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1 C Inventory An Estimation of 14 C Inventory on Each Unit of Wolsong NPP,,, C 14 C Inventory 14 C Inventory 14 C 14 C, [Inventory] = [ 14 C ] - [ 14 C ] 14 C 14 C 13 C, 14 N 17 O [ 13 C(n, ) 14 C, 14 N(n, p) 14 C, 17 O(n, ) 14 C] 14 C Inventory 14 C Abstract In the present report, it is tried to establish the method of estimating 14 C Inventory on Wolsong NPP(CNADU type) Here, 14 C Inventory is defined as 14 C production minus 14 C release, that is, [ 14 C Inventory] = [ 14 C production] - [ 14 C release] Since 14 C is produced through three neutron reactions such as 13 C(n, ) 14 C, 14 N(n,p) 14 C and 17 O(n, ) 14 C) for 13 C, 14 N and 17 O, the term [ 14 C production] can be calculated using thermal neutron fluxes and amounts of these atoms in each system concerned In other hand, since 14 C release is difficult to calculate and begins to be monitored recently, it is assumed to follow the averaged release ratio to total 14 C production obtained in other NPP Although the comparison of 14 C releases from calculation and that from measurement does not give a satisfactory result, it shows sometimes good agreement between two figures Accordingly, it seems that the assumption on which the calculation is based in this report is useful for the estimation of 14 C in CANDU type NPP 1 14 C N

14 C Inventory is defined as 14 C production minus 14 C release, that is, [ 14 C Inventory] = [ 14 C production] - [ 14 C release] Since 14 C is produced through three neutron reactions such as 13

2 ,,,,, 14 C, 14 C 14 C (CANDU) 14 C 30 ( CO 2 ), ( 1) C 1 14 C (TBq GW -1 y -1 ) LWR-PWR 07 LWR-BWR 10 HWR (N 2 annulus gas) 50 HWR (CO 2 annulus gas) 26 GCR-MGR 10 GCR-AGR 11 GCR-HTGR 30 1) Anuulus gas 100 % 2) 4 % ) 1 2) CANDU 14 C 14 C 14 C, 14 C Inventory 14 C Inventory 14 C Inventory C 14 C, 13 C(n, γ) 14 C (1) 14 N(n, p) 14 C (2) 17 O(n, α) 14 C (3)

GCR-HTGR 30 1) Anuulus gas 100 % 2) 4 % 04 04 25 1) 1 2) 07 2 0 CANDU 14 C 14 C 14 C, 14 C

3 14 C (thermal neutron flux), (Moderator System), 1 (Primary Heat Transport System), (Annulus Gas System), (Fuel) 14 C 17 O (target atom), (, 17 O D 2 O) (target material) 14 C 260 (stack) ph C (D 14 CO - 3 ) (D 14 2 CO 3 ) (IX),,,,,, 14 N 17 O (3), 14 N (2) 14 C 14 C 17 O, C ph ( 14 CO 2-3 ) O 17 O (3) 14 C % 31 % (annulus gap)

260 (stack) ph 55 14 C (D 14 CO - 3 ) (D 14 2 CO 3 ) (IX),,,,,, 14 N 17 O (3), 14 N (2) 14

4 14 N, 17 O 13 C (2), (3) (1) 14 C 14 C ( 1 ) CANDU (bundle) (pellet) = 4,892, kg UO 2 UO = 98,8152 kg (zircaloy) (UO 2 ),, (fuel filling gas) (graphite) 17 O, 14 N, (graphite) 13 C 17 O, 14 N, 13 C (3), (2) (1) 14 C 14 C, C, 14 C 17 O 17 O(n, α) 14 C 14 C CO 2 92 % 1 14 C 1 % 7 % 01 % ( 1) 22 C i 14 C (dn p,i ) dn p,i = φ i σ i n i dt, Φ i : i

(graphite) 17 O, 14 N, (graphite) 13 C 17 O, 14 N, 13 C (3), (2) (1) 14 C 14 C, 2 2 14 C, 14 C 17 O

5 n i : i σ i : i 2 14 C moderator D 2 O 17 O dissolved air in N 2 14 N moderator D 2 O O 2 O nitrate (NO 14 3 ) in N (MOD) moderator D 2 O 17 O nitrite (NO 2 ) in moderator D 2 O 14 N O PHTS D 2 O 17 O (PHTS) CO (AGS) 2 annulus gas (Fuel) fuel impurities N 2 uranium fuel UO 2 fuel filling gas N 2 graphite coating O 2 13 C 17 O 14 N 14 N 14 N 17 O 14 N 17 O 13 C dt dn p,i 14 C dn d,i 14 C dn d,i = λn i dt, λ: 14 C N i : i 14 C i 14 C d N i, (5) dn p,i - dn d,i, dn i = dn p,i dn d,i = φ i σ i n i dt λn i dt (6) dn i dt + λn i = φ i σ i n i (7), y' + f(x)y = r(x), N i = φ i σ i n i (1 e λt )/λ 14 C A i, N i 14 C λ, A i = N i λ = φ i σ i n i (1 e λt ), e t 1 + t e -λt 1 - λt, A i = φ i σ i n i λt (8) (9) (10)

