고, 안와염증질환을동반하는경우가있어이를토대로진단할수있다. 3 시신경주위염은대부분특발성으로발생하나시신경염과같이감염이나자가면역질환으로인해발생할수있다. Retinalamin은국내에서는아직그사용이알려진바가없으나러시아전역에서사용중인망막펩타이드생물제어제 (retinal peptide bioregulator) 로망막과눈의펩타이드결핍을보충해주고합성단백질을늘려눈의회복을돕는약물로알려져있다. 녹내장, 황반변성, 근시, 당뇨망막병증치료시에사용중이고 intramuscular 혹은 parabulbar, peribulbar에주사하는방법으로사용한다. 저자들은 Retinalamin 구주위주사이후발생한급성시신경염및시신경주위염의증례를경험하였기에치료경험과함께보고하고자한다. 4,5 증례보고 46세카자흐스탄인여자환자가내원 10일전에양안눈주위에 Retinalamin 주사를맞고난뒤 2시간후에갑자기발생한양안의시력저하및안구통을주소로본원안과외래에내원하였다. 환자는통상의의료시설이아닌곳에서 주사를맞았다고진술하였고, 양쪽눈의아래쪽과양옆에각각 1회씩총 4군데주사를맞았다고표현하였다. 전신질환이나자가면역질환, 약물복용등특이과거력과안과적병력및수술력은없었다. 처음내원당시최대교정시력은우안광각무, 좌안광각유였고, 더이상의교정이불가한상태였다. 세극등현미경검사상에서양안 5 mm로동공이고정되어직접및간접동공대광반사는나타나지않았고, 고정된동공으로인해양안의상대구심성동공운동장애 (relative afferent pupillary defect [RAPD]) 유무는관찰할수없었다. 안저검사상황반부에는특이소견을보이지않았으나, 시신경에서양안시신경가장자리가흐릿하고경계가모호한것을볼수있어시신경유두부종의소견을확인할수있었다. 형광안저혈관조영술상에서초기에양안의시신경가장자리가불명확하며시신경유두내혈관의충만지연과미세형광누출을보였고후기에는시신경및시신경주위로의형광누출이관찰되었다 (Fig. 1). 혈액검사상감염및자가면역질환의소견은보이지않았고뇌척수액검사상뇌척수염을의심할만한소견또한보이지않았다. 두개내병변에의한압박성시신경병증등의원인감별을위해뇌자기공명단층촬영을시행하였다. T1 지방억제조영증강자기공명영상검사상가로절단면상 (transverse view) 에서양측시신경의조영증강및시신경주변에서기차궤도 (tram track sign) 형태로조영증강이확 A B C D Figure 1. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FAG) at late phase of both eyes and disc photography showing optic disc swelling. At initial presentation, (A) hyperfluorescence and late staining of the lesions with leakage from the optic disc. (B) Disc photography showing severe disc swelling. Three days after IV steroid pulse therapy, (C) decreased leakage from the optic disc and (D) clarified the margin of optic disc. 601
3 - 대한안과학회지 2019 년제 60 권제 6 호 - 인되었고, 관상면상 (coronal view) 에서시신경및시신경주변에서도넛형태 (donut sign) 로조영증강이있는것이관찰되었다 (Fig. 2). 6 이를토대로시신경주위염을동반한시신경염으로추정하여변형된 optic neuritis treatment trial (ONTT) protocols 에따른고용량정주스테로이드치료를결정하였다 (high dose IV steroid pulse therapy). 하루 1 g 메틸프레드니솔론을 250 mg씩하루 4회나누어 3일간정맥주사하였고 (methylprednisolone 250 mg 4 times every 6 hours for 3 days) 정주중에는활력징후를모니터링하였다. 이후경구스테로이드를 1주씩감량하면서총 3주간 (Prednisolone 30 mg 7 days, 20 mg 7 days, 10 mg 7 days) 복용하도록하였다. 치료시작 3일후부터동공대광반사가점차호전되었고상대구심성동공운동장애도회복되기시작하였다. 안저검사상에서도양안시신경부종이확연히감소되는것을관찰할수있었고시신경가장자리가점차뚜렷해지며구분되기시작하였다. 정주스테로이드치료종료 1주일후나안시력은양안 0.01로사물의형태를볼수있을정도로호전되었고안저검사와빛간섭단층촬영상양안의시신경가장자리가명확해지고시신경부종이감소되는소견이관찰되었다. 형광안저혈관조영술에서는초기에시신경내충만지연소견이사라졌고, 후기에보였던시신경및시신경유두주변누출소견이사라진것을볼수있었다 (Fig. 1). 치료종료후한달경과시최대교정시력우안 0.6, 좌안 0.9로호전되었고, 동공대광반사는정상화되었다. 