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한국 IT 학회논문지제 0 권, 제 3 호 (20 년 6 월 ) pp.~8 A tudy on Improvement of Parking Guidance ystem to Low-Power Operation for Green Building 이정준 * 오영태 ** 이철기 *** 윤일수 **** 정상호 ***** (Jeong-Jun Lee) (Young-Tae Oh) (Choul-Ki Lee) (Il-oo Yun) (ang-ho Chung) 요 약 주차정보시스템은주차대기시간을줄이고운전자의편의를증진시킬수있지만, 다수의검지기, 표출장치, 제어장치등을포함하는특성에기인하여항구적인전력을소비하는특징을갖는다. 근래에국내외에서환경친화적그린빌딩을위한저전력소비형주차정보시스템의요구가증대되고있다. 본논문에서는가상빌딩의주차장을대상으로, 소비전력저감을특징으로하는주차정보시스템을설계하였다. 본설계를위한주차검지기로는기상용화된배터리방식주차검지기인무선루프식검지기와지자기방식검지기를적용하고, 시스템구성및통신네트워크, 운전자정보서비스시나리오, 배터리수명평준화등에대한설계를진행하였다. 이어서, 설계된주차정보시스템의운영소비전력을추정하고이를종래의일반적인초음파방식시스템의동작소비전력과비교하였다. 또한, 주기적배터리교체비용을고려한전력유지비용을환산하여비교하였다. 7 년의배터리교체주기를기준으로하였을때, 설계된시스템의운영소비전력은기존초음파센서기반시스템의 3% 수준으로, 전력운영비용환산값은기존시스템과유사한수준인 9.9% 로추정되었다. 본연구의시스템은소비전력의괄목할만한경감에따라, CO2 발생의저감을기대할수있다. Abstract The parking guidance system can increase driver s convenience with detailed parking information service, but it continuously consumes electrical energy with large amount of sensors, displays and control modules. With the increase of the demand for green and sustainable building design, it becomes a meaningful issue for parking guidance system to reduce operating power. This paper presents the preliminary design and estimated results of a parking guidance system which is optimized to reduce the power consumption mainly on detectors and displays. The system design is based on commercial wireless parking detectors, wireless-loop-detector and earth-magnetic-detector. We have performed system architecture design, communication network design, parking information service scenario planning, battery life regulation and at last operating power estimation. With the 7 years of battery replace cycle, the estimated result for power consumption of designed system was 0.33W/slot, which is 3% of the traditional system's estimation result. The estimated annual maintain cost was similar to the traditional ultrasonic sensor based system's. The low power operable designed system can be expected to reduce CO2 emission. Key words : Green building, parking guidance system, low power, wireless loop detector, parkdisk 본연구는국토해양부첨단도시개발사업의연구비지원 ( 과제번호 # 09 첨단도시 A0) 에의해수행되었습니다. 본논문은 200 년 제 7 회부산 IT 세계대회 에서발표된논문임. * 주저자 : 모루시스템 ( 주 ) 대표이사, 아주대학교건설교통공학과 ( 박사수료 ) ** 공저자및교신저자 : 아주대학교환경건설교통공학부교수 *** 공저자 : 아주대학교 IT 대학원교수 **** 공저자 : 아주대학교환경건설교통공학부조교수 ***** 공저자 : 교통안전공단이사장 논문접수일 : 20 년 2 월 2 일 논문심사일 : 20 년 월 7 일 게재확정일 : 20 년 월 8 일