O 13 C dt dn p,i 14 C dn d,i 14 C dn d,i = λn i dt, λ: 14 C N i : i 14 C i 14 C d N i, (5) dn p,i - dn d,i, dn i = dn p,i dn d,i = φ i σ i n i dt λn i dt (6) dn i dt + λn i = φ i

6 14 C A A i n T, A = Σi =1 n T Ai 10 t 1 A 14 C, A i : i 14 C (Bq a -1 ) Φ i : i (n cm -1 s -1 ) σ i : i (cm 2 ) : (=ln(2)/t 1/2, s -1, t 1/2 : 14 C, , s) t : (= CF t 0, CF: annual reactor power capacity factor, t 0 :, ) n i : i 14 C n i, (L) (11) n i = W i M i k i f i A v (12) n i = W i 224 k i f i A v (13), W i : (g) M i : k i : f i : A v : ( ), 14 C (mole) ( ) ( 224L) (n T =17) 14 C 3 14 C (CF) ( 3 h),

capacity factor, t 0 :, ) n i : i 14 C n i, (L) (11) n i = W i M i k i f i A v (12) n i = W i 224 k i f i A

7 ( 3 g) ( 3 f) ( 3 j) 3 14 C 13 C : cm 2 a, 14 N : cm 2 σ i 17 O : cm 2 b 14 C, t 1/ s 13 C : 111 atom% 14 N : 9963 atom% c, f i 17 O : atom% ( ) 0037 atom% ( ) d ( 1 4 ), M i, 224 e, A v ( ) f, Φ i 1 g, W i 4 h, CF i 14 C, λ ln(2)/t 1/2 j, n i n i = W i M i k i f i A v n i = W i 224 k i f i A v C C (D 2 O) 17 O(n, α)c C (i 1 ) 14 C , s t 0 t 0 = ( ) d 24 h/d 3600 s/d = s CF CF 068 ( 5) 14 C, CF = 068

ln(2)/t 1/2 j, n i n i = W i M i k i f i A v n i = W i 224 k i f i A v 23 14 C 1 1984 14 C (D 2 O) 17 O(n, α)c 14 14 C (i 1 ) 14 C 4 1 1984, 1 1 36525

8 t ( ) = CF t 0 = s a -1 = s a -1 t 1/2 ( 14 C ) = 5, = s ( ) = ln(2)/t 1/2 = ln(2)/ = s -1 A v ( ) = mol C W I i k i f i (M i, g mol -1 ) i (n cm -2 s -1 ) 224 (L mol -1 i (cm 2 ) ) Mg 265 Mg O 262 Mg N 952 L N MOD 3 17 O 1142 L O N 5 17 O 6 14 N 7 17 O NO 3 /Kg 264 Mg NO 3 /Kg 264 Mg NO 2 /Kg 264 Mg NO 2 /Kg 264 Mg NO 3 /Kg 265 Mg NO 3 /Kg 265 Mg NO 2 /Kg 265 Mg NO 2 /Kg 265 Mg NO 3 /Kg 264 Mg NO 3 /Kg 262 Mg NO 2 /Kg 262 Mg NO 2 /Kg 262 Mg PHTS Mg D2O 207 Mg O 205 Mg D 31% 31% 2O 31% C 265 Kg CO AGS Fuel O 265 Kg CO N N N 16 g N /g U 238 g U/270 g UO Mg UO O Mg UO N 497 L N O 132 L O C 104 Kg C ID CANDU-600 Pickering A

1142 L O 2 4 14 N 5 17 O 6 14 N 7 17 O NO 3 /Kg 264 Mg NO 3 /Kg 264 Mg NO 2 /Kg 264 Mg NO 2 /Kg 264 Mg NO 3 /Kg 265 Mg NO 3 /Kg 265 Mg NO 2 /Kg 265 Mg NO 2 /Kg 265 Mg NO 3 /Kg 264 Mg NO 3 /Kg 262 Mg