안저사진상에서시신경부종의감소소견이있었고형광안저혈관조영술검사상시신경과시신경유두주변형광누출소견이더이상관찰되지않았다. 하지만시야검사상주시점맹점암점소견이있어주기적으로시야검사를하며경과관찰하기로하였다. 치료종료후 6개월째에양안최대교정시력우안 0.8, 좌안 1.0까지시력호전된상태를유지중이고안저검사상그동안의재발소견은없었다. 시야검사상양안하측의시야결손이아직남아있었고, 빛간섭단층촬영에서본망막신경섬유층검사에서양안에전반적인시신경섬유층감소소견을볼수있어시야장애는어느정도남을것으로예상된다 (Fig. 3). 고찰 시신경염은시신경의염증및탈수초화를일으키는질환이고시신경주위염은시신경수초와시신경수초주위안와조직의염증성질환을말한다. 7 두질환은모두급성으로발병하고급격한시력저하와안구운동시통증및안구통증등을일으키고시야장애를보일수있다는공통점이있다. 3 이처럼임상양상으로는시신경염과시신경주위염의감별이어려워동반질환여부와자기공명영상검사를토대로진단하여야한다. A B Figure 2. T1 post contrast fat suppression magnetic resonance images showing marked enhancement of the bilateral optic nerve sheath, (A) tram track sign and diffuse enhancement of optic nerve (arrows). (B) donut sign sign around optic nerve (arrowheads) (A, transverse view; B, coronal view). 602
4 - 이경민 하승주 : Retinalamin 유발시신경염 - A B Figure 3. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurement with OCT, fundus disc photography, late phase fluorescein angiography (FAG) and humphrey visual fields test. (A) At initial presentation, RNFL thickness values exceed normal limit of both eye. The optic disc is swollen and margin of the optic disc is not clear. Late phase FAG showed leakage at optic disc. Visual field showed total defect. (B) Six months after IV steroid pulse therapy, RNFL thickness decreased under the normal limits of both eye, disc margin was finely defined but pale appearance at fundus photography and FAG. Visual field showed remained ceco-inferior scotoma. S = superior; N = nasal; I = inferior; T = temporal; TS = superotemporal; NS = superonasal; G = general; TI = inferotemporal; NI = inferonasal. 시신경염은젊은성인에서관찰되는가장흔한시신경병증으로다발성경화증에서보이는특징적인탈수초성시신경염 (1차성) 과다른원인에의해발생하는 2차성시신경병증으로구분해볼수있다. 8 자기공명영상은시신경염을진단하는데매우유용한검사로조영증강안와자기공명영 상 (contra-enhanced orbit MRI) 검사상시신경이두꺼워진것을볼수있고 T2 강조영상및 T1 조영영상에서고신호강도가나타나는특징적인소견을보인다. 9 시신경주위염은 Edmunds and Lawford 10 에의해 1883년처음으로기술되었으며, 당시에는화농성형태와삼출성 603
5 - 대한안과학회지 2019 년제 60 권제 6 호 - 형태로분류하였고최근에는시신경수초에서염증반응이발생하는특발안와염으로여겨지고있다. 7 Purvin et al 3 의연구에서는시신경주위염은비교적넓은연령대에서발생하며, 시신경염에비해 50세이상에서발생하는경우가유의하게높다고보고하였다. 병리학적으로시신경수초조직에서림프구가침윤되는소견을보이거나시신경수초의두께가두꺼워지는소견을보이나병리조직을직접얻기는임상적으로불가능하여생검을통한진단은어려운실정이다. 따라서이질환을진단하는데에는영상학적소견및임상증상을종합하여진단하게된다. 영상검사에서시신경주위염은특징적으로조영증강안와자기공명영상검사상안와내에국한된시신경및시신경수초의조영증강을보이고주변지방조직의조영증강신호가동반되어가로절단면상 (transverse view) 에서시신경수초가기차궤도 (tram track sign), 관상면상 (coronal view) 에서도넛형태 (donut sign) 의소견을보이게된다. 