A tudy on Improvement of Parking Guidance ystem to Low-Power Operation for Green Building Ⅰ. Introduction Green building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building s life-cycle[]. The efficient energy use is one of the important issues for green building to reduce the overall impact of the built environment which affects on human health and the natural environment. The parking guidance system can increase driver s convenience and reduce searching time for free parking space with detailed parking information service in the parking lot. At the same time, parking guidance system consumes non-negligible electrical energy with large amount of sensors, displays and control modules. With the increase in the demand for green and sustainable building design, it becomes a meaningful issue for parking guidance system to reduce operating power, especially for advanced tall buildings with large scaled parking lot. This paper presents a design of parking guidance system which can be operated with reduced energy. The designed system is based on the commercial wireless parking detectors, wireless-loop-detector and earth-magneticdetector. The designed system has,000 parking space detectors,,200 section displays,,200 car location guidance terminals and 6 vehicle count detectors. We have performed system architecture design, communication network design, parking information service scenario planning, battery life regulation and at last operating power estimation. Ⅱ. Related Works In this section we review on existing and proposed parking lot applications based on vehicle detector and communication network. A. Marma and M. Zilys developed and install a parking guidance system and showed that the system can decrease parking time up to 65%[2]. P. Vijay Kumar and iddarth T. implemented a prototype model of parking information system based on wireless sensor network, and demonstrated that it can effectively satisfy the need for an automated, cost-effective, real-time and easy-to-use system for car parking[3]. Energy efficient communication for sensor network is highly required for wireless parking information systems, too. Byung-boo Kim and eung-hyong Rhee proposed an energy-efficient M protocol of mobile device in cognitive radio equipment and proved the improvement[]. Hong-Hyul hin and Hyuk-Joon Lee proposed an IEEE 802.5.-based simple but efficient routing protocol for a VAW(Vehicle Approach Warning ystem). The protocol creates and maintains routing tables based on the network topology organized by the topology control protocol, transports data packets generated from the sensor nodes to the base station with high level performance in terms of both energy efficiency and throughput simultaneously[5]. Ⅲ. ystem Design. ystem Architecture We have designed parking guidance system for virtual parking lot of tall building. We assume it has total,000 parking spaces with parking lot stories, and it has total 80 turnoffs. 2. ystem Components ) Parking pace The parking space detector senses the status of parking space and sends the data to communication repeater with RF channel. As a detector for design the system we selected two commercial wireless parking detectors as alternative. One is ParkDisk and the other 2 한국 IT 학회논문지제 0 권, 제 3 호 (20 년 6 월 )

A tudy on Improvement of Parking Guidance ystem to Low-Power Operation for Green Building 3) Entrance The entrance display device is located at the main entrance of the parking lot, and displays the capacity of remained parking spaces of each floor. The entrance display device has dimming control function to reduce operating power during night time. ) Turnoff The turnoff display device is located at every turnoff point of the parking lot, and displays the capacity of remained parking spaces of each direction. The turnoff display device can service various free messages. Turnoff display device has dimming control function, too. <Fig. > ystem Architecture is ANT T-sensor. ParkDisk is a wireless parking detector with inductive loop vehicle detect technology by MORU Industrial ystems Co., Ltd. and ANT T-sensor is another wireless parking detector with earth-magnetic detect technology by NR Co., Ltd. ParkDisk and ANT T-sensor are work with -st order Lithium battery. The battery life of ParkDisk is announced as 7 years and ANT T-sensor is announced as 2 years. 2) Passing Vehicle The passing vehicle detector is to detect and count the vehicles at the main pathway of the parking lot. Passing vehicle count detectors are located mainly on floor to floor pathway. The passing vehicle count detectors are for wake-up the parking guidance display devices of next floor, and for estimate the volume of vehicles which is parked on out of space in each floor. As a passing vehicle count detector we applied dual ParkDisk for each vehicle path, with wired power supply. 5) ection The section display device is located mainly on the pillar of the parking lot and displays the parking capability information for the small section. The section display device has dual way for display the information, one is LED based lighting method and the other is flip plate based reflection method. When the moving vehicle is in the floor, the LED display function of the section display device can be activated until timeout. The reflection plate of the section display device can give message to driver or pedestrian at any time with zero power. 6) Car Location Guidance Terminal The car location guidance terminal has keypad and LCD display. The driver can resister and look up the parking section number with one s phone number or vehicle license plate number. The car location guidance terminal consumes power only when someone operating the terminal, otherwise it goes to long term power save mode. With this operating characteristics, the car location guidance terminal has the good condition for battery operation. Vol.0 No.3(20. 6) The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport ystems 3

A tudy on Improvement of Parking Guidance ystem to Low-Power Operation for Green Building 7) Other s Communication repeater is for repeat the wireless data communication within each device of the system. Almost all of the devices use RF channel for data communication, and the channel can be selected within sub-ghz and 2.Ghz band. Control units manage the function of the system. The control units have embedded architecture for reduce power consumption. Control units have multi serial port and LAN port for interface with other systems, for example intelligent building system. We located control unit for total system, and total control unit for floor control. 3. Communication Network For design wireless communication network, we assigned the naming and proper operating method of each communication node. has huge volume in system, and directly effects on system power consumption. For reduce the system operating power, the detector must have long wakeup period and must have function of event based communication. <Table > Communication node definition Node Comment -NODE Event based data send. X-NODE Repeater (Configuration ) Periodic RI check for detector data receive. Portable configuration device. Use only when configuration. The designed communication network has -NODE for detector, for sensor data collection and general repeat, X-NODE for configuration and for function devices. periodically wakeup and check the radio signal strength and sleep again when there is no RF signal, and can wakeup the and send the data for with serial interface when data destination ID matches. and can be in a single enclosure. Repeat -Node R-Protocol (F-Protocol embedded) R-CH ection -CH -Protocol [ -Network] [ Network ] Master Turnoff Repeat Car Location Guidance Terminal <Fig. 2> Communication Network. Battery Life Regulation Entrance X-NODE Configurator X-Protocol X-CH [ Configuration Network ] Recently, in accordance with operating power reduction effort for parking detectors, some detectors can be operated with battery. ㆍ ㆍ ㆍ ㆍ ㆍ ㆍ ㆍ Using the battery for operating the devices has the merit of easy and cost effective install, but on the other hand it makes the overhead for periodic battery replacement. The battery powered parking detectors works with the power consumption characteristic of equation (). The average operating current of ParkDisk in () 한국 IT 학회논문지제 0 권, 제 3 호 (20 년 6 월 )

