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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 17, No. 9 pp , ISSN / eissn 산업용냉각탑의진동소음이정밀장비에미치는영향에대한연구 이진갑경기과학기술대학교기계자동화과 An Investigation on Influence of Vibration Noise in Cooling Tower on Precision Equipments Jin-Kab Lee Department of Mechanical Automation, Gyeonggi College of Science and Technology 요약냉각탑은옥탑이나건물외부에설치하여, 실내의온도제어를위해사용된다. 냉각탑의운전시모터, 팬및낙하되는냉각수에서발생되는소음진동은주변으로전파가용이하여, 인접한건물내부의소음진동문제를야기할수있다. 본논문은공장에인접해위치한산업용냉각탑의진동소음을측정하여, 공장내부의정밀장비에미치는영향을평가하였다. 정상운전조건에서의냉각탑의소음을측정하고, 냉각탑에서일정거리떨어진공장의바닥과공장내부에위치한정밀장비를대상으로진동을측정하여, 냉각탑과정밀기계의진동소음평가기준에의해냉각탑의진동소음이정밀장비의정밀도에미치는영향을분석하였다. 측정결과냉각탑의소음은동일용량냉각탑의기준소음치인 68dB(A) 보다 4 9dB(A) 높다. 냉각탑의진동이정밀장비에미치는영향은냉각탑이위치하는건물지지프레임의진동이정밀장비가위치한바닥의진동보다낮아영향은미미하다. 정밀장비가위치한실내바닥은진폭은허용기준치안에들어가나진동가속도레벨기준으로는높게나타났다. Abstract Cooling towers have been installed on rooftops or outside of buildings and widely applied to control the indoor temperature in residential areas and buildings. However, the noise and vibration resulting from their operation may cause problems in adjacent buildings. The purpose of this study is to measure the noise and vibration of an industrial cooling tower located adjacent to industrial plants and to investigate its influence on the surroundings according to an authorized evaluation standard. Further, in order to measure the effect of the vibration of the tower on the precision equipment inside the plant, an experiment is conducted to measure the vibration of the ground in the plant and the targeted precision equipment. The measurement results indicate that the noise in the cooling tower is 4 to 9 db(a) higher than the maximum level defined in the standard of 68dB(A). The effect of the vibration of the tower on the precision equipment is comparatively minimal, because that in the supporting frame of the building is weaker than that on the floor where the precision equipment is located. The vibration of the floor on. Keywords : Cooling Tower, Influence, Precision Equipments, Noise, Vibration 1. 서론공장의실내온도제어를위해냉각탑이주로사용된다. 냉각탑은대형중량물이면서냉각수순환을위한배관이연결되어있고냉각성능향상을위해공기의순환이용이한외부개방지역에설치하여대형팬으로많은 양의공기를강제순환시키는구조이다 [1]. 냉각탑의핵심부품인대형팬과팬구동모터는소음진동발생이심하고, 옥탑이나건물과인접된외부에설치됨으로써주변으로전파가용이하여소음진동문제를야기할수있다. 냉각탑은한번설치되고나면소음대책이어렵고막대한비용이소요된다. 따라서냉각탑은사전에적절 * Corresponding Author : Jin-Kab Lee(Gyeonggi College of Science and Technology) Tel: ljk@gtec.ac.kr Received July 26, 2016 Revised (1st August 16, 2016, 2nd August 26, 2016) Accepted September 9, 2016 Published September 30,
