2 2.1. 6 9,. 7 0 ) 14,3 3,3 4,9 7 9 9,163,166 ),. 7 7,8 4,16 3 )., 7 6 80 ) 14,163 ), SPILE (ver.1.5).. 8 3 ) 2.2.. ( ),,,. ( ) ( )....,, 69,70 ).., - 7 -
. 2.2.1, ( ),,.,...,,.. ( ).,. 6 9,70 ) 2.2.2,,,,,,,,. 2.1 1978 1987 10 4 2,6 2,6 9 ). 22.4,,,,., 36.6%, 25.4% 3.6%, 11.6%..,. - 8 -
2.1 78-87 6 2 ) 26 82 57 8 4 7 27 8 1 4 224 2.6 8.2 5.7 0.8 0.4 0.7 2.7 0.8 0.1 0.4 22.4 11.6 (% ) 36.6 25.4 3.6 1.8 3.1 12.0 3.6 0.5 1.8 100 1916 1984, 2.1. 6 2 ) 6 9 88.8%.. 2/ 3. T HE MONT H 2.1 (1916-1984) 62 ) - 9 -
, 1916 1990. 1995. 16 ), ( ),,.,,, 70% 6 9.. (1). (2) 33 300. (3) 10.( 2.2 ) (4),,,, 70%, 50%. (5),,,. 2.2 10 (1986 1995 ) 4 2 ) 9 24 1 10 12 9 111 133 83 93 67 180 119 185 18 1,054-10 -
2.3 2.3.1 Um and Reedman (1975) Lee (1988). 221,000 km 2 70%. 50%. 16 3 ) 2.2 3., -,.,,.,.,... 2.2 163 ) - 11 -
.., m. 4 3 ) 2.3.2,.,,,,,,,. 7 9. 1980 1984 4. 20m 50% 100m 14%. 2.3(b) 5m 20m 90%. 1m 2m 90%. 2,000m 3. 4 3 )... 1991 7 21 11 15 ( 180mm 226mm 100mm/ hr ) 1152... - 12 -
2.3 (a) (b ) (c) (d) 4 3 ).. 2.4 50%..,,,.., - 13 -
120 160 4 25., 3.,.,... 8 4 ) 2.4.1 1977 1987 2.4 2.6. 1987.,,. 2.4., 1987 7 23 10, 22, 39, 12 37. 35.8mm 3 600 mm..,., 2.5. 1979 8 25 5, 4. 8 25 340mm 3 10mm... - 14 -
. 2.6. 1980 9 10 21 24, 1. 9 10 60mm, 3 40mm. 3. 2.4 1987-15 -
2.5 1979 2.6 1980-16 -
2.4.2 1977 1987 2.7 2.10.. ( 2.7), 3 ( 2.8), 7 ( 2.9), 15 ( 2.10) 4., 45 ( ) 45 45. 3. 2.7 2.8 45 2.9 2.10 45. 2.7-17 -
2.8 3 2.9 7-18 -
2.10 15 3 7 45. 3. 2.7 2.10.. 2.7 2.8 3.., - 19 -
. 2.7 2.8 100mm.. 2.4.3. 9 9 ) 2.11 2.13.. (1) 11... 1987 2.11(a ) 13, 37, 5, 13, 4 72 7 23 53mm, 302mm. 2.11(b ) 10, 10, 22, 1 43. 36mm, 392mm.... - 20 -
(2 )... 2.12(a) 8 25 5, 5. 340mm. 50mm 2, 30mm 4, 20mm 1. 2.12(b ) 5, 4. 260mm 50mm 1, 40mm 1, 30mm 3, 20mm 1, 10mm 5. 300mm. 2.11(a) 1987-21 -
2.11(b) 1987 2.12(a) 1979-22 -
2.12(b) 1979 (3 ) 2.13.. 2.13(a) 1977 7 8 7 74mm, 20mm. 1980 9 10 2.13(b ) 21, 1, 24, 46. 66mm 25mm... - 23 -
2.13(a) 1977 2.13(b ) 1980-24 -
2.4.4. (minor ), (severe), (disaster ) 2.14. 8 4,16 6 ) 1 3, 4 19, 20. 2., m km Lumb. 2.14 (, ) - 25 -