11 본증례의환자에서초기급격한시력저하외에도시신경유두염 (papillitis) 을강력히시사하는시신경유두부종과시신경주위염의전형적인자기공명영상소견인기차궤도 (tram track sign), 도넛형태 (donut sign) 등을확인한바두질환이동시다발적으로발생한것으로진단할수있었고이에준하여치료를시작하였다. 시신경염과시신경주위염은동일하게고용량스테로이드투여로치료하나 Gordon 12 의연구에서특발안와염증성질환에서스테로이드치료후 38% 에서재발하였다는보고및 Lim et al 13 의국내연구에서시신경주위염치료후 40% 의재발률을보인것에서시신경주위염의재발률이높음을알수있었다. 따라서시신경주위염에서치료후높은재발빈도로경구스테로이드로감량시주의가필요한데, 본증례의경우시신경염과시신경주위염이복합적으로발생한경우로 ONTT protocol에따라 3일간하루 1 g 정주메틸프레드니솔론사용후 11일간경구스테로이드를 1 mg/kg 복용하고이후 3일에걸쳐감량하여사용하는것이원칙이나재발의가능성이높고환자가카자흐스탄인으로고국에돌아가게되어잦은경과관찰이어려워지는것을고려하여총 3주간에걸쳐천천히감량하도록교육한결과 6개월간경과관찰시더이상의재발소견은보이지않았다. 본증례의환자에서사용된 Retinalamin은천연망막펩타이드로구성된복합체로러시아전역에서허가되어사용중이나국내및다른해외지역에서는아직허가되지않은약제이다. 이약제는소망막에서분리된수용성폴리펩티드분획물 5 mg과글라이신 17 mg으로이루어진복합체로동결건조되어시판되며, intramuscular 혹은 peribulbar 주 사로주로사용한다. Retinalamin은펩타이드의결핍을줄이고세포내단백질합성물을저장하여망막의기능을정상화하는역할을한다고하며망막및시신경손상시세포의생존율과재생능력을증가시킨다고알려져있다. 또한신진대사및혈류공급을증가시키고, 국소염증을감소시키며눈의혈관투과성을최적화하고시각기능을향상시킨다고알려져있다. 4,5 특정펩타이드의경우사람에게알레르기항원으로작용할수있고그알레르기반응은다양하게나타날수있는데가벼운국소알레르기반응에서부터아나필락틱쇼크까지일으킬수있다. 이는드문반응이지만뇌수막염, 길랑바레증후군, 시신경염등을일으킬수도있다고보고되고있다. 어떤펩타이드의경우급성특발시신경염과관련되어있는데 anti-myelin basic protein (anti-mbp) 의고역가는급성일측성시신경염과다발성경화증의급성재발과관련이있다는보고가있다. 시신경염발생후급성기에서는 free/ bound anti-mbp 비율이회복이후에비해상대적으로증가하였다고하며이는아미노산단위에서시신경이탈수초화되는메커니즘과관련이있음을시사한다. 14,15 본증례에서사용한 Retinalamin 또한천연폴리펩티드로서급성알레르기반응을통해시신경염및시신경주위염을발생시켰을가능성이높다. Intramuscular, peribulbar 구주위주사또한시신경염및시신경주위염의발생원인이될수있다. 안내수술이나성인의외안근수술시구후마취주사법이효과적이고간단한방법으로널리쓰이고있다. 그러나드물게합병증들이동반될수도있는데, 구후출혈, 망막동맥폐쇄, 시신경손상, 안구관통상등이발생가능하여이와같은물리적인손상으로인한시신경염및시신경주위염의발생가능성또한생각해보아야할것이다. 최근사회의세계화, 국제화에따라국내의료환경에서도외국인을진료해야할경우가많이발생하는바, 본증례에서처럼국내에서익숙하지않은약물과외국인이라는인종적, 환경적특수성에따른다양한약물반응에대한식견을점진적으로넓혀나가는것이필요한시기가도래되었다고사료되는점에서본증례보고의의의가있다고하겠다. 결론적으로본증례에서처럼검증되지않은약제를사용한구주위주사후급격한시력저하를호소하는경우, 약제에대한과민반응혹은 peribulbar 주사자체에의한합병증으로인해시신경염및시신경주위염이발생했을가능성을염두에두고치료를시작하여야할것이다. 시력의급격한저하등상기의안증상발생시스테로이드정주치료로증상호전을기대할수는있으나시신경손상및시야장애등의합병증이남을가능성을고려하여주기적인경과 604
6 - 이경민 하승주 : Retinalamin 유발시신경염 - 관찰이필요할것으로사료된다. REFERENCES 1) Beck RW, Gal RL, Bhatti MT, et al. Visual function more than 10 years after optic neuritis: experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137: ) Optic Neuritis Study Group. Multiple sclerosis risk after optic neuritis: final optic neuritis treatment trial follow-up. Arch Neurol 2008;65: ) Purvin V, Kawasaki A, Jacobson DM. Optic perineuritis: clinical and radiographic features. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119: ) Khavinson VK, Kuznik B, Ryzhak G. Peptide bioregulators: a new class of geroprotectors. Message 1: results of experimental studies. J Advances in Gerontology 2013;3: ) Khavinson VK, Malinin V, Trofimova S, Zemchikhina VN. Inductive activity of retinal peptides. Bull Exp Biol Med 2002;134: ) Frisén L. Swelling of the optic nerve head: a backstage view of a staging scheme. J Neuroophthalmol 2017;37:3-6. 7) Kennerdell JS, Dresner SC. The nonspecific orbital inflammatory syndromes. Surv Ophthalmol 1984;29: ) Optic Neuritis Study Group. The clinical profile of optic neuritis. Experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109: ) Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL. Bradley's neurology in clinical practice e-book, 1st ed. Kidlington: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015; ) Edmunds W, Lawford J. Examination of optic nerve from cases of amblyopia in diabetes. J Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1883;3: ) Fay AM, Kane SA, Kazim M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of optic perineuritis. J Neuroophthalmol 1997;17: ) Gordon LK. Orbital inflammatory disease: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Eye (Lond) 2006;20: ) Lim HC, Choi HY, Choi JH, Jung JH. Clinical manifestations and treatment of idiopathic optic perineuritis. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2014;55: ) Warren KG, Catz I, Shutt K. Optic neuritis anti-myelin basic protein synthetic peptide specificity. J Neurol Sci 1992;109: ) Söderström M, Link H, Xu Z, Fredriksson S. Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis: anti-mbp and anti-mbp peptide antibodysecreting cells are accumulated in CSF. Neurology 1993;43: = 국문초록 = 구주위 Retinalamin 주사후발생한시신경주위염을동반한시신경염 목적 : 구주위 Retinalamin 주사후발생한시신경주위염과동반된시신경염 1 예를진단하고치료하였기에이를보고하고자한다. 증례요약 : 46 세카자흐스탄여자환자가 10 일전눈주위 Retinalamin 주사를시행한후 2 시간뒤두통과안구통증을동반한양안의급격한시력저하를주소로내원하였다. 내원당시최대교정시력은양안광각으로안저검사및빛간섭단층촬영에서양안에시신경부종소견이관찰되었으며, 형광안저혈관조영술에서후기시신경주위형광누출소견이확인되어뇌자기공명영상을시행하였다. 영상에서양안의시신경및시신경초에조영증강소견이확인되어, 시신경주위염을동반한시신경염을진단후고용량스테로이드정주치료를시행하였다. 치료 6 개월후최대교정시력은우안 0.8, 좌안 1.0 으로호전되었다. 상대구심성동공운동장애는감소하였고동공대광반사가회복되었으며, 시신경부종은재발하지않았다. 결론 : Retinalamin 등과같은검증되지않은약제를구주위로주사할경우알레르기반응및외상으로인한시신경염및시신경주위염이발생할수있으므로주의가필요하며, 고용량의스테로이드정주치료를고려해볼수있겠다. < 대한안과학회지 2019;60(6): > 이경민 / Gyeong Min Lee 순천향대학교의과대학서울병원안과학교실 Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine 605
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