2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 9 호, 2016 한소음및진동대책이계획되어, 설계나설치시에반영되어야한다. 냉각탑의소음과진동에대해서는발생원의특성및저감에대한다수의연구 [1 4] 가수행되어왔으며, 냉각탑의소음과진동에대한평가규격 [6, 7] 도소개되고있다. Fig. 1. Counter flow cooling tower 냉각탑의진동소음이인근대상물에미치는영향에대한연구 [2 5] 가다수수행되어왔으나대부분건축구조물에대한것이다. 최근반도체, 디스플레이업종을중심으로생산공장내에정밀장비의사용이확산되고있다. 정밀장비는외부의충격이나진동에민감하므로, 품질불량이생기지않게정밀장비에대한진동평가규격등이제시되어있다 [6 8]. 정밀장비는정밀도를유지하기위해실내항온항습의관리가중요하여, 중 대규모공장의경우실외에냉각탑을설치하는경우가많다. 냉각탑이정밀장비가위치한공장인근에위치함으로인하여진동소음으로인한품질불량의우려가있으나, 이로인한영향에대해서는정량적인평가가되지않아어려움을겪고있다. 본연구는냉각탑의진동소음이공장내정밀장비에미치는영향을진동소음측정을통해정량적으로평가하였다. 냉각탑에서일정거리떨어진지점에위치한공장과내부의정밀장비를대상으로진동소음을측정하여냉각탑과정밀기계의진동소음평가기준에의해정밀장비에미치는영향을분석하였다. 형에의한진동, 감속기또는모터내부구성품의결함으로인한진동, 축의정렬불량에의한진동, 그리고팬에서배출되는공기의충격하중에의한진동등의여러형태의원인에의해진동이복합적으로발생한다. 냉각탑의진동을줄이기위한장치로스프링마운트를사용할경우기계의회전수와일치하는기본진동은효과적으로방진이되나스프링자체의고유진동수와일치하는고주파진동성분은방진이되지않거나오히려증폭되어문제를야기하는서징현상이발생된다. 따라서구조전달음의대책으로는서징의염려가없는천연고무, 합성고무등의점탄성재료를이용하여진동의전달경로를차단하는방법이적용된다. 냉각탑의소음은구조물진동에의한소음, 상부팬에서발생되는소음, 낙수에의해발생하는소음, 공기유입시난류에의해발생하는소음, 모터소음등으로구분된다. 냉각탑의소음은저주파소음으로멀리까지퍼져나가는성질이있기때문에토출부와낙수물부위에적절한소음저감대책이필요하다. 2.2 냉각탑의진동측정및평가냉각탑의구조는일반적으로모터로구동되는축이감속기에연결되고감속기가대형벤츄리탑의상부에위치한송풍기를구동한다. 심각한냉각탑의손상은대부분손상된기어박스, 송풍기팬및모터에의해발생된다. 진동모니터링을위한주기적인측정은진동가속도센서를이용하여모터를중심으로축, 베어링, 커플링및기어박스부위를측정한다. Fig. 2는냉각탑의진동발생주요부위및진동가속도센서를설치하는위치를보인것이다. 2. 냉각탑의진동소음특성및평가 2.1 냉각탑의진동소음특성냉각탑의진동소음의원인과대책은문헌 [4, 5] 에소개되어있다. 냉각탑의진동은팬, 감속기, 벨트, 축, 모터등의회전체의진동이대부분이다. 팬블레이드불균 Fig. 2. Vibration sources and measurement position 370
3 산업용냉각탑의진동소음이정밀장비에미치는영향에대한연구 일반적인진동의평가기준은환경진동의경우 ISO 10137, 반복적피로현상에의한구조물의국부손상방지기준은 DIN 4105 등을기준으로한다. 펌프, 환풍기가포함된설비에방진장치를설치했을경우진동허용치는 ASHRAE에제시되어있으며, Table 1과같다. 냉각탑에사용되는주요부품의진동심각도는 IRD Mechanalysis Chart[6] 를기준으로평가할수있으며 Table 2에나타내었다. Table 2는완성제품의품질에영향을미칠수있는기계의진동허용치를구하는지침으로, 이것은경험에의한값이며제품의크기와요구되는허용공차에따라다를수있다. 측정치의평균값은편진동의속도 (peak, in/sec) 를기준으로한다. Table 1. Max. vibration limit Pump Ventilator RPM Amplitude limit(p-p) mil mm 1800 RPM RPM RPM RPM RPM RPM Table 2. IRD Mechanalysis Chart Machine type Good Fair Long hollow drive shaft Close coupled belt drive Close coupled direct drive Alarm 1 Alarm 진동에민감한정밀장비의경우에대한평가기준은 BBN-Criterion[8] 이나메이커의기준치에따른다. 2.3 냉각탑의소음측정및평가 냉각탑의소음측정은 KS B 6364( 냉각탑성능시험방법 ) 에기준하여 KS A 0701( 소음도측정방법 ) 로측정한다. 