A tudy on Improvement of Parking Guidance ystem to Low-Power Operation for Green Building typical condition is calculated as 79uA, and the typical battery life is anounced as 7 years. The ParkDisk, as a passing vehicle detector, is under the condition of 00ms wakeup interval and 20,000 vehicles are passing in a day, average operating current calculated as 8.2mA(3.6V), and we decided to operate it with wired connection. <Fig. 3> Battery life estimation of parking space detector (ParkDisk, 0veh./day) show the overall parking lot status information with the entrance display device. When a car is approaching to each parking floor and final empty parking space, the system can show the directional parking space information with turnoff display device, and show the detailed section status information with section display device with full activated display mode. When no car is approaching for the parking floor, all the display devices can work with power save mode until a new approaching car is detected by the passing vehicle detector. If a driver wants to register and search his parking position with the system, the system can meet the needs with car location guidance terminals. The processed parking information can be served for intelligent building systems or intelligent transportation systems. The intelligent building system can use the data for light dimming control of the parking lot to reduce lightening energy. The car location guidance terminal is under the condition of average working current, 0mA, average operating duration, 30sec, 0 times work per day, average current is calculated as 3uA, and the typical battery life with A cell Lithium battery(3.6v-3650mah) is estimated as over 7 years. Parking space detector and location guidance terminal are selected for operate with battery. The battery replace cycle for stable operation with ParkDisk as a parking space detector and location guidance terminal are defined as common 7 years. The battery replace cycle of ANT T-sensor is defined under the recommendation of producing company. 5. Information ervice cenario The information service scenario of designed low power parking guidance system is almost same as traditional systems. When a car is arrived at the parking lot, the designed parking guidance system can <Table 2> Power Consumption of Designed ystem (battery replace cycle:7 years) Ⅳ. Operating Power and Cost Estimation. Power Consumption Estimation The estimated result of total power consumption of the system was.3 Kw, and parking space averaged power consumption was 0.33 watts. We assume that the battery of each device is all worn out during replace cycles. And we assumed that the section display can work with 5V-50mA average power, including - converting loss. Name Parking pace Count (et),000 Average Power Consumption Power Feed Watts/ (W) Bat. (A) 206uW 0.82 2 Passing 6 66mW.06 Vol.0 No.3(20. 6) The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport ystems 5

A tudy on Improvement of Parking Guidance ystem to Low-Power Operation for Green Building Vehicle 3 Entrance 50 50 Turnoff 80 0 800 5 ection,200 250mW 300 6 Location Bat. Guidance,200 (AA) Terminal 5uW 0.38 7 Repeater 20 0.25 30 8 25 00 9 Main 35 35 * - - -,37 * W/slot - - - 0.33 <Table 3> Power Consumption of magnetic sensor based application (battery replace cycle:2 years) 2 3 5 6 Name Parking pace Passing Vehicle Entrance Turnoff ection Location Guidance Terminal Count (et),000 6 80,200,200 Average Power Consumption Power Feed Watts/ (W) Bat. (A) Bat. (AA) 720uW 2.88 66mW.06 50 50 0 800 250mW 300 05uW 0.9 7 Repeater 20 2.5 300 8 25 00 9 Main 35 35 * - - -,589 * W/slot - - - 0.397 With the similar manner, we estimated the power consumption for earth magnetic sensor(ant T-sensor) based, and ultrasonic sensor based traditional parking guidance system. While the estimated result of total power consumption of the ultrasonic sensor based system was 9.9 Kw, parking space averaged value was 2. watts. For traditional ultrasonic sensor based system, we assumed that the communication repeater can drive 32 sensors with R85 interface. <Table > Power consumption of ultrasonic detector based system 2 3 5 6 Name Parking pace Passing Vehicle Entrance Turnoff ection Location Guidance Terminal Count (et),000 6 80,200,200 Average Power Consumption Power Feed Watts/ ub..2,800.2 9.2 50 50 20,600.5,800.0,200 7 Repeater 25 2.5 32.5 8 25 00 9 Main 35 35 * - - - 9,97 * W/slot - - - 2.8 The cost converted estimation result shows that if the battery life is 7 years or over, the designed system can be operated with the similar(9.9%) or reduced annual power cost to the traditional ultrasonic based non-wireless system. We assumed the battery cost of Lithium cell as,000won, labor cost for replace the battery of each 6 한국 IT 학회논문지제 0 권, 제 3 호 (20 년 6 월 )