10mm 40mm 15mm 80mm. 35mm 140mm.. (24 ) 40mm 10mm, 80mm 15mm, 140mm 40mm. 1991. 2.5 2.5.1,,.. 70% 6 9. 10 (1982 1991 ) 2.2. 7,8,. 1985 1, 1987 7, 1991 9. 3 4,7 7 ), 2.4 1977 1992 1, 3 7 2.15(a) 2.1 5(c)..,. - 26 -
2.2 10 (1982-199 1 ) 3 4, 7 7 ) 6 7 8 9 1-7 1 1 8-14 15-21 22-28 9 9 29-31 7 6 13 8 15 23 (% ) 35 65 100 2.15(a ) 1-27 -
2.15(b ) 3 2.15(c) 7-28 -
2.16...,. 2.17. 2.17 10 2.14 10 ( 2.2 ). 85 87, 89, 91., 80% 50%, 30%. 2.16(a ) 1991-29 -
2.16(b ) 1989 2.16(c) 1987-30 -
2.5.2 2.17. 18.4mm, 79.7mm, 42.8mm 153.2mm.,., 23mm 110mm. 2.5.3 2.18.,, 1.8 36.7%. 2.17 10 ( + ) - 31 -
2.18 3 90%. 3. 2.6 2.6.1.,.... 12 4 ) - 32 -
Lumb (2.1). 16 6 ),,,. ( S f - S i ). h = K s t n ( S f - S i ) (2.1) h, K s, n, S f, S i t.,.,. 107 ) G.C.O 10 2.19. 12 8 ), 50% 40% 10 K s ( S f - S i ).. W eyman. 23 1 ) Niver and W alter K s = 4 10-3 cm / sec r = 2.83 10-4 cm / s ec. 2 02 ) - 33 -
2.19 10 12 8 ) - 34 -
2.6.2 (1) 1993 8 19 2.20 6 1,7 6 7 8,14 7 1 4 8 ). SPILE (Ver 1.0). 16.5M H - 300x300x 10x 15 H 1.5m 1.5m. H - 250x250x9x 14 2m 4. 1:1 12.5m. 5. 5. (2 ) 2.21.., AA 2.22.,..., (w etting front ) Suction.. - 35 -
2.20 2.21 36 -
2.22 (3 ) 6.7x 10-4 cm/ sec, 6.3x 10-5 cm/ sec 1k- 30k, 0.24-20. 1 4, 163 ). 5. 4.,,.,. - 37 -
2.6.3. 2.25. 8 3 ) (1) 2.23 (Potential sliding surface) H H w1.., H 1 / H = 0.3 30% 30%. 2.23-38 -
2.24 (2 ) 2.24. (Potential sliding surface) H H w2..,, H w2 / H = 0.3 30% 30%. - 39 -
2.6.4 (1) 2.25., 13-30m t = 1.85t/ m 3, = 25 o, c = 1.0t/ m 2.. t = 2.0t/ m 3, = 40 o, c = 2.0t/ m 2. (2 ) H w1 / H = 0.0,0. 1, 0.2 0.9, 1.0 H w2 / H = 0.0,0. 1, 0.9, 1.0 2.26.., H w1 / H = 0.45 H w2 / H = 0.72..,. - 40 -
2.25 ( ) 2.26-41 -
(3),., 2.27. (1) ( 2.27(a)) (2) ( 2.27(b )) 2.30., H w1 / H H w2 / H. 2.27 (a) - 42 -
2.27 (b) H w1 / H = 0. 1 H w2 / H = 0.45, H w1 / H = 0.2 H w2 / H = 0.36.,. H w2 / H = 0.5. 2.6.5,. - 43 -
2.28 (1) 2.29. 2. 40% 2.30.... = 31.5 o = 26.5 o. - 44 -
2.29 2.30-45 -
(2 ) 2.31 5m 5m. 40% 2.31.., H/ V =0.7:1 H/ V =2/ 1 40% 2.34.,. 2.31-46 -
2.32 2.7. 1),,.,. 2) 2.,., 10mm 2 40mm - 47 -
15mm 2 80mm. 35mm 2 140mm. 3) 1) 2) 90% 3. 4),,. Suction.. 5) SPILE Ver. 1.5. - 48 -