소음측정은 Fig. 3의측정점을기준으로측정대상의음과암소음의차이가 10dB(A) 이상인장소를택하여측정하며, 냉각탑중심선상을케이싱으로부터냉각탑의길이와폭과같은거리만큼떨어지고기초바닥에 서 1.5m 높이의위치로한다. Table 3에냉각탑의용량별소음기준치를나타내었다. Fig. 3. Noise measurement position Table 3. Noise criteria of cooling tower capacities Model (Capacity) Noise criteria[db] Model (Capacity) Noise criteria[db] 80R/T R/T R/T R/T R/T R/T R/T R/T R/T R/T R/T R/T R/T R/T R/T R/T R/T 측정대상및방법 본연구의측정목적은냉각탑의진동소음이정밀장비에미치는영향을평가하는것이므로냉각탑의진동소음, 정밀장비및정밀장비가위치한공장바닥의진동을측정을하였다. 측정대상및조건은 Fig. 4에주어져있다. 냉각탑은밀폐형, 반밀폐형이며, 용량은 200RT이다. 정밀장비가위치한공장의실내크기는약 40m x 80m이다. 냉각탑은공장의외부벽으로부터약 2 3m 떨어진거리에위치하고있다. 공장내설치된장비는디스플레이제조용으로사용되는정밀도를요하는장비이다. 이장비들은차단벽으로부터 4m 떨어져있고, 장비간의거리는 2m이다. 냉각탑은정상운전상태에서측정하였다. 371
4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 9 호, 2016 Table 4. Vibration result Fig. 4. Measurement position 냉각탑및정밀장비의진동측정에는주파수분석기 (B&K Pulse Lite), 가속도센서 (B&K 3560) 를사용하였으며, 공장내바닥의진동측정은 BlastMate II를사용하였다. 소음측정은소음센서 (B&K3410) 와주파수분석기 (B&K Pulse Lite) 를사용하였다. 진동소음측정및평가는 2장에서술된방법으로하였다. Position Cooling tower Support X Y Z X Y Z Vibration semi close type Cooling tower close type mm/s µm/s mm/s µm/s mm/s µm/s mm/s µm/s mm/s µm/s mm/s µm/s 측정결과및고찰 4.1 냉각탑의진동밀폐형, 반밀폐형냉각탑의지지부위의한곳을기준으로냉각탑과지지대사이에위치한방진스프링상하부위를측정하였다 (Fig. 5). (a) x direction (b) z direction Fig. 6. Vibration spectrum at cooling tower Fig. 5. Vibration measurement position Table 4에 10Hz 800Hz 구간의속도및가속도의 RMS 값을정리하였다. Fig. 6은반밀폐형냉각탑의진동주파수양상이다. 냉각탑의진동은밀폐형이반밀폐형에비해지지대기준으로약 10 15% 크다. 지지대에위치한방진스프링을기준하여 z 방향의진동은약 30% 로감소되나, x, y 방향의감소효과는미미하다. 반밀폐형냉각탑내부의모터, 감속기가위치한구동원의베어링부위에서측정된진동속도의평균은 8.1mm/s로 IRD Mechanalysis Chart[6] 를기준으로할경우 Fair(6 10 mm/s) 에해당된다. 4.2 냉각탑의소음밀폐형냉각탑의 2개냉각탑사이의소음및냉각탑과차단벽과의소음측정위치를 Fig. 7에나타내었다. 측정값은냉각탑사이 (N1) 의소음은 84dB(A), 냉각탑과 372
5 산업용냉각탑의진동소음이정밀장비에미치는영향에대한연구 차단벽간 (N2) 의소음은 89dB(A) 이다. Fig. 7. Noise measurement position 이측정치는지상 1.5m 높이, 냉각탑으로부터 1m 거리에서측정하였을경우의소음치이다. 측정대상물의소음기준값는 Table 3에서 200R/T 기준으로 1.5m 높이, 3m 떨어진거리에서측정할경우 68dB(A) 이다. 측정치를 3m 거리로소음치를환산할경우음원으로부터거리가 2배가되면 20log2, 즉 6dB이감쇠되므로 72 77dB(A) 로되어냉각탑의소음기준값 68dB(A) 보다 4 9dB(A) 높다. 4.3 냉각탑과정밀장비바닥의진동냉각탑과정밀장비바닥의진동측정위치는 Fig. 8과같이밀폐형냉각탑이설치된지지대 (P1), 공장내차단벽면프레임 (P2) 및정밀장비가설치된바닥 (P3) 부위의상하방향 (z) 이다. 진동측정값은 Table 5에표시되어있다. 냉각탑이위치한베이스의진동은공장내부의바닥의진동보다크며, 차단벽바닥의진동은정밀장비바닥의진동보다낮아냉각탑의진동이정밀장비에미치는영향은미미하다. 정밀장비가설치된실내바닥의상하방향진동의평균치 (10 100Hz, RMS) 는 64mm/s 2, 0.9µm이다. 정밀장비제조사에서제시한바닥의허용진동치는진폭 1µm, 진동가속도 10mm/s 2 이하로일반적인반도체정밀장비의허용진동치와유사하다. 이기준을감안할때정밀장비가위치한바닥의진폭은허용기준치안에들어가나진동가속도기준으로는높게나타났다. 4.4 정밀장비의진동정밀장비의측정위치는 Fig. 9와같으며, x, z방향으로측정하여최대진동치는 Table 6에 10Hz 5kHz 구간의 RMS값으로표시하였다. 