A tudy on Improvement of Parking Guidance ystem to Low-Power Operation for Green Building device as 3,500won, and electrical charges as 83won[6] per Kwh. <Table 5> Annual Maintenance Cost for Power upply Designed ystem Item Magnetic sensor based system Ultrasonic sensor based system Anual Cost(x,000 Kr. Won.) Physical Labor ub. Batt. 3,2 2,750 5,892 956-956 Batt.,000 9,625 20,625,53 -,53 7,20-7,20 Ⅴ. Conclusion (%) 6,88 (9.9) 2,778 (302) 7,20 (00) We designed a parking guidance system which can be operated with reduced energy, for meet the needs of green building. The design is based on commercial wireless parking detectors, ParkDisk and ANT T-sensor. The designed system has,000 parking space detectors,,200 section displays,,200 car location guidance terminals and 6 vehicle count detectors. We have performed architecture design of the system, communication network design, information service scenario planning, battery life regulation and at last operating power and annual energy cost estimation. The estimated operating power of the designed system with 7-years of battery replace cycle was 0.33W/slot, which is 3% of the estimated result of traditional ultrasonic detector based system. The estimated annual maintain cost for power was similar(9.9%) to traditional system, with 7 years of battery replace cycle. The low power operable designed system can be expected to low CO2 emission. Further research on energy efficient display devices for parking information system is planned. References [] U.. Environmental Protection Agency, Green building basic information, http://www.epa.gov, 200. [2] A. Marma, M. Zilys, D. Eidukas and A. Valinevicius, Electronic Parking Control ystems, Electronics and Electrical Engineering, no. 8(80), pp. 57-62, 2007. [3] P. Vijay Kumar and iddarth T., A Prototype Parking ystem using Wireless ensor Networks, Proceedings of the International Joint Journal Conference on Engineering and Technology, pp. 276-280, July. 200. [] Hong-Hyul hin and Hyuk-Joon Lee, An Energy-Efficient elf-organizing Hierarchical ensor Network Model for Vehicle Approach Warning ystem(vaw), 한국 IT학회논문지, vol. 7, no., pp.8-26, Aug. 2008. [5] Byung-boo Kim and eung-hyung Rhee, An energy-efficient M protocol in cognitive radio environment, 한국 IT학회논문지, vol. 7, no. 2, pp.8-9, Apr. 2008. [6] 한국전력공사사이버지점, 전기요금국제수준비교, http://cyber.kepco.co.kr Vol.0 No.3(20. 6) The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport ystems 7

A tudy on Improvement of Parking Guidance ystem to Low-Power Operation for Green Building 저자소개 이정준 (Lee, Jeong-Jun) 990년 996년 : LG산전 ( 주 ) 연구소선임연구원 996년 999년 : C&C ENG. 연구소장 999년 현재 : 모루시스템 ( 주 ) 대표이사 2006년 : 아주대학교 IT대학원교통공학과 ( 교통공학석사 ) 2008년 : 아주대학교건설교통공학과 ( 교통공학박사수료 ) 오영태 (Oh, Young-Tae) 985년 : 미국 Polytechnic Institute of Newyork( 교통공학석사 ) 989년 : 미국 Polytechnic University( 교통공학박사 ) 2009년 : 대한교통학회회장현재 : 아주대학교환경건설교통공학부교통공학전공교수아주대학교 IT대학원원장 이철기 (Lee, Choul-Ki) 998년 : 아주대학교대학원 ( 교통공학박사 ) 2000년 : 미국 Texas A&M University TTI(Texas Transportation Institute) Visiting cholar과정 200년 : 서울지방경찰청교통개선기획실장및 COMO 추진기획단장현재 : 아주대학교 IT 대학원교수한국 IT학회부회장 윤일수 (Yun, Il-oo) 2006년 : University of Virginia 교통공학박사 995년 : 한양대학교교통공학석사 993년 : 한양대학교도시공학학사현재 : 아주대학교환경건설교통공학부조교수 정상호 (Chung, ang-ho) 978년 : 고려대학교경영학과졸업 ( 경영학학사 ) 98년 : 서울대학교행정대학원졸업 ( 행정학석사 ) 993년 : 미국 Indiana Univ. 졸업 ( 행정학석사 ) 2008년 : 국토해양부항공안전본부장 ( 행시 23회 ) 현재 : 교통안전공단이사장 8 한국 IT 학회논문지제 0 권, 제 3 호 (20 년 6 월 )