9 5 CF : 17 O W 1 = g (D 2 O) k 1 = 1 f 1 = 0058 % M 1 = 20 g mol -1 (D 2 O) Φ i = n cm -2 s σ i = cm 2 n 1 = W 1 k 1 f 1 A v /M 1 = g mol g mol -1 = A 1 = Φ i σ i n 1 t = n cm -2 s cm s s a -1 = Bq a C (i:2~17) 14 C 6~ C Inventory Inventory 14 C Inventory 14 C ( ) 14 C Inventory

264 10 8 g (D 2 O) k 1 = 1 f 1 = 0058 % M 1 = 20 g mol -1 (D 2 O) Φ i = 189 10 14-1 n cm -2 s σ i = 235 10-25 cm 2 n 1 = W 1 k 1 f 1 A v /M 1 = 264 10 8 g 1 000058 6023 10 23 mol -1 20 g mol -1 = 461

10 [Inventory] = [ 14 C ] - [ 14 C ] (14) 1 14 C 93 % 14 C 96 % (IX resin) 4 % (recombiner) CO 2 (D 2 ) 2 % 14 C 14 C 14 CO % 14 C 14 C 1 14 C 96 % 14 C 14 C Inventory 14 C, C 1 4 %, 1 14 C 14 C 93 % ( : 92 % + 1 : 1 %) 4 %, 14 C 372 % (= 93 % 004) 01 % 14 C 01 % 14 C 7 % 14 C 14 C 14 C 382 % 9618 % 14 C 382 % 99 %

14 C Inventory 14 C, 14 14 C 1 4 %, 1 14 C 14 C 93 % ( : 92 % + 1 : 1 %) 4 %, 14

11 1 % 14 ( 14 C 1 ) = (15) C % ( 6) Inventory Ci a -1 ( Bq a -1 ) = Ci a -1 ( Bq a -1 ) Ci a -1 ( Bq a -1 ) (16) Inventory 6~ C, Inventory Item Inventory (Ci) Total Production (Ci) Total Emission (Ci) Year Calculated Measured Calculated Calculated Measured E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Total 110E E E E E+01

119E+01-1985 673E+02-697E+02 236E+01-1986 568E+02-588E+02 199E+01-1987 661E+02-684E+02 232E+01-1988 566E+02-586E+02 199E+01-1989 652E+02-675E+02 229E+01-1990 611E+02-632E+02 214E+01-1991

12 C, Inventory Item Inventory (Ci) Total Production (Ci) Total Emission (Ci) Year Calculated Measured Calculated Calculated Measured E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 Total 298E E E E E C, Inventory Item Inventory (Ci) Total Production (Ci) Total Emission (Ci) Year Calculated Measured Calculated Calculated Measured E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+00 Total 244E E E E E C, Inventory Item Inventory (Ci) Total Production (Ci) Total Emission (Ci) Year Calculated Measured Calculated Calculated Measured E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 Total 172E E E E E C 14 C 14 C 14 C 14 C 14 C Inventory 14 C Inventory [Inventory] = [ 14 C ] - [ 14 C ] 14 C, 17 O 14 C 14 C 92 %, 14 C

Total 298E+03 267E+03 309E+03 105E+02 664E+01 8 3 14 C, Inventory Item Inventory (Ci) Total Production (Ci) Total Emission (Ci) Year Calculated Measured Calculated Calculated Measured 1998 343E+02

13 Inventory 14 C Inventory [ 14 C ] (1998 ) 14 C Inventory 14 C, 14 C, 14 C 14 C 14 C Inventory 14 C 14 C Inventory 14 C 1 C-14 [ ], (1998) 2 C-14 [ ( )], (1998) 3, pp 5-22, (1992) 3 14 C Inventory [TM], (2002) 4 Analysis Report, Wolsong NPP 2,3,4, AR-003, Rev1 AECL (1995)

2 C-14 [ ( )], (1998) 3, pp 5-22, (1992) 3 14 C Inventory [TM],

14 (1%) (7%) (<01%) (92%) C 2 1,2,3,4 14 C Inventory

진단, 표시・광고법 시행 1년

진단, 표시・광고법 시행 1년 진단, 표시 광고법 시행 1년 표시 광고규제 법규는 통합되어야 한다! 정은종 호텔롯데 경영지원실/지적재산권법 석사 표시광고법 시행 1년 입법과정에서 많은 논란이 있었던 표시광고법이 제정되어 시행( 99년 7월)된지 벌써 1년이 지났다. 공정거래법 23조1항6호의 부 당표시광고 규정이 분가하여 탄생한 표시광고법은 기존 공정거래법이 부당표시광고(허위 과장, 기만,

歯49손욱.PDF

歯49손욱.PDF