정밀장비의진동을장비기능에중요한위치인로드 ( 측정점 1) 의 x축을기준으로할경우 (z축은정밀도에영향이미미 ) 속도 147µm/s, 변위 1.2µm이다. 이측정치는 BBN-Criterion의정밀진동 class A의 50µm/s에벗어나나, 진동에민감한장비의허용기준치 [8] 인 1µm와근사하다. Fig. 9. Vibration measurement position Table 6. Max. vibration result Fig. 8. Vibration measurement position Table 5. Vibration result Point Measurement position mm/s 2 µm/s P1 Cooling tower base P2 Barrier frame P3 Precision equipment floor Measurement position X Z Equipment (load) Equipment (Frame) 113(mm/s 2 ) 413(mm/s 2 ) 147(µm/s) 530(µm/s) 1.2(µm) 2(µm) 131(mm/s 2 ) 245(mm/s 2 ) 150(µm/s) 240(µm/s) 1.0(µm) 1.5(µm) 373
6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 9 호, 결론공장에인접해위치한산업용냉각탑의진동소음이공장내부의정밀장비에미치는영향을평가하기위해냉각탑과공장의바닥, 정밀장비를대상으로진동소음을측정하였다. 냉각탑과정밀기계의진동소음평가기준에의해정밀장비의정밀도에미치는영향을분석한결과아래와같은결론을얻었다. 1. 냉각탑의소음은 72 77dB(A) 로동일용량냉각탑의기준소음치인 68dB(A) 보다 4 9dB(A) 높다. 냉각탑이설치된위치가공장벽면에서의설치기준거리인 3m 이상이되어야하나실제는약 2m 3m의거리에위치하므로, 이로인한대책이필요하다. 2. 냉각탑의진동은밀폐형이반밀폐형에비해약 10 15% 진동이크다. 반밀폐형냉각탑내부의모터, 감속기가위치한구동원의베어링부위에서측정된진동의평균은 8.1mm/s로 IRD Mechanalysis Chart를기준으로할경우 Fair(6 10 mm/s) 에해당된다. 3. 냉각탑의진동이정밀장비에미치는영향은냉각탑이위치하는건물지지프레임의진동이정밀장비가위치한바닥의진동보다낮아영향은미미하다. 4. 정밀장비가위치한실내바닥은진폭은허용기준치안에들어가나진동가속도레벨기준으로는높게나타났다. 정밀장비의진동은 x축을기준으로할경우속도는 147µm/s, 변위는 1.2µm로정밀장비의진동허용기준치를기준으로할경우속도는 BBN-Criterion의정밀진동 class A의 50µm/s에벗어난다. Maintenance Technology, [4] Man Xu, Control Measurements And Evaluation Of Cooling Tower Noise, Applied mechanics and Materials, pp , [5] Min Ho Lee, Diagnosis of cooling tower, 7 th system diagnosis course, KSNVE, [6] IRD Mechanalysis, INC, "General Machinery Vibration Severity Chart", [7] Jin-Kab Lee, An Investigation on Noise Vibration Characteristic and Measurement Evaluation for Cooling Tower, J. of Korean Soc. of Mechanical technology, Vol.14, No. 6, [8] Kelly A. Salyards, Review of Generic and Manufacturer Design Criteria for Vibration -Sensitive Equipment, Proceedings of the IMAC-XXVII, 이진갑 (Jin-Kab Lee) [ 정회원 ] < 관심분야 > 진동소음, 동역학, 기계설비진단 1994 년 4 월 : Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from Bochum University, Germany in 1993 ( 기계공학박사 ) 2001 년 2 월 ~ 현재 : 경기과학기술대학교기계자동화과교수 References [1] G. B. Hill, Cooling Towers Principles and Practice, Butterworth-Heinemann, [2] kyu-bae Lee, Noise Evaluation and Measurement of Cooling Tower at Apartment, Conference of KSNVE, p , [3] Murphy, Dan, Cooling Tower Vibration Analysis, p.29-33, The Marley Cooling Tower